phuong thuc thanh toan qt

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ng thc thanh ton quc t - li ch v ri ro

yeubien 01-02-10, 02:57 PM

Trong hot ng mua bn hng ha quc t, thu chi tin hng l quyn li v

ngha v c bn ca hai bn mua (nhp khu) v bn (xut khu). V vy, khim phn v phng thc thanh ton, cc bn u n lc tha thun iukin thanh ton c li cho mnh. Khng cp n ng tin thanh ton, cngc thanh ton, hay cc th tc v quy trnh thanh ton, m bi vit ny ch tptrung phn tch mt s vn lin quan n li ch v ri ro m mi phngthc thanh ton mang li cho nh nhp khu hoc nh xut khu v cc gi cn bng li ch gia hai bn tham kho.

1. Phng thc chuyn tin (remittance)

Trong giao dch mua bn hng ha quc t, theo phng thc ny, nhnhp khuyu cu ngn hng ca mnh chuyn mt s tin nht nh chonh xut khu (ngi hng li) mt a im nht nh bng phngtin chuyn tin do nh nhp khu quy nh.

Phng thc chuyn tin c th l b phn ca phng thc thanh tonkhc nh phng thc nh thu, tn dng d phng, tn dng chng tnhng cng c th l mt phng thc thanh ton c lp.

Thc t, nhiu trng hp, nh nhp khu s khng chuyn tin hng chonh xut khu cho n khi nhn y hng. y l mt li th ca nhnhp khu nhng li l ri ro ca nh xut khu khi hng ha c

chuyn giao nhng tin hng khng c thanh ton, b chm tr thanhton hoc thanh ton khng y . Tuy vy, bn nhp khu cng c thgnh chu ri ro, c bit trong trng hp chuyn tin trc khi giao hngnh: nhn ton b tin hng trc khi giao hng, t cc, tm ng Trongtrng hp ny nh nhp khu c th s phi gnh chu ri ro nu tin chuyn m hng khng c giao ng thi hn, ng cht lng hoc slng

phng nga ri ro cc bn nn:

- Xy dng r l trnh chuyn tin: V d: chuyn trc bao nhiu % ti thiim no?; Thanh ton nt phn cn li ti thi im no?

- Tha thun thi im chuyn tin trng vi thi im giao hng.

- Quy nh r v phng tin chuyn tin, chi ph chuyn tin ai chu?

2. Phng thc ghi s (open account)

y thc cht l mt hnh thc mua bn chu. Phng thc ny p dngtrong mua bn hng ha quc t nh sau: Nh xut khu (ngi ghi s) sau

khi hon thnh ngha v ca mnh (thng l ngha v giao hng) quy nhtrong hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (hp ng c s) s m mt
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2/20

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#2

01-02-10, 05:28 PM

miphpMember

Join Date: Feb 2009Location: Hai PhongPosts: 10Downloads: 9, Uploads: 0Thanks: 3

v t n t n t n v n tng n n t n o a n t a t un, sdng phng thc chuyn tin thanh ton cho ngi ghi s

Phng thc ny hon ton c li cho nh nhp khu (ngi c ghi s).Nh xut khu s phi gnh chu ri ro khi bn nhp khu khng thanhton hoc chm tr thanh ton hoc thanh ton khng y .

hn ch ri ro, ch p dng phng thc ny khi c hai bn l cc bnhng c mi quan h lm n lu di, thc s tin cy ln nhau. bo man ton cho nh xut khu, cc bn c th p dng bin php bo m nhth bo lnh ngn hng, th tn dng d phng, t cc

3. Phng thc nhthu (collection) Phng thc nh thu l phng thc thanh ton m bn c cc khon tin

t cc cng c thanh ton (ch n) y thc cho ngn hng thu h tin ghitrn cng c thanh ton t pha ngi n.

Cc cng c thanh ton quc t thng gm: hi phiu (bill of exchange);k phiu thng mi (Promissory Note), sc quc t (Internationalcheque), ha n thu tin (Financial Invoice).

Bi vit ny cp n phng thc thanh ton trong hp ng mua bn

quc t nn, ch n l nh xut khu v ngi n l nh nhp khu. C haiphng thc nh thu l nh thu trn v nhthu km chng t.

3.1. Phng thc nh thu trn (clean collection)

Phng thc nh thu trn l mt trong cc phng thc thanh ton pdng trong hp mua bn hng ha quc t m trong nh xut khu ythc cho ngn hng thu h tin ghi trn cng c thanh ton m khng kmvi iu kin chuyn giao chng t.

Trong quy trnh nghip v ca phng thc thanh ton ny c mt c im linquan n li ch ca nh xut khu, cn c bit lu :

Nh xut khu giao hng v gi trc tip chng t cho nh nhp khu. Nhvy thng thng hot ng ny din ra trc thi im thanh ton. yc th l mt bt li cho nh xut khu, nh nhp khu cha phi thanhton tin hng nhng nm gi c chng t nhn hng t nhchuyn ch nhng sau c chim dng vn, thanh ton chm, thiu, tchi thanh ton. Ngn hng ch l mt t chc trung gian thu h v c thb nh nhp khu t chi.

