carbon capture 070413

8/8/2019 Carbon Capture 070413

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What Kind of Electric Power PlantWhat Kind of Electric Power PlantDo We Want for Glades County?Do We Want for Glades County?

(Global Warming & Sea Level Rise Issues)(Global Warming & Sea Level Rise Issues)

John Capece, Ph.D.John Capece, Ph.D.

Agricultural EngineerAgricultural Engineer

December 21, 2006December 21, 2006

www.CarbonCapture.USwww.CarbonCapture.US


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This would be the first U.S. ultraThis would be the first U.S. ultra--supercritical pulverizedsupercritical pulverizedcoal (USCcoal (USC--PC) combustion system. It is a cleaner, morePC) combustion system. It is a cleaner, more

efficient process than older pulverized coal technologies.efficient process than older pulverized coal technologies.

Presentation ObjectivePresentation Objective USC or IGCC Coal PowerUSC or IGCC Coal Power

Florida Power & Light (FPL) plans to build a coalFlorida Power & Light (FPL) plans to build a coal--fired powerfired powerplant for completion by 2012 in Glades County, Florida betweenplant for completion by 2012