pet systems a

8/21/2019 Pet Systems A

1/54

Petroleum SystemsPetroleum Systems(Part One)(Part One)

Source, Generation, and MigrationSource, Generation, and Migration

GEOL 4233 ClassGEOL 4233 ClassJanuary 2008January 2008


2/54

Petroleum Systems

Source RockSource Rock

Migration RouteMigration Route

Reservoir RockReservoir Rock

Seal RockSeal Rock

TrapTrap

ElementsElements

GenerationGeneration

MigrationMigration

AccumulationAccumulation

PreservationPreservation

ProcessesProcesses


3/54

Petroleum System Summary

Source (Material and Rocks)

Generation (Maturation)

Migration

Trap

Reservoir


4/54

Source Material

Non-Biogenic Origins

Biogenic (Kerogen) Host rock (Shales and Coals)

Kerogen Types

Type I Algal (oil prone) sapropelic

Type II Mixed

Type III Woody (gas prone) humic


5/54

Siljan Ring

Inorganic Gas Prospect

Drilled to ~22,000 in 1987

Found abiogenic methane,

but no poro-perm


6/54


7/54

Sedimentary Rocks Where the Action Is


8/54

Source Material


Biogenic (Kerogen Types)


Type II Mixed

Type III Woody (gas prone) humic

Host rock (Shales and Coals)


9/54

Types of PetroleumTypes of Petroleum

Oil and gas are formed by the thermal cracking ofOil and gas are formed by the thermal cracking oforganic compounds buried in fineorganic compounds buried in fine--grained rocks.grained rocks.

Algae = Hydrogen rich = OilAlgae = Hydrogen rich = Oil--proneprone

Wood = Hydrogen poor = GasWood = Hydrogen poor = Gas

--proneprone


10/54

Kerogen TypesKerogen TypesType 1 Type 2 Type 3


11/54

From the Paleontological Research Institute


12/54

Ganges Deltaic

Sediments


13/54

Modern Mahakam Delta Plain

East Kalimantan, Indonesia(A Rich Source of Kerogen)


14/54

Inferred Middle Booch Depositional Environments

Arkoma Basin in Oklahoma


15/54

Source Material


Biogenic (Kerogen Types)


Type II MixedType III Woody (gas prone) humic

Host Rock (Shales and Coals)


16/54

The Origin of PetroleumThe Origin of Petroleum

OrganicOrganic--richrichSource RockSource Rock

Thermally MaturedThermally MaturedOrganic MatterOrganic Matter OilOil


17/54

Source Rock for PetroleumSource Rock for Petroleum

Organic-Rich Thin Laminae

3.39 378

TotalOrganicCarbon

LOMPOC Quarry Sample

Monterey Formation, CA

HydrogenIndex

1 Inch1 Inch


18/54

Woodford Shale (Oklahoma)


19/54

Channel-Fill Sandstone Resting on Marine Shale

Red Fork (Oklahoma)


20/54

Coals and Coaly Shales

San Juan Basin (New Mexico)


21/54

Source rock kerogen can

be correlated to oil/gasfound in carrier beds

and reservoirs


22/54

T.O.C.

Total Organic Carbon

Basinal Summary Chart


23/54




Migration

Trap

Reservoir


24/54

The Petroleum KitchenTemperature-Pressure-Time

Geothermal Gradient: (thermogenic hydrocarbons)

Range:


25/54


26/54

Hydrocarbon Occurrence & Thermal Maturity


27/54

Oklahoma

Geologic Provinces


28/54

Map of Oklahoma Oil and Gas Fields; Distinguished By GOR and Coalbed Methane Production. From Boyd (2002)

(GOR Cutoffs: Oil 20,000)


29/54

Schematic Cross-section of the Anadarko BasinModified from Witt and others (1971).


30/54

Regional Stratigraphic Cross-Section(Hung from Top of Booch)

Oklahoma Arkoma Basin (Booch)

(Present burial depth not necessarily maximum burial depth)

DIVISIONS OF GEOLOGIC TIME Age (approx.)in millions of


31/54

Geologic Time ScaleModified From Harland (1990) and Hansen (1991).