V vy, trong hot ng mua bn hng ha quc t cn hn ch p dngphng thc ny. Nu p dng phng thc thanh ton ny, th ch nn pdng khi c hai bn l i tc tin cy ca nhau, ng thi trong hp ngmua bn hng ha quc t cn c cc ch ti nghim ngt bo m nhnhp khu thanh ton. V d: Trch nhim bi thng thit hi do khngthanh ton, chm thanh ton hoc thanh ton khng y ; chu li sutchm tr, chu pht vi phm ngha v thanh ton

3.2. Phng thc nh thu km chng t (documentary collection)

Phng thc nh thu c km theo chng t l mt trong cc phng thcthanh ton p dng trong hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t m trong nh xut khu y thc cho ngn hng thu h tin ghi trn cng c thanhton vi iu kin s giao chng t nu nh nhp khu thanh ton, chp

nhn thanh ton hoc thc hin cc iu kin khc quy nh.Tron u trnh n hi v ca hn thc thanh ton n c m t im cn lu
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#3

01-02-10, 09:49 PM

thean

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trong trng hp b chng t cha n hoc "i lc", ngoi bill surrender v telexrelease th mnh cng c th nh NH bo lnh ly hng, khng bt iu ny c

chnh xc hay khng v em cng ch nghe ni thi . Cc anh ch, cc bc ai kinh

nghim qua vic ny ri th confirm gip em nha...Mt c ai hi v iu ny th emmi dm n ngc ni cho oai... hihi__________________

Life don't lie....

Nh xut khu khng giao trc tip chng t cho nh nhp khu. Nh nhpkhu phi tr tin th Ngn hng mi giao chng t mang chng t inhn hng. Nh vy, phng thc ny bo v c li ch ca nh xutkhu, trnh c tnh trng b nh nhp khu chim dng vn, chm thanhton, thanh ton khng y hoc t chi thanh ton.

Di y l mt mu iu khon phng thc thanh ton nh thu kmchng t trong hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t:

Bn mua thanh ton ngay khi hi phiu do bn bn pht hnh c xut

trnh. Thanh ton xong giao chng t.4. Phng thc y thc mua hng (Authority to purchase A/P)

A/P l mt phng thc thanh ton p dng trong hot ng mua bn hngha quc t, theo Ngn hng ca nh nhp khu, theo yu cu ca nhnhp khu, ra vn bn yu cu ngn hng i l nc xut khu phthnh mt A/P cam kt s mua hi phiu ca nh xut khu k phiu viiu kin chng t xut trnh ph hp vi cc iu kin t ra trong A/P vphi c i din ca nh nhp khu xc nhn thanh ton.

Phng thc ny p dng ch yu trong cc hp ng mua bn my mc,

thit b, cc sn phm c hm lng k thut v cng ngh cao. Bn cht ca phng thc ny l nh nhp khu thng qua ngn hng ca

mnh nc nhp khu chuyn tin sang mt ngn hng nc xut khu y thc cho ngn hng ny tr tin hi phiu ca nh xut khu k pht.

C hai cch thc chuyn tin sang ngn hng ca nc xut khu mua hng:

Mt l, nh nhp khu thng qua ngn hng ca mnh chuyn tin t cc100% sang ngn hng nc xut khu ngn hng ny pht hnh A/P.

Hai l, nh nhp khu yu cu ngn hng ca mnh pht hnh A/P chongn hng i l nc xut khu hng v t cc 100% tr gi ca A/P.Trn c s A/P , ngn hng nc xut khu pht hnh mt A/P i ngcho ngi th hng l nh xut khu.

V iu kin chng t ca nh xut khu gm c:

1. Hi phiu hoc ha n ca nh xut khu xut trnh phi c i din canh nhp khu ti nc xut khu ng thanh ton.

2. Cc chng t xut trnh phi ph hp vi Hp ng mua bn hng ha m haibn k kt.

Phng thc thanh ton ny kh an ton cho nh xut khu nhng ngcli s c nhiu bt li cho nh nhp khu khi m tin xut ra nhngcha chc nhn c hng hoc nhn c hng km cht lng hocb giao hng chm tr. hn ch ri ro cho mnh, nh nhp khu cn ara nhng iu kin c th, ni dung, quy trnh thanh ton chi tit nu pdng phng thc A/P trnh bt li cho mnh sau ny.

5. Phng thc tn dng chng t (Letter of Credit L/C)

Theo phng thc ny th mt ngn hng (ngn hng m th tn dng),theo yu cu ca khch hng (bn yu cu m th tn dng) s tr mt s
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#4

01-02-10, 11:53 PM

ledongduytrungMember

Join Date: Oct 2009Location: H Ni- 91Chua LangPosts: 19Downloads: 43, Uploads: 0Thanks: 7Thanked 1 Time in 1 Post

Ging ht bi ngy mai hc mn GDTMQT ! thanks ch yu bin pht

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#5

02-02-10, 09:50 AM

mabanhducMember

Join Date: Sep 2009Location: H NiAge: 22Posts: 5Downloads: 2, Uploads: 0Thanks: 1

dng) hoc ch p nhn h i phi u do ngi ny k pht trong phm vi stin khi ngi ny xut trnh cho ngn hng mt b chng t thanh tonph hp vi nhng qui nh ca th tn dng.

5.1. Bn cht php l ca th tn dng (L/C)

Thc cht trong hot ng mua bn hng ha quc t, phng thc thanhton th tn dng chuyn trch nhim thanh ton t nh nhp khu sangngn hng bo m nh xut khu giao hng v nhn tin hng an ton,nhanh chng, nh nhp khu nhn c ha n vn chuyn hng nghn. V vy, mt mc nht nh, L/C l phng thc thanh ton cn

bng c li ch ca c hai bn xut khu v nhp khu v gii quytc mu thun khng tn nhim nhau ca c hai bn. V vy, phng thcny c s dng ph bin trong hot ng mua bn hng ha quc t.

y l mt phng thc thanh ton kh an ton, tuy nhin, trong qu trnhp dng cc bn cn lu cc c im php l sau y ca th tn dng trnh p dng sai, gy thit hi cho chnh bn thn mnh.

