Phrases and Clauses

THE BUILDING BLOCKSOF SENTENCES

PHRASE

a group of words that does not have both a subject and a verb

Ex. leaving behind the dog

smashing into the fence

CLAUSE

a group of words with both a subject & verb

Ex. Because she smiled at him

I despise individuals with low character.

Types of Phrases

Prepositional phrases – starts with a preposition, ends with a noun

Ex. Into the kitchen

Write a sentence on your own using a prepositional phrase.

Types of Phrases

Appositive phrase – a noun or pronoun next to another noun or pronoun to explain it

Ex. A talented musician, Marc, plays in the school band.

Write your own sentence using an appositive phrase, then complete exercise 13 (1-10) on page 159.

Types of Phrases

Participle phrase – looks like a verb, but acts like an adjective. (present participle ends in -ing, past participle ends in -ed)

• Ex. Seeing itself in the mirror, the cat was frightened. (Present participle)

• Ex. Disgusted with the image, the cat arched his back. (Past participle)

Write a sentence with a participle phrase, and then complete exercise 6 (1-10) on page 150.

Types of Phrases

Gerund Phrase – looks like a verb, but acts like a noun (Ends in –ing)

Ex. The frantic darting of the fish indicated a shark was nearby.

Write a sentence using a gerund phrase, then complete practice exercise on pg 153 Exercise 8 (1-10)

Infinitive Phrase – a verb following ‘to’ and can be used as noun, adj, or adv

Ex. The person to win the prize will give the correct response. In this case (used as adj)

Write a sentence using an infinitive phrase, then complete exercise 11 (1-10) on page 156.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

a complete thought that can stand alone.

Ex. I despise individuals with low character.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

group of words with both a subject and verb; cannot stand alone or it is a fragment.

Ex. Because she smiled at him,…

Independent clauses = a foundation and the frame of the house.

dependent clauses = like the windows or doors (they enhance what is already there,

but can’t function alone)

Independent vs Dependent

Independent – Is a complete thought. The sentence can stand alone.

Ex. I like eating hamburgers every night.

Dependent – Is not a complete thought. The sentence can not stand alone

Ex. Eating hamburgers for dinner every night

Examples of Dependent Sentences

1. After I danced,

2. Because he was hungry,

3. Until I get an A+,

4. When I get my new pony,

5. Since I love SpongeBob,

Examples of Independent Sentences

I watch Spongebob everyday.I go outside to ride my bike, and I watch

Spongebob daily.Since Spongebob does not come on in

the morning, I go outside to ride my bike.

Although I like to watch Spongebob, the show does not come on in the morning so I go outside and ride my bike.

SIMPLE SENTENCE

one independent clause

I like SpongeBob.

Write 5 simple sentences

about spongeBob.

Punctuating COMPOUND sentences 2 or more independent clauses

I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton.

OR – punctuate this way 2 or more independent clauses

I like SpongeBob; I like Plankton.

How do we punctuate compound sentences?

1.) Comma and a conjunction (FANBOYS)

2. ) Semicolon (;)

SpongeBob makes Krabby patties.

(join these)

They are quite delicious!

• Write 5 compound sentences about SpongeBob

Two ways to punctuate compound sentences!

• SpongeBob makes Krabby patties,

and they are delicious.

• SpongeBob makes Krabby patties; they are delicious.

COMPLEX

dependent + independent

Because he makes me laugh,

I like SpongeBob.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters

ADVERB STARTERSafter in order that until

although since when

as so that whenever

because than where

before though wherever

if unless while

DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters

ADJECTIVE STARTERS1) THAT

2) WHO

3) WHOM

4) WHOSE

5) WHICH

What’s the difference?

• Adjective

• Adjective phrase

• Adjective clause

• An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun

• Ex. Spongebob is an experienced fry cook.

experienced describes the type of fry cook Spongebob is.

Write 5 sentences with adjectives. Underline the noun; circle the adjective.

• An adjective phrase is a group of words that acts like an adjective.

• Ex. Spongebob is a fry cook with a lot of experience.

• With a lot of experience is a phrase describing Spongebeb.

Write 5 sentences using adjective phrases that describes a noun. Underline the noun; circle the adjective phrase

• Adjective clause – contains subject and verb, and begins with relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that or which)

• Ex. Spongebob, who loves the Krusty Krab, is never late for work.

• Adjective clause, who loves the Krusty Crab, cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Write 5 sentences with adjective clauses. Underline the noun;circle the adjective clause

Dependent clause punctuation

Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence!

Because he makes me laugh,

I like SpongeBob.

Dependent clause punctuation

Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence

When I want entertainment, I watch SpongeBob.

Dependent clause punctuation

Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence

If I get a choice of shows,

I watch SpongeBob.

Dependent clause punctuation

Do not use a comma when the dependent clause does not begin the sentence!

I like SpongeBob because he makes me laugh.

Here’s my example!

When Gary runs away from home,SpongeBob is devastated.

SpongeBob is devastated

when Gary runs away

from home.

Write two more complex sentences!

Use the dependent clause starter: ifIf you are hungry,you should visit the Krusty Krab!

You should visit the Krusty Krab

if you are hungry.

Now, write 5 complex sentences! Start a sentence with the dependent clause.

Then, rewrite the sentence to end with the dependent clause.

Use the dependent clause starters: when, because, if,

since, and although

Remember, your clause must have a subject and a verb!

Could you turn our complex sentence into a compound-

complex sentence?

If you are hungry,you should visit the Krusty Krab!

COMPOUND COMPLEX

2 INDEPENDENT clauses

+

1 DEPENDENT clause

EXAMPLES

Because they make me laugh,

I like SpongeBob,

and I like Plankton.

Turn these clauses into complex sentences

Patrick is annoying…

Plankton wants the Krabby Patty recipe…

The Hashslinging Slasher visits

COMMASAFTER INTRODUCTORY WORDS

AFTER INTRODUCTORY PHRASES

AFTER INTRODUCTORY CLAUSES

BETWEEN 2 INDEPENDENT CLAUSESBEFORE THE CONJUNCTION

Introductory WordsUnfortunately, I love chocolate. Therefore, I eat it often. Also, I like ice cream. But, I am allergic to it. Thus, I should not eat it. Once, I saw a Yettie. Next, I saw Bigfoot. Finally, I caught a leprechaun!

Introductory PhrasesTo be or not to be, that is the question.

Inside the small garden, there is a gnome.

(prep phrases of 4 or more)

Introductory Dependent Clauses

When I grow up, …

Before I become president, …

Since I am so short, …

Until I study for my test, …

BETWEEN INDEPENDENT

St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland,

but he was originally British.

St. Patrick was captured by Irish raiders, and he worked as a slave for 6 years.

St. Patrick had a dream to escape, so he walked 200 miles to the shore.

What’s the difference between

a phrase & a clause?

On your own

1. Write a phrase

2. Write a clause

3. Write a simple sentence

4. Write a compound sentence

5. Write a complex sentence

6. Write a compound-complex sentence

Book Exercises

Simple Sentences pg. 186

Compound Sentences pg. 189

Complex Sentences pg. 192

Compound-Complex Sentences pg. 194

Review A and B, and Chapter Review pgs. 195-199