phenotypic diversity in grain yield and nutritional traits of rice (oryza sativa l.)

Pest science and management

2010 International Rice Research Notes (0117-4185)

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Phenotypic diversity in grain yield and nutritional traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

S. Singh, S. Mishra, and K. Kalpana, Division of Environmental Sciences, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India E-mail: [email protected]

Phenotypic diversity in a crop species shows the range of variation in different traits, which could be used to develop varieties with desirable characteristics. An evaluation of rice germplasm, collected from different agroclimatic regions and possessing varying desirable traits, is thus required to identify phenotypes with specific traits for subsequent use in breeding to further improve productivity and nutritional quality of promising rice cultivars. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of phenotypic variation in quantitative characters of rice germplasm for further use in crop improvement, especially for micronutrient enrichment of grain. Thirty-day-old seedlings of 25 different rice phenotypes, including high-yielding semidwarf traditional tall cultivars, and landraces, were transplanted in rice fields at the Research Farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute during the 2006 wet season using a randomized block design with three replications. Various growth and yield parameters and yield components were determined following the sun drying of harvested plant samples (around 12–15% moisture content). The dried rough rice samples were dehulled properly using a laboratory dehuller and the quality characteristics of the kernel were evaluated. Protein content was determined from % Kjeldahl nitrogen multiplied by 5.95. Sugar and starch were analyzed by the anthrone method. Macro- and micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and colorimetry following standard methodologies (Yoshida et al 1976). The amylose content in dehulled grains was determined by iodine binding method following Sadasivam and Manickam (1997). The data on yield and its attributes showed significant variations in growth and yield (Table 1). Plant height varied from 70 to 190 cm. The number of panicles m–2 was highest in Patharia brown and lowest in PR114. Total biomass was found to be highest in the traditional tall phenotype Bajheri and lowest in the semidwarf PR114. The number of spikelets panicle–1 was highest in Zeera 32 and lowest in Patharia black. MRGC-22 showed the highest number of grains



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panicle–1, whereas Patharia black and Shikhar had the lowest. Spikelet sterility was shown to be highest in Shikhar and lowest in Pusa-44 and PR114. Patharia black had the highest 1,000-grain weight and Zeera 32 the lowest. Grain yield of Patharia brown was the highest, while that of Bajheri was the lowest. Harvest index varied significantly, with Shikhar (5%) having the lowest and Pusa Basmati 1 (36%), the highest. The rice cultivars also showed marked differences in days to flowering (77–130 d) and days to maturity (106–156 d). The longest days to flowering and maturity were recorded in Bajheri, MRGC 22, Selection New 2, and Haryana Basmati (>100 d to flowering and >150 d to maturity), while the shortest days to flowering and maturity were noted in Kolambo. The rice cultivars showed significant differences in both organic and inorganic nutrient content in milled rice grain (Table 2). Total free sugar content was highest in MRGC 22 and lowest in Selection 66. Starch content ranged from 54% in Santoor to 68% in Vazardhan. Amylose content ranged from 25% in Selection 66 to 32% in Patharia brown. Protein content in dehulled rice grains of different rice cultivars was recorded within the 9% (Patharia brown) to 13% (Pusa Basmati 1) range. Iron content ranged from 17 ppm in Zeera 32 to 361 ppm in MRGC 22, whereas zinc content varied from 64 ppm in Dular to 30 ppm in Selection New 2. Calcium content was lowest in Basmati 1 and highest in Shikhar. Magnesium content was recorded highest in Corit 2 (793 ppm) and lowest in Patharia black (419 ppm). Manganese content was highest in Patharia black (152 ppm) and lowest in Singer and Shikhar (16–21 ppm). The range in copper content was 0–186 ppm, with Pusa Basmati 1 having the highest value. This immense germplasm diversity in yield and nutritional traits offers a great source of genes for several quantitative and qualitative characters, which could be exploited for further development of rice cultivars with higher physical and nutritional quality of rice grains. References Yoshida S, Forno DA, Cock JH, Gomez KA. 1976. Laboratory manual for physiological studies of

rice. Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 72 p. Sadasivam S, Manickam A. 1997. Biochemical methods. 2nd ed. New Delhi (India): New Age International Publishers. 12 p.



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Table 1. Yield and yield attributes of different rice genotypes.

Genotype Plant

height (cm)

Panicles m–2 (no.)

Spikelets panicle–1

(no.)

Grains panicle–1

(no.)