(1). L/C l mt kh c c lp vi hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (hpng c s)

L/C c hnh thnh trn c s hp ng c s (hp ng mua bn hng

ha, hp ng dch v,) nhng khi c pht hnh n hon ton c lpvi hp ng c s. Ngn hng m th tn dng v cc ngn hng khctham d vo nghip v th tn dng ch lm theo quy nh ca th tndng.

(2). Th tn dng l mt kiu mua bn chng t

Theo iu 5 ca UPC600 th: Cc ngn hng giao dch trn c s ccchng t ch khng phi bng hng ha, dch v hoc cc thc hin khcm cc chng t c lin quan.

Nh vy Ngn hng c ngha v thanh ton cho nh xut khu khi h xuttrnh c cc chng t ph hp vi cc iu kin v iu khon qui nhtrong L/C. Ngn hng khng c php ly l do bn mua cha nhn hng t chi thanh ton nu chng t m bn bn xut trnh ph hp vi cciu kin v iu khon quy nh trong L/C.

5.2. Nhng vn lu khi s dng L/C

Thanh ton bng L/C l mt phng thc tng i an ton cho c nhnhp khu v nh xut khu. Tuy nhin, s dng hiu qu L/C, ngthi bo m li ch ca mnh khi s dng L/C nh l mt phng thcthanh ton, cc bn nn lu mt s vn c nu sau y.

i vi nh nhp khu th phi lm th tc son v np n yu cu phthnh th tn dng. Thc ra n yu cu pht hnh th tn dng theo muchun quc t (Standafo, Standaci) nn nh nhp khu ch phi in nidung cn thit vo ch trng v xa i nhng thng tin khng cn thit. bo m tnh chnh xc ca n v sau ny l th tn dng (L/C), nh nhpkhu phi da trn c s cc ni dung ca Hp ng mua bn hng haquc t lp n, trnh mi s sai khc.

c bit lu i vi nh xut khu (ngi th hng trong L/C), cnphi kim tra k lng th tn dng. Bi v nu c s khng ph hp gia

L/C v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t m nh xut khu khng phthin ra c m c tip tc giao hng th nh xut khu s kh i c
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5/20

Thanked 0 Times in 0 PostsChuyn tin TT

Trong phng thc chuyn tin c chuyn tin bng in v chuyn tin bng th.E cng cha r v ci ny lm, MOD c th gii thch thm c ko ?

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03-02-10, 01:35 PM

yeubien

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Quote:

Originally Posted by mabanhducTrong phng thc chuyn tin c chuyn tin bng in v chuyn tin bngth. E cng cha r v ci ny lm, MOD c th gii thch thm c ko ?Thank

C s kim tra L/C l hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (hp ngc s). L/C phi ph hp vi hp ng c s v khng c tri vi ccni dung ca hp ng c s. i vi cc hp ng c cc sa i, bsung th cn cn trng kim tra ni dung ca hp ng gc v hp ngsa i, b sung. Ngoi ra c s php l iu chnh L/C thng thng lUCP 600, ISBP 681, eUCP 1.1 v URR 525 1995. Do vy cn nh gihnh thc v ni dung ca L/C trn c s lut p dng.

V mt ni dung ca L/C, cn kim tra k lng cc ni dung sau: s tinca L/C; ngy ht hn hiu lc ca L/C; a im ht hn hiu lc ca L/C;

loi L/C (thng thng l th tn dng khng hy ngang (i vi nh xutkhu th nn chn L/C khng hy ngang cng vi iu kin min truy iv nu c xc nhn th cng tt)); thi hn giao hng; cch thc giaohng; cch vn ti; chng t thng mi; ha n; vn n; n bo him.

Khi pht hin ra ni dung ca L/C khng ph hp vi hp ng c s hoctri vi lut p dng hoc khng c kh nng thc hin, nh xut khu phiyu cu nh nhp khu lm th tc sa i, b sung L/C. Trong trng hps sai st trong L/C khng qu nghim trng th nh xut khu v ngnhng c th phi hp tm hng gii quyt nh nh xut khu son th bom chu trch nhim v b chng t thanh ton gi ngn hng pht hnhL/C, hoc thng qua i din ca nh nhp khu xin chp nhn thanh tonv gi ngn hng pht hnh L/C hoc chuyn sang phng thc thanhton khc nh phng thc nh thu hoc i v hon tr tin bng in

Ni tm li L/C vi ni dung ph hp vi hp ng cs v khng trilut p dng s bo m quyn li cho c nh nhp khu v nh xut khu.

6. Bo lnh v Tn dng d phng

Thc cht bo lnh v tn dng d phng l cc bin php bo m thchin ngha v trong hp ng.

Bo lnh l vic ngi th a (ngi bo lnh) cam kt vi bn c quyn(ngi nhn bo lnh) s thc hin ngha v thay cho bn c ngha v(ngi c bo lnh) nu khi n thi hn m ngi c bo lnh khngthc hin hoc thc hin khng ng ngha v. Trong giao dch xut nhpkhu thng c cc bo lnh: bo lnh thc hin hp ng; bo lnh hontr tin ng trc (hoc tin t cc); bo lnh bo hnh my mc, thit b;bo lnh nhn hng cha c vn n gc; bo lnh thanh ton

Th tn dng d phng l cam kt khng hy ngang, c lp, bng vn bnv rng buc khi c pht hnh. Trong ngi pht hnh cam kt vingi th hng thanh ton chng t xut trnh trn b mt ph hp vicc iu khon v iu kin ca th tn dng d phng theo ng quy tc.Ngi pht hnh phi thanh ton chng t xut trnh bng vic chuyn stin theo phng thc tr tin ngay, hoc chp nhn hi phiu ca ngith hng hoc cam kt tr tin sau hoc chit khu.