Eon Era Period Epochin millions of

years

Cenozoic

Mesozoic

Paleozoic

Phanerozoic

Carboniferous

Pennsylvanian

Mississippian

Tertiary

Quaternary

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Triassic

Permian

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

Holocene

Pleistocene

Pliocene

MioceneOligocene

Eocene

Paleocene

Late

Early

Late

MiddleEarly

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Middle

Early

0.010

1.6

5

23

35

57

65

97

146

157

178

208

235

241

245

256

290

303311

323

345

363

377

386

409424

439

464

476

510

517

536

570


32/54

Arkoma Basin

Estimated Overburden Removal


33/54




Migration (Expulsion)

Trap

Reservoir


34/54



35/54


Organic-Rich

Thin Laminae

LOMPOC Quarry SampleMonterey Formation, CA

1 Inch1 Inch


36/54

Migration Pathways

Hydrocarbon Expulsion

Vertical vs. Horizontal Migration

Residual Saturations


37/54


38/54

Base

men

t

GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT OF PETROLEUM SYSTEM

Present-Day

STRATIGRAPHIC

EXTENT OF

PETROLEUM SYSTEM

Petroleum accumulation

Top of oil window

Bottom of oil window

Trap TrapTrap

Seal

Reservoir

Source

Underburden

Overburden

A A

Magoon and Dow, 1994Magoon and Dow, 1994

PresentPresent--Day Petroleum SystemDay Petroleum System



39/54


Arkoma Basin in Oklahoma

Petroleum SystemPetroleum System


40/54

Spill PointSpill Point

Seal Rock(Mudstone)Reservoir Rock

(Sandstone)Migration fromKitchen

1) Early Generation

2) Late Generation

Gas displaces all

oil

Gas beginning todisplace oil

Displaced oil

accumulates

Petroleum Systemy


41/54


42/54


43/54

The Leaky Trap

Petroleum System ProcessesPetroleum System Processes


44/54

Petroleum System ProcessesPetroleum System Processes

120 F120 F

350 F350 FGenerationGeneration

MigrationMigration

Seal RockSeal Rock

ReservoirRockReservoirRock

OilOil

WaterWater

GasCapGasCap

EntrapmentEntrapmentAccumulationAccumulation

SourceSourceRockRock

Schematic Migrational Pathways


45/54

g y

From Basin to Shelf

Asphalt Seep


46/54

Viola Limestone (Oklahoma)

The End of the Road


47/54

On to the Trap

One More Thing.


48/54

Basin Assignments

North American San Juan East Texas

Gulf Coast

Anadarko

Arkoma

Powder River

Wind River

Green River

Williston

Delaware

Midland

Black Warrior

Fort Worth

Others..

F t t C id


49/54

Facts to Consider

Basin

Location, Size, Maximum Depth, Age (from basement to outcrop + max subsidence), Stratigraphy

Other items; eg - Structure (extensional, compressional)

Petroleum SystemSource Rocks: Name(s), kerogen type(s), TOC, depth to top of oil window, kitchen location

Migration Pathways: Carrier bed(s), faults, distance (vertical and horizontal)

Traps: Structural, Stratigraphic, Combination (dominant type)

Reservoirs: Names, Rock types (both reservoir and seal)

Representative Fields (The biggest ones)

OOIP, OGIP, RF, Cum Prod

Other notable Facts anything else you want to add (history, technology, companies, etc)

Powerpoint presentation: 10-12 slides (or more), approach as management presentation in which object is to highgrade

future exploration opportunities for your company. For any answers you cannot find, treat as source of increased risk of entry.

Map of Selected Sedimentary Basins


50/54

1-Williston Basin

2-Powder River Basin

3-Denver Basin

4-Salina Basin

5-Forest City Basin6-Kennedy Basin

7-Big Horn Basin

8-Wind River Basin

9-Laramide Basin

10-Washakie-Red Desert B.

11-Green River Basin


51/54


52/54


53/54


54/54

pet systems a

Documents