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WELCOME! AP English 11

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Page 1: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

WELCOME! AP English 11

Page 2: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

TODAY’S AGENDA

Calendar Sentences -

Definition, phrases, clauses, types,

Read Write Speak Listen

Page 3: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

THIS WEEK IN AP ENGLISH

Feast your eyes on yonder white board. Or check out the class web site

Read Write Speak Listen

Page 4: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

SENTENCES

Hey, kids, there’s all kinds of great stuff related to sentences coming up in the next two weeks or so.

Much of the material is derived from a book called The Art of Styling Sentences by Ann Longknife and K.D. Sullivan.

I’m using the fifth edition, but I’ve posted the fourth edition on the class web site.

Read Write Speak Listen

Page 5: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

SENTENCES

A sentence typically has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

And it is a nifty way we attempt to present the contents of our brains such that others can understand them. Righteous!

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Page 6: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

SENTENCES

Sentences can be classified by purpose.

Declarative – A statement Interrogative – a question Imperative – a command Exclamatory – an emphatic expression

of emotion

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Page 7: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

SENTENCES

Phrases can be added to sentences to expand the meaning.

A phrase is a group of words without a subject-verb combination. Prepositional – begins with a preposition (in

the park) Infinitive – begins with an infinitive (to be is

to do) Participial – begins with a present or past

participle (grown in the summer)

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Page 8: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

SENTENCES

You can build sentences by combining clauses.

A clause has a subject-verb combination. There are two flavors. An independent clause expresses a

complete thought (it could be it’s own sentence) – I sleep late.

A dependent clause is a modifier and does not express a complete thought – Whenever I sleep.

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Page 9: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

SENTENCES

Sentences can be classified by structure. Simple

single statement Is an independent clause Has one subject-verb combination

Compound Makes two or more statements Has two or more independent clauses Has two or more subject-verb combinations

Read Write Speak Listen

Page 10: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

SENTENCES

Sentences can be classified by structure. Complex

Has an independent clause Has one or more dependent clauses functioning

as modifiers Compound Complex

Has two or more independent clauses Has two or more subject-verb combinations Has one or more dependent clauses functioning

as modifiers

Read Write Speak Listen

Page 11: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

What are the features of a compound sentence?

Read Write Speak Listen

Page 12: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Today we will look at several ways of combining independent clauses to create a compound sentence.

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Page 13: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTION

Two tips Two independent clauses that are joined

without punctuation is a run-on. Rudolofo has a brother he is a monkey.

Two independent clauses joined by only a comma is called a comma splice. It’s puke-y.

Rudolofo has a brother, he is a monkey.

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Page 14: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Huzzah! Sentence pattern 1 Compound sentence with a semicolon and

no conjunction S V ; S V

When to use When you have several short sentences with

similar ideas, you can combine them to make a longer and stronger sentence.

It is cloudy today. + It may rain. = It is cloudy today; it may rain.

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Page 15: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Huzzah! Sentence pattern 1a Compound sentence with a conjunctive

adverb S V ; (conjunctive adverb), S V

Conjunctive adverbs However, hence, therefore, thus, then,

moreover, nevertheless, likewise, consequently, accordingly

It is cloudy today. + therefore, + It may rain. = It is cloudy today; therefore, it may rain.

The comma after the conjunctive adverb is optional ; you should use it. Ha!

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Page 16: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Huzzah! Sentence pattern 1b Compound sentence with a coordinating

conjunction S V , (coordinating conjunction) S V

Coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS – For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so It is cloudy today. + , + and + It may rain. = It

is cloudy today, and it may rain. If you leave out the comma after the first

independent clause, innocent bunnies will die, so you shouldn’t do it.

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Page 17: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Huzzah! Sentence pattern 1c Compound sentence with two or more

semicolons S V ; S V ; S V It is cloudy today. + The humidity is high+ It

may rain. = It is cloudy today; the humidity is high; it may rain.

Obviously, the ideas need to be pretty closely connected for this work effectively.

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Page 18: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Huzzah! Sentence pattern 2 This is going to make your head hurt a little.

Sorry. You know that … is called an ellipsis, right. It

means that something has been left out. It makes your reader wonder what will happen next…

You can also have an elliptical construction when part of a clause is left out because it would needlessly repeat an element of the previous clause. Ouch?

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Page 19: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Huzzah! Sentence pattern 2 Compound sentence with elliptical

construction (comma indicates the omitted verb)

S V DO or C; S , DO or SC To err is human. + To forgive is divine = To err

is human; to forgive, divine.

Read Write Speak Listen

Page 20: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Huzzah! Sentence pattern 2 (cont’d) This is a great way to elevate your diction and

increase rhetorical distance, but not if you screw it up.

Make sure that both clauses really are independent, even though the second has an unexpressed verb (or other elements).

The omitted verb has to match the previous verb exactly (form and tense).

You can use a coordinating conjunction instead of a semicolon (To err is human, and to forgive, divine). Never use a semicolon with a coordinating conjunction. Bunnies die!

Read Write Speak Listen

Page 21: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Huzzah! Sentence pattern 3 Compound sentence with an explanatory

sentence (independent clauses separated by a colon)

General statement (idea) : specific statement (example).

When to use The colon performs a special function: it signals the

reader that something important or explanatory will follow. See what I did there?

It is cloudy today. + Clouds suggest rain will follow. = It is cloudy today: clouds suggest rain will follow.

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Page 22: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

COMPOUND SENTENCES

To the worksheet!

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Page 23: AP English 11.  Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

BYE!

Come back tomorrow!

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