Bo lnh hoc th tn dng d phng c s dng kt hp vi ccphng thc thanh ton khc tng an ton cho cc bn. Do vy,trong cc giao dch mua bn hng ha quc t, c bit i vi cc hngha c gi tr ln nh my mc, thit b cc bn cng nn xem xt v pdng cc bin php bo lnh hoc th tn dng d phng.

BN TIN THNG MI THY SN S 41, 42, 43 V 44
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6/20

Phng thc chuyn tin (remittance) l mt phng thc thanh ton trong khch hng (ngi c yu cu chuyn tin) yu cu ngn hng phc v mnh,chuyn mt s tin nht nh cho mt ngi khc (ngi th hng) mt aim nht nh trong mt thi gian nht nh.

C hai hnh thc chuyn tin:+Chuyn tin bng in T/T : Telegraphic Transfer+Chuyn tin bng th M/T : Mail transfer

- Chuyn tin bng th(Mail Transfer-M>T): l hnh thc chuyn tin trong lnh thanh ton ca ngn hng chuyn tin c th hin trong ni dung bc thm ngn hng ny yu cu ngn hng thanh ton thc hin.N l ch th ca ngnhng chuyn tin vi ngn hng thanh ton theo yu cu NH ny chi tr mt khontin c n nh cho ngi th hng c ch nh trong th.

Chuyn tin bng in(Telegrgaphic transfer T/T): l hnh thc chuyn tin trong lnh thanh ton ca ngn hng chuyn tin c th hin trong ni dung mtbc in m NH ny gi cho NH thanh ton thng qua truyn tin mng vin thngnh SWIFT

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7/20

#7

03-02-10, 11:07 PM

nguyetmoon_88Member

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hihi, thanks ch yeubien, hm m i thi mn nghip v ngoi thng c cu phntch cc hnh thc thanh ton quc t v cc ri ro,tic l khng c c bi nysm, nhng m ch i, hin nay cc cng ty ch yu dng hnh thc no h

ch???

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04-02-10, 09:55 AM

SAMLOGISTICSSenior Member

Join Date: Oct 2009Location: HanoiPosts: 237Downloads: 6, Uploads: 1Thanks: 8

Thanked 116 Times in 50 PostsCm n bn yu bin nhiu nh !__________________T vn th tc XNK min phLin h YM: BUITRANGNAMMy web: http://diendancaphe.com/forum
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8/20

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04-02-10, 01:19 PM

yeubien

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Quote:

Originally Posted by nguyetmoon_88hihi, thanks ch yeubien, hm m i thi mn nghip v ngoi thng c cu phntch cc hnh thc thanh ton quc t v cc ri ro,tic l khng c c bi ny

sm, nhng m ch i, hin nay cc cng ty ch yu dng hnh thc no hch???

Tn dng chng tl phng thc thanh ton c s dng ph bin nht.Khong 11-15% giao dch thng mi quc t s dng phng thc tn dng

chng t, vi tng tr gi hng nm l mt nghn t la M.
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9/20

nu c vn g kh hiu hay thc mc iu g, cc bn c nhn tin cho mnh.hi vng mnh s gip c mt phn no .

Ri ro trong hot ng thanh ton quc t ca ngn hng thng mi

L mt trong nhng lnh vc hot ng kinh doanh ca ngn hng thng mi(NHTM), thanh ton quc t (TTQT) ra i v pht trin khng ngng nh lmt tt yu khch quan. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh hot ng ca mnh, TTQTkhng ch n thun mang li nhng li ch kinh t m cn pht sinh nhngnguy c c th gy ra ri ro, tn tht trc tipcho t nc, cho ngn hng(NH), cho doanh nghip hot ng kinh doanh xut nhp khu.

Ri ro trong hot ng TTQT ca NHTM l vn xy ra ngoi mun trong qutrnh tin hnh hot ng TTQT v nh hng xu n hot ng kinh doanh caNHTM. Trong qu trnh tin hnh hot ng TTQT, ri ro xy ra khi quyn li camt bn tham gia b vi phm. Ri ro khng ch c hiu theo ngha hp l vicchng t khng c thanh ton, m cn c hiu rng ra l bt k mt s chmtr no trong cc khu ca qu trnh TTQT. Ri ro c th xy ra vi tt c cc bntham gia: Vi ngi bn, ri ro xy ra khi bn hng khng thu c tin hocchm thu c tin, ri ro v th trng, ri ro khng nhn hng, ri ro khngthanh ton; vi ngi mua, ri ro xy ra khi ngi bn giao hng khng ngvi cc iu kin ca hp ng (khng ng s lng, chng loi), ri ro khnggiao hng, ri ro trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng ho; vi NH c lin quan, riro xy ra khi ngi mua hoc ngi bn thiu trung thc, khng thc hin ngcam kt ghi trong hp ng, do t gi bin ng

