pennsylvania’s carbon capture · pennsylvania’s carbon capture utilization and storage research...

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Pennsylvania’s Carbon Capture

Utilization and Storage

Research

Kristin Carter, Assistant State Geologist

PA DCNR, Bureau of Topographic & Geologic Survey

Pittsburgh, PA

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Today’s Focus

• CCUS – what is it, and why do we care?

• Geologic research at different scales

• Reservoir characterization

• Using PETRA to do the work

2

CCUS

• Carbon dioxide

sequestration

• Geologic carbon

sequestration

• Carbon capture

and storage (CCS)

• Carbon capture

utilization and

storage (CCUS)

3


PA’s Work Over the Years

• Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration

Partnership (MRCSP): 2003 – 2017

• Carbon Management Advisory Group

(CMAG): 2008

• Carbon Sequestration Technical

Assessment (CSTA): 2009

• Mid-Atlantic U.S. Offshore Carbon Storage

Resource Assessment: 2016 – 2018

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Generalized Findings

• Pennsylvania has significant and varied

geologic resources that could be used to

store CO2

• At any given site/hub, multiple reservoirs

may have to be utilized

• A CCS network can be developed safely

• Infrastructure will be important to match

source to sinks

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Opportunities

• Participate in development of federal

policy/regulation for pore space ownership

• Pursue CCUS – enhanced oil and/or gas

recovery projects

• Major CO2 sources could pursue linkages

to offshore CCS projects

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Research at Different Scales

• Region

• Province

• Field

• Pool

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Reservoir (res’-er-voir)

“a subsurface volume of porous and

permeable rock in which oil or gas has

accumulated”

“a subsurface rock or regolith that is

saturated with water”

10

Why do we need reservoirs?

• Produce fluids – oil, gas, water, brine

• Store fluids – natural gas, petrochemicals

• Dispose fluids – wastewater, greenhouse

gases

Pore space11

Reservoir CharacterizationRock

Lithology

Depth and extent (area)

Thickness (gross, net)

Porosity (type, amount)

Permeability

Pressure and temperature

(compaction, phi/K reduction)

Fluid

Pressure (volume, buoyancy)

Temperature (viscosity)

Gravity

Saturation

Chemical composition (TDS)

Production rate

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Trapping mechanisms/cap rocks

Conventional/unconventional

TOC/thermal maturity

Transmissivity/storativity

Confined/unconfined

Porosity

• Ratio of void space in a given rock volume to

bulk volume of that rock, expressed as a

percentage

• Total porosity vs. effective porosity

• Primary porosity vs. secondary porosity

• Can vary from 5% - 30%,

but generally ranges

from 2-10% in the

Appalachian basin

13ES 8 – Oil and Gas in Pennsylvania

Permeability

• Capacity of a porous rock to transmit a fluid, usually

measured in millidarcy

• Absolute, effective, relative permeability

• Depends on grain size, sorting and fabric

• Increases with grain size, temperature and hydraulic

gradient

• Decreases with cementation

and compaction

• Can vary from 1 to

>1,000 millidarcy (md)

14ES 8 – Oil and Gas in Pennsylvania

Geologic Sequestration Opportunities in

Western and Northern PA (ca 2009)

µ

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Oriskany Sandstone Structure

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Oriskany P

lays

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Porosity in the Dop Play

• Primary intergranular porosity, Core #442,

Ashtabula County, OH (1,779 ft)

• Secondary porosity created from dissolution of

calcite cement, T. Goodwill #1 well, Erie County, PA,

(2,366.6 ft)

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Porosity in the Doc Play

• Syntaxial quartz overgrowths reducing primary intergranular

porosity, pressure solution pits coated with illite, Core #2914,

Mahoning County, OH (3,330 ft)

• Quartz overgrowths and calcite cement, Core #2914,

Mahoning County, OH (3,332.6 ft)

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Fracture Porosity in Dho Play

• Fracture fill: fractures

have been largely

filled with late stage

calcite, quartz, and

pyrite (R.H. Heyn

well, Fayette County,

PA)

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Porosity in the Dos Play

• quartz arenite tightly cemented by calcite (C) and quartz,

Theodore C. Sipe #1 well, Somerset County, PA (8,851 ft)

• very minor intercrystalline porosity between illite-coated quartz

grains, Theodore C. Sipe #1 well, Somerset County, PA (8,866 ft)

Q

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CCUS Opportunities (ca 2016)

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Generalized Subsurface

Stratigraphy

• Paleozoic strata

• Siliclastics, coals,

carbonates and

shales

• Production and

storage

• Miscible and

immiscible

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IHS PETRA• Software with data management, manipulation

and visualization capabilities

• Integrates geological, geophysical, petrophysical and engineering data into project files

• Created by geologists for geologists

• Windows-based application that interfaces well with other applications (e.g., GIS, Excel, EDWIN, etc.)

24

PETRA Capabilities

• Data management and reports

• Use of zones to manage geologically discrete packages

of data

• Mapping

functions

• Geophysical log

interpretation

• Cross sections

• Production

analysis and

petrophysics

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Database Management

• Data is added to a project by various means,

including importation from other software, key

entry, calculations and visual interpretations

• Interactive with mapping, cross section and other

modules (i.e., changes made in one module

immediately update database)

• Use of zones streamlines data organization

• Importation/exportation flexibility

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Making Maps

• Map projection is easily set, and can be modified

as necessary to accommodate new data

• Structure contour maps

• Base maps

• Isopach maps

• Attribute maps

• Bubble maps

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Making and Using Cross Sections

• Section lines chosen in the map module are

automatically generated in the cross section module

• Cross sections can be stratigraphic or structural, and

may be exaggerated as necessary

• Fault gaps may be added to cross sections

• Any data/log images in the database may be posted

to cross sections

• Can be used to facilitate regional correlations, or

simply as a graphical presentation of subsurface

geology

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Geophysical Log Interpretation

• Imports both LAS (digital) and Raster (analog)

images of geophysical logs

• Raster images need to be straightened and

depth-registered prior to use

• Raster images can also be digitized to aid in

petrophysical evaluations, or just to “clean up” the

appearance of a log in cross section

• Log correlation is interactive with database

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An Effective Tool…

• Subsurface data management

• Regional correlation of subsurface formations

• Development of structure contour, isopach and/or

groundwater contour maps

• Preparation of graphics for technical

papers, poster sessions, etc.

30

1 mile

Approximate scale

Reservoir Characterization

Rock

Lithology

Depth and extent (area)

Thickness (gross, net)

Porosity (type, amount)

Permeability

Pressure and temperature

(compaction, phi/K reduction)

Fluid

Pressure (volume, buoyancy)

Temperature (viscosity)

Gravity

Saturation

Chemical composition (TDS)

Production rate

31

Geophysical Logs

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Lehigh MRCSP Reservoir

Characterization Project• Pilot project/collaboration endeavor

• PA TORIS data review and augmentation

• Learning opportunities include: subsurface

geology and stratigraphic nomenclature,

oil and gas reservoir characterization,

PETRA software

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Total Oil Recovery Information System (TORIS)

37

35

Oil Production

from Upper Devonian Sandstones


Lehigh Project Tasks

• Creating PETRA project for TORIS data

• Interpreting Devonian stratigraphy well by

well

• Digitizing important geophysical log curves

• Computing reservoir properties

• Using PETRA zones to manage data

36


Thank you!

Kris Carter (‘93)

Pennsylvania Geological Survey

(412) 442-4234

[email protected]

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