Spikelet sterility

(%)

1,000-seed

weight (g)

Total biomass (g m–2)

Grain yield

(g m–2)

Harvest index (%)

Days to flowering

Days to maturity

Patharia brown 150 340 80 48 40 21.7 1400 320 23 100 133 Jao 150 180 67 38 44 30.0 652 184 28 100 130 Singer 152 248 52 30 42 26.5 660 184 28 97 130 Santoor 140 180 79 33 59 22.1 1004 120 12 97 151 Hansraj 170 220 111 49 56 18.0 1254 216 17 106 143 Bajheri 190 276 110 56 49 15.1 1440 26 18 130 156 MRGC 22 90 200 124 75 39 13.6 824 246 30 128 155 Corit 2 85 195 84 31 64 19.0 520 124 24 94 130 Patharia black 104 210 38 16 57 31.4 904 188 21 90 115 Selection 38 82 235 55 39 29 20.7 620 192 31 100 133 Selection 66 95 200 75 30 60 16.8 832 104 13 110 155 Pusa 44 70 200 88 72 18 18.3 810 226 28 102 135 Haryana Basmati

80 180 73 40 45 22.7 534 134 25 110 150

Dular 128 185 92 40 53 20.2 508 154 30 86 126 Vazardhan 140 245 82 48 42 23.0 780 272 34 100 133 Danger 155 340 69 33 52 23.6 1050 284 27 92 133 Pusa Basmati 1 92 170 74 46 40 27.0 580 204 36 97 134 P2512 110 160 84 61 28 25.0 682 230 34 96 133 Shikhar 150 185 113 15 86 14.7 1294 66 5 117 151 Zeera 32 148 280 146 68 54 10.0 1400 202 14 110 140 Basmati 5 100 305 76 45 41 24.0 996 230 31 97 135 Pakistan Basmati 1

150 235 90 67 25 18.0 700 178 24 102 140

Selection New 2 125 180 130 65 50 17.2 1364 266 19 126 150 Kolambo 130 280 59 29 50 19.2 660 196 30 77 106 PR114 73 125 50 41 18 20.0 284 92 33 98 130 Mean 122 222 88 45 46 20.7 870 186 25 103 137 CD at 0.05% 15 35 11 12 15 6.5 140 32 11 14 20



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Table 2. Biochemical properties of different rice genotypes.

Micronutrient content in grain (ppm) Genotype Protein content

(%)

Sugar content

(%)

Starch content

(%)

Amylose content

(%) Fe Zn Ca Mg Mn Cu

Patharia brown 9 4 61 32 26 50 961 720 66 3 Jao 9 4 61 29 56 49 996 555 97 0 Singer 9 3 65 28 41 35 1059 422 41 0 Santoor 12 4 54 32 71 46 926 622 16 0 Hansraj 9 5 57 28 85 45 760 537 42 0 Bajheri 10 5 62 26 115 50 697 593 31 54 MRGC 22 12 6 61 26 361 44 962 563 112 62 Corit 2 10 4 59 26 115 34 779 793 31 0 Patharia black 10 3 59 31 274 34 962 419 152 0 Selection 38 11 4 58 28 85 45 1029 600 71 0 Selection 66 12 2 58 25 144 51 466 705 46 183 Pusa 44 10 3 64 28 71 34 929 570 56 0 Haryana Basmati 12 5 61 28 56 37 963 737 56 0 Dular 10 3 64 27 261 64 930 547 31 83 Vazardhan 11 4 68 29 129 45 631 535 61 0 Danger 11 5 56 27 320 60 930 513 26 0 Pusa Basmati 1 13 6 61 25 144 51 465 708 46 186 P2512 9 6 59 25 56 35 1030 603 31 0 Shikhar 13 5 58 27 71 46 1130 586 21 0 Zeera 32 10 5 63 29 17 34 631 657 117 11 Basmati 5 11 5 59 29 41 35 1063 425 41 0 Pakistan Basmati 1 10 4 61 27 85 45 764 533 41 0 Selection New 2 11 4 61 30 115 30 963 674 82 0 Kolambo 10 4 59 29 27 50 963 725 66 4 PR114 11 5 61 29 41 36 831 533 61 0 Mean 11 4 60 28 112 43 873 595 58 23 CD at 0.05% 2.99 1.4 8.6 6.3 8.3 10 123 22.9 7.3 7.9

phenotypic diversity in grain yield and nutritional traits of rice (oryza sativa l.)

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