Cc loi ri ro thng gp trong qu trnh tin hnh hot ng TTQT ca NHTMi vi phng thc chuyn tin: y l mt phng thc thanh ton trong mt khch hng (ngi tr tin, ngi mua, ngi nhp khu) yu cu NH phcv mnh chuyn mt s tin nht nh cho ngi hng li (ngi bn, ngi xutkhu, ngi cung ng dch v) mt a im nht nh. NH chuyn tin phithng qua i l ca mnh nc ngi hng li thc hin nghip v chuyn

tin. Trong phng thc ny, ngi bn c th gp ri ro khng c ngi muathanh ton trong trng hp tr tin sau. Hoc ngi mua c th gp ri ro khngc ngi bn giao hng hoc giao hng km phm cht trong trng hp trtin trc.i vi phng thc nh thu: L phng thc m ngi bn sau khi hon thnhngha v giao hng s k pht hi phiu i tin ngi mua, nh NH thu h s tinghi trn hi phiu . C 2 loi nh thu: Nh thu phiu trn v nh thu km chng
http://www.vietship.vn/newreply.php?do=newreply&p=12043


10/20

t. Phng thc ny c nhc im l khng m bo quyn li ca ngi bn, vvic thanh ton hon ton ph thuc vo mun ca ngi mua, tc thanh tonchm v NH ch ng vai tr l ngi trung gian n thun m thi.Phng thc tn dng chng t: L mt s tho thun m trong mt NH (NHm th tn dng) theo yu cu ca khch hng (ngi xin m th tn dng) cam kts tr mt s tin nht nh cho mt ngi th ba (ngi hng li s tin ca thtn dng) hoc chp nhn hi phiu do ngi th ba k pht trong phm vi s tin, khi ngi th ba ny xut trnh cho NH mt b chng t thanh ton ph hpvi nhng quy nh ra trong th tn dng. Phng thc ny hin ang c sdng rt ph bin, v ni dung ca n c thc hin theo Quy tc v thc hnhthng nht v tn dng chng t - UCP500 do Phng Thng mi Quc t tiParis (ICC) ban hnh (bn sa i mi nht vo nm 1993). Tuy nhin, khi sdng phng thc ny cng c th xy ra ri ro cho cc bn tham gia nh:

Ri ro i vi nh nhp khu: Vic thanh ton ca NH cho nh xut khu ch cnc vo b chng t xut trnh m khng cn c vo vic kim tra thc t hngho. NH ch kim tra tnh hp l b ngoi ca chng t. Nu nh xut khu chtm gian ln c th xut trnh chng t gi mo cho NH ch nh thanh ton.Nh vy, s khng c s bo m no cho nh nhp khu rng hng ho s ngnh hp ng v s lng, chng loi v khng b h hng g. Trong trng hpny nh nhp khu vn phi hon tr y tin thanh ton cho NH phthnh.

Ri ro i vi nh xut khu: Khi nh xut khu xut trnh b chng t khng ph

hp vi L/C th mi khon thanh ton (chp nhn) u c th b t chi v nhxut khu s phi t gii quyt bng cch d hng, lu kho, bn u gi cho nkhi vn c gii quyt hoc phi ch hng quay v nc. Nh xut khu phitr cc khon chi ph nh lu tu qu hn, ph lu kho, mua bo him hng hotrong khi khng bit nh nhp khu c ng nhn hng hay t chi nhn hng vl do b chng t c sai st. Nu NH pht hnh hoc NH xc nhn mt kh nngthanh ton th mc d b chng t xut trnh c hon ho cng khng c thanhton. Cng tng t nh vy, nu NH chp nhn hi phiu k hn b ph sn trckhi hi phiu n hn th hi phiu cng khng c tr tin. Tr khi L/C cxc nhn bi mt NH hng nht trong nc, cn li nh xut khu s phi chu ri

ro v h s tn nhim ca NH pht hnh cng nh ri ro chnh tr hay ri ro do cch chnh sch ca nh nc thay i.

Ri ro i vi NH pht hnh (NH m L/C- issuing bank): NH pht hnh l NH idin cho ngi nhp khu, n cung cp tn dng cho ngi nhp khu. NH nythng c hai bn nhp khu v xut khu tho thun la chn v c quynh trong hp ng, nu cha c s quy nh trc, ngi nhp khu c quyn


11/20

la chn. Ri ro i vi NH pht hnh l ch NH pht hnh phi thc hinthanh ton cho ngi th hng theo quy nh ca L/C trong trng hp nh nhpkhu ch tm khng thanh ton hay khng c kh nng thanh ton. V th, trckhi chp nhn pht hnh L/C, NH cn thm nh mt cch cht ch ging nh viccp mt khon tn dng cho khch hng.

Ri ro i vi NH thng bo th tn dng (advising bank): NH thng bo l NHc NH m yu cu thng bo mt L/C do NH m pht hnh cho ngi bn. NHthng bo phi chu trch nhim v tnh chn tht, hp l ca th tn dng (baogm c vic xc minh ch k, kho m, mu in) trc khi gi thng bo chonh xut khu. Ri ro i vi NH thng bo xy ra khi gp phi mt L/C gi (hocsa i gi) m khng c ghi ch g. Theo thng l quc t th NH thng bo phichu hon ton trch nhim vi cc bn lin quan.

Ri ro i vi NH c ch nh: NH c ch nh khng c mt trch nhim nophi thanh ton cho nh xut khu trc khi nhn c tin t NH pht hnh. Tuynhin trong thc t, cc NH c ch nh thng ng trc tin cho nh xutkhu vi iu kin truy i (with recourse) tr gip cho nh xut khu. Do ,NH ny thng phi t chu ri ro tn dng i vi NH pht hnh hoc nh xutkhu.

Ri ro i vi NH xc nhn (confirming bank): NH xc nhn thng l NH ln cuy tn hoc NH c quan h tin gi, tin vay vi NH m, c NH m yu cu xcnhn v cam kt tr tin cho ngi bn nu nh NH m khng thc hin c

ngha v ca mnh. i vi NH xc nhn, khi tham gia xc nhn l h t rngbuc trch nhim ca mnh vo ngha v thanh ton L/C khi c tranh chp giahai bn. Ri ro i vi NH xc nhn xy ra khi h khng nm vng c nng lcti chnh ca NH m m xc nhn theo yu cu ca h ri khi xy ra hu quth li phi chu trch nhim thanh ton thay cho NH m L/C do NH m L/C thiuthin ch hay mt kh nng thanh ton, thm ch b ph sn.

Ri ro i vi NH chit khu (negotiating bank): NH chit khu l NH c chnh c th hoc bt c NH no nu L/C cho chit khu t do. Cng nh NH phthnh, NH chit khu c th gp phi ri ro nu nh khng thc hin chnh xc

nghip v cng nh khng tun th theo cc iu kin ca UCP500. Ri ro xy rai vi NH chit khu phn nhiu ph thuc vo thin ch ca NH m v nh nhpkhu. Cc ri ro m NH chit khu c th gp phi l: Ri ro do nhng nguynnhn bt kh khng; ri ro do nh nhp khu tr hon thanh ton; ri ro trong qutrnh vn chuyn; ri ro do nh nhp khu t chi thanh ton b chng t; ri rodo NH m b ph sn; ri ro do NH chit khu khng hnh ng ng theo quynh ca UCP500.


12/20

Ri ro mt o c kinh doanh: L nhng ri ro khi mt bn tham gia c tnhkhng thc hin ng ngha v ca mnh, lm nh hng ti quyn li ca cc bnkhc.

Ri ro do c ch chnh sch thay i hay cn gi l ri ro chnh tr: L nhng riro c quan h vi nhiu i tng nhiu quc gia khc nhau. Mi mt s thayi v kinh t, chnh tr u c nh hng n kh nng thanh ton v s p ngcc iu kin tho thun trong hp ng ca cc bn. Suy thoi kinh t v binng chnh tr s c nh hng tiu cc i vi cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanhca doanh nghip v giao lu thng mi quc t.Ngoi ra cn mt s ri ro khc nh thin tai, ho ho

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Bo co

Tm trng: Bun qu L/C thc s tr nn hiu qu

ng ngy: 20:01 11-03-2010Th mc: thanh ton quc t

Quan trng

.

Th hnh dung nu doanh nghip bn c quan h i tc lm n vicc i tc nc ngoi m li khng c cc phng thc thanhton quc t, th s nghip kinh doanh s nh th no? Hn l kt qukinh doanh s tr nn khng hiu qu. Trong kinh doanh ngy nay, thanhton quc t ang ngy tr nn ph bin. Nhng phng thc thanh tontruyn thng nh tin mt dn c thay th bng nhng phng thcthanh ton hin i hn, nhanh chng hn. V thanh ton qua L/C l mttrong s .

Th tn dng (Letter of credit L/C) l mt bc th do ngn hng vit ratheo yu cu ca cng ty nhp khu hng ho, dch v, trong ngnhng cam kt s tr cho ngi c thanh ton (cng ty xut khu hngho, cng ty cung ng dch v, hoc mt ngi no theo ch nh) mts tin nht nh, trong mt khong thi gian nht nh vi iu kinngi ny thc hin ng v y nhng iu khon trong l th .Chng hn nh, tp on IKEA mua g nguyn liu t hng Manef ca phc v hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. Trong hp ng thng mi, haibn c tho thun iu khon thanh ton bng L/C. thc hin victhanh ton ny, mt chu trnh sau s din ra:

(1): u tin IKEA s n mt ngn hng ti Thu in xin m L/C (gil ngn hng pht hnh L/C).

(2): Ngn hng pht hnh L/C s thng bo cho mt ngn hng m Manefm ti khon v kt qu m L/C v ni dung L/C (gi l ngn hng tipnhn L/C).
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(3): Ngn hng tip nhn L/C s tin hnh kim tra hnh thc ca L/C, sau chuyn nguyn vn ni dung L/C cho Manef m khng c php ghich hay dch thut bt k chi tt no trn L/C.

(4): Manef sau khi xem xt ni dung L/C, nu thy hon ton ph hp vinhng iu khon ca hp ng v nhng ni dung tho thun viIKEA th giao hng cho cng ty A. Nu cha ph hp th hai bn s phichnh sa.

(5): Manef s xut trnh cho Ngn hng tip nhn L/C b chng t chngminh hon thnh ngha v giao hng.

(6): Ngn hng tip nhn L/C ngay lp tc chuyn b chng t trn choNgn hng m L/C.

(7): Sau khi kim tra chi tit tnh hp l ca b chng t v thy Manef thc hin ng nhng quy nh ca L/C th Ngn hng m L/C s chuyntin cho Ngn hng tip nhn L/C.

(8): Ngn hng tip nhn L/C chuyn tin vo ti khon ca cng ty B,cn Ngn hng m L/C th gi b chng t cho cng ty A. IKEA v Manefthanh ton chi ph thanh ton qua L/C cho cc ngn hng.

Thng thng, cc cng ty s s dng L/C trong thi k u ca quan h

kinh doanh khi cc bn cha hiu r nhau. Thanh ton qua L/C c thchin theo nguyn tc thanh ton trc, khiu ni sau, khi cc chng tca ngi bn ph hp vi ton b cc iu kin trong tn dng th(chng t hon ho). chnh l s m bo thanh ton tt nht sauphng thc thanh ton tr trc. L/C thng l khng hu ngang v lunlun c thanh ton (ngoi tr trong trng hp gian ln). Khi s dngthanh ton L/C, cc cng ty phi tun th Quy tc thc hnh tn dngthng nht chng t (UCP 500) ca Phng Thng Mi quc t ICC.

