Control Of Arthropod Pests And Vectors

Pest and Vector ControlPrevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathObjective Indicate basic control measures for vectors and medical pests.Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathOverview IPM Control Measures

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathWhat is Pest Management and why it is important? The management of pests is important due to the moral and financial impact that is created.

Pests - meaning could mean any living thing that is unwanted. Pest control is the process used to eliminate or reduce the numbers to acceptable levels.

Pesticides is a generic name used to control pests. Meaning to kill.

IPM, being environmentally friendly when controlling pests.

Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management Defined:A planned program, incorporating continuous monitoring, education, record keeping, and communication, to prevent pests and disease vectors from causing unacceptable damage to operations, people, property, materiel, or the environment Includes actions such as: -- Education (customer training): Important! -- Inspection (monitoring and surveys) -- Sanitation and proper waste management (pressure washing and self-closing compactors)

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathAll play a vital role in a quality Integrated Pest Management program.Pest ManagementProper storage of food and other pest-susceptible items (pest-proof containers, stock rotation, etc.)

Exclusion, trapping, and other mechanical or physical means of containing pests (screens, vacuum cleaners, etc.)

Pest-preventive building construction and maintenance (caulking)

Biological control (Gambusia fish in ponds)

Minimal use of pesticidal chemicals in a manner (such as containerized baits and crack and crevice applications) that causes the least harm to the environment.

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathKeeping the pests from gaining access to food, water, or harborage.

Federal installations are mandated by Congress to reduce pesticide use by 50%. The use of baits and crack and crevice application reduces the active ingredient amount and provides a safer alternative.

PestsAn organism in a place where it is not wantedCan be arthropods, weeds, rodents, birds, dogs, cats, wild animals, snakes, nematodes, snails, etc. Many of these have no medical significance

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathControl pests that reduce morale or cause economic loss to property.Core Mission of Pest ManagementPrevent/eliminate pest and disease vectors from adversely affecting military operations or missionsPreferably without the use of pesticidesUnder certain circumstances they may have to apply pesticides to do thisSafe, effective, and environmentally sound IPM programs reduce pollution and other risk factors associated with pesticide usePrevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathSome situations require immediate control. Example; mosquito that maybe the cause of disease transmission and the use of insecticides would be required.PesticidesChemicals deliberately applied to kill pestsCE Pest Managers are licensed to kill

Pesticides are classified by the type of pest they killInsecticides -- kill insects (cockroaches, flies)Rodenticides -- kill rodents (rats and mice)Herbicides -- kill plants (weeds).Acaricides -- kill ticks and mites (acarines)Molluscicides -- kill snails and slugs (mollusks)Fungicides -- kill fungi (mildew, plant rust)Nematicides -- kill nematodes.Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathIntegrated Pest Management (IPM)Because of the temporary nature of chemical control, and its potential threat to human health and the environment, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) should be used to the maximum extent possible to control all pests

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathIntegrated Pest Management A combination of control techniques to prevent, eliminate, or suppress pests.

The objective of IPM is to reduce reliance on pesticides and keep their use to a minimum.

Main IPM control techniques include: cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical

Other control techniques include: education, genetic, physical, and regulatoryPrevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Cultural Control Changing the environment so that the pest can no longer live thereDraining swamps, plowing under corn stubbles, removing garbage, vacuuming pet dander, etc.

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathCultural ControlAdvantagesSolutions are long-term to permanentAvoids pesticide exposure and resistanceMay be cheap and simple, such as cleaning kitchens to suppress cockroach populationLong-term benefits may be cheaper than repeated chemical controlDisadvantagesMay be difficult and expensive, such as draining or filling a lake for mosquito controlRelief is not immediateEnvironmental manipulation may not be feasiblePrevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death

Mechanical Control Using physical or mechanical methods to kill pests or separate them from their food sourceFly swatter, vacuuming up the pests, freezing, heating, screening, bed nets, caulking, etc.

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathMechanical ControlAdvantagesMay be inexpensive and have immediate effectLess hazardous to health or the environmentDisadvantagesMay be expensive and time-consumingIs not always practicalPrevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death

Biological Control Using predators, pathogens, or genetic engineering to control pests.Mosquito fish (Gambusia sp.), milky spore application, sterile release programs, etc.

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathBiological ControlAdvantagesVery friendly to the environment -- no toxic chemical residues or environmental manipulationDoes not destroy non-target organisms

DisadvantagesMay be expensiveMay require frequent reapplicationMay require specially trained people, sophisticated arthropod rearing and storage areas, and perhaps sophisticated delivery systemsSeldom provides 100% control (or even 50%) because of the balance of nature effect

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death

Chemical Control Using pesticides to break the life cycles of pestsCrack and crevice treatments, mosquito fogging, aerial spraying (crop dusting), etc.

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathChemical ControlAdvantagesResults are immediateRelatively inexpensive in the short term

DisadvantagesIf not used properly, may be hazardous to human health, non-target organisms, and the environmentControl is not permanent and frequent reapplication is usually necessaryOver time, may become more expensive than more permanent control measuresPesticide resistance may become a problemPrevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathOther IPM Considerations:Control must be based on surveillance (PH involved here for medically important pests)Find out if the pest is there, where, when, and whyDo not control pests that are not thereDo not use control methods that will not workParticularly important for chemical control methods

Study the pest, its life cycle, and environment, then use as many control methods as practical

Place minimum emphasis on chemical control and maximum emphasis on other techniquesEspecially cultural controls like sanitation

Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathSummaryIPM Control MeasuresPrevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathQuestions?Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature DeathQuestions?