Quy nh kh cht ch l th nhng trn thc t c khng t trng hp

cc cng ty tin hnh thanh ton qua L/C gp phi nhiu bi hc kh aun khi tranh chp xy ra. Nu bn khng hiu r v k cng v bn chtca th tn dng cng nhng quy nh php l ca n th rt c th bn smc phi nhng s st dn n vic khng nhn c thanh ton t phabn i tc kinh doanh.

Lagergren, mt hng kinh doanh cc sn phm ni tht ln ca Thu


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in, bn mt l hng g cho tp on Cadtrak Furniture Co.Ltdca i Loan. V phn mnh, theo tho thun gia hai bn, Cadtrak m ti ngn hng ca mnh mt th tn dng L/C chuyn nhng stin hng tr gi 760.000 USD cho Lagergren qua mt ngn hng Thu

in. Theo tho thun gia hai bn, hng s c giao thnh hai chuyn,mi chuyn cch nhau mun nht l 20 ngy . Tin hng cng c thanhton lm hai ln v vic thanh ton qua L/C s tun theo UCP500.

C hai iu kin c quy nh cho th tn dng. Th nht, ngn hngi Loan s tin hnh thanh ton khi nhn c mt b y vn nng bin xp hng hon ho. Th hai, ngn hng Thu in s phii giy chp nhn hng do ngn hng ti i Loan ca Cadtrak cp.Giy ny s c cp sau khi c thng bo ca Cadtrak rng h nhnc hng v hng c c quan y t i Loan ti cng chp nhn.

Sau khi hng n i Loan, ngn hng Thu in gi b chng t cachuyn hng cho Cadtrak v b Cadtrak t chi vi l do thi giangia hai chuyn giao hng vt qu 20 ngy. Ngn hng Thu in khng chp nhn iu ny. Do vy, ngn hng thuyt phc Cadtrakchp nhn iu khng ng nguyn tc trn. Sau cng, Cadtrak chp nhnthi gian giao hng qu 20 ngy nhng vn bo lu kin t chi camnh vi l do i s chp nhn l hng ca B Y t i Loan, c quanm cng ty Cadtrak np n xin kim tra hng. Sau khng lu, Cadtrakthng bo rng h chnh thc t chi hng ca Lagergren v C quan Y t

i Loan ti cng pht hin ra nguy c mi mt trong l hang gny.

Lagergren lp lun rng, trong bin bn ca C quan y t khng cdng ch bc b sn phm. Tuy nhin, Cadtrak vn gi nguyn quan imca mnh vI nhn nh rng: "theo thng l, hng g phi tincy lu kho trong vng 12 thng. Cadtrak cho rng sn phm m ht khng c m bo v cht lng v bi vy khng khng khngchp nhn l hang ny. V pha Lagergren, hng c n kin gi Uban trng ti quc t (Unctad) m hai bn la chn gii quyt khi c

tranh chp. n kin ghi r Cadtrak t chi khng ng cch bchng t v yu cu c thanh ton khon tin hng cng li sut hngnm 13%.

Trc ht, U ban trng ti cho rng l do duy nht m hng cha thucquyn s hu ca Cadtrak - ngi m th tn dng, l do h t chi lhng khi hng n ni. Quyt nh phi a ra l trong tnh hung


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ny liu iu kin "hng ho c nhn bi ngi m th tn dng"c tho mn hay cha? Tip , U ban trng ti nh ngha bn chtca th tn dng v cch m ngi ta phi hiu n: Th tn dng l mts cam kt chc chn ca ngn hng m th tn dng thanh ton hoc s

thanh ton nu cc iu kin ca th tn dng c tho mn, nu th tndng dng thanh ton (iu 3 Quy tc v Thc hnh thng nht tndng chng t).Bn cht ca th tn dng l ngi bn chc chn sc thanh ton nu xut trnh ng b chng t. Mt c tnh c bnca tn dng chng t l tnh hnh thc ca n. Cc chng t c xuttrnh ch c th l ng hoc khng ng. S mp m y khng cchp nhn.

Mt tn dng chng t khng th c hiu theo bt c mt lut quc giano m cc bn khng c tho thun, th tn dng phi c hiu theo cc

thng l c p dng cho i tng ny trong thng mi quc t. Mtc tnh na ca th tn dng l vic thanh ton bng phng thc tndng chng t khng ph thuc vo mun ch quan ca cc bn. Chcn cc iu kin trong th tn dng c tho mn v ngi hng lixut trnh ng b chng t th vic thanh ton s c thc hin.Cadtrak lp lun rng trong trng hp ny, vi vic hng giao khngc ngi m th tn dng chp nhn nn iu kin "hng c nhnbi ngi m th tn dng" khng c tho mn. Nhng theo trongti th vic th tn dng c c thanh ton hay khng ph thuc vo thinch ca ngi m th tn dng (ngui mua). Vic hiu iu kin "hng

c nhn bi ngi m th tn dng" nh vy mu thun vi mc chca th tn dng chng t. Theo , vic thanh ton khng c ph thucvo thin hay ch ch quan ca Cadtrak. y, hng ca Lagergrenkhng c bt c sai phm g theo tho thun gia hai bn, m vic hn sdng ca hng ho l do Cadtrak khng kim chng t trc, hng c thkhi kin vi phm hp ng ch khng th t chi thanh ton c. iu c ngha l nu cn c vo lp lun ca Cadtral th hon ton khngan ton cho Lagergren.

Nh vy r rng Cadtrak sai khi t chi vic thanh ton hoc vic cho

php thanh ton cho Ngn hng Thu in. Bi vy, U ban trng tiquyt nh Lagergren c hng s tin hng cng vi mc li sut l13%/nm trong thi gian thanh ton qu hn.

Qua v vic trn, chng ta c th nhn thy mt thc t rng, ngay cnhng phng thc thanh ton an ton nht th nguy c ri ro cng c thxut hin. trnh c ri ro, cc cng ty cn nghin cu k lng v


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i tc cng nh nhng quy nh php lut v phng thc thanh tonang c p dng. Sau y l mt s ri ro thng gp khi thanh tonqua L/C:

Ri ro do i tc khng cung cp hng hoTp on Nestle c nhp khu b t hng Latel ca Na Uy sn xutcc loi sa giu dinh dng. Cuc mua bn c gii thiu thng quanmt s thng tin trn Internet. Do ang trong lc cn nguyn liu gp nnNestle nhanh chng tho thun hp ng nhp khu vi Latel. H tho thun thanh ton theo L/C, v vi vng nn Nestle cha cp k ccni dung c th ca L/C m nhanh chng chuyn tin cho Latel theo L/Cthng qua mt ngn hng do Nestle ch nh. Nhng ri, tin th c gii m hng th mi vn cha thy v. Tm hiu k th Nestle mi v l ra

rng, Latel ch l mt cng ty o trn mng, khng c tht.Nhng ri ro nh vy l rt ng tic v bn cn c nhng bc i c th trnh ri ro ng tic ny, c th l:

- Tm hiu bn hng k lng

- Tham kho kin ngn hng v qu trnh kinh doanh ca i tc

- Nghin cu k quy nh v iu khon pht trong hp ng (Penalty)

- Yu cu c hai bn k qu ti mt ngn hng m bo thc hin hpng

- Yu cu phI a ra nhng cng c m bo an ninh thanh ton cangn hng nh Standby L/C, Bank Guarantee, Performance Bond.. (ch pdng i vi nhng hp ng ln v khch hng khng quen bit nhau) m bo quyn li ca nh nhp khu.

Ri ro thanh ton do chng t gi, chng t khng trung thc, mu

thun gia hng ho v chng t:Nu i tc khng tin cy hay i tc c ch la o, rt c th bns gp rc rI bi nhng lai giy t gi. Ngoi ra, vn mu thungia hng v chng t cngl yu t cn , bi rt c th hng ho khinhp khu s b hi quan tch thu do khng c s trng khp vi giy t. trnh nhng ri ro ny, bn cn:


19/20

- a ra cc yu cu cht ch, thng nht gia nI dung v hnh thcchng t, khng yu cu chung chung.

- Chng t phi do cc c quan ng tin cy cp- Vn n do hng tu ch danh lp. Khi xp hng ho phi c s gimst ca i din pha nh nhp khu kp thi i chiu s tht gi cavn n v lch trnh tu (i vi l hng c gi tr ln)

- ngh nh xut khu gi thng 1/3 b vn n gc (bn chnh)

- Ho n thng mi i hi phi c s xc nhn ca i din pha nhnhp khu hoc ca Phng Thng mi hoc ho n lnh s (Consulars

invoice)- Giy chng nhn cht lng do c quan c uy tn nc xut khu cp- Giy chng nhn s lng cng phi c s kim tra, gim st ca idin pha mnh hoc i din thng mi.

- Cung cp giy chng nhn kim tra (Certificate of inspection)

Cc ri ro khc nh la chn hng tu khng tin cy, h hng hngho do xp hng khng ng quy nh,

Cng ty Hapos ca c k tho thun mua hng vi mt i tc NhtBn, nhng trong hp ng, Hapos cho i tc Nht Bn la chnhng tu vn chuyn. Hapos c inh ninh i hng v, nhng s vic btng xy ra, chic tu ca hng tu trn trn ng t Nht Bn n c b hi quan bt gi v c vn chuyn hng cm v hng cha k khaihi quan. Kt qu l tt c cc hng ho m Hapos t cng b tch thulun.

y l bi hc ln cho nhiu cng ty xut nhp khu. Phng thc thanhton qua L/C lun c th pht sinh nhiu ri ro tng t. Do , bn cnc nhng bin php trnh ri ro nh:

- Ginh quyn ch ng thu tu (nhp khu theo iu kin nhm F caIncoterm - Bn quy nh v cc iu kin thng mi quc t ca ICC).

- Ch nh hng tu ni ting, c bit nn thu tu ca cc hng c vn


20/20

phng giao dch ti nc nhp khu.

- Mua bo him cho hng ho.

- Trong hp ng nn rng buc trch nhim ca nh xut khu trong vn xp hng ln tu nh nhp khu theo iu kin FOB stowed, CFRstowed, CIF stowed ca Incoterm.

Nhn chung, trong cc cuc giao thng quc t ngy nay, thanh tontheo L/C lun l phng thc thanh ton quan trng nht gia nhng itc kinh doanh bi L/C to ra s an tm v thun li ti a cho cc cngty. Nhng d an ton v tin li n my th thanh ton qua L/C vnkhng th trnh khi cc ri ro v tranh chp pht sinh. Bn cn smchun b cho mnh nhng kin thc v L/C ng thi lng trc c

nhng ri ro trong qu trnh thanh ton L/C. C th vic mua bn hngho mi din ra nhanh gn v L/C s thc s tr nn hiu qu.

phuong thuc thanh toan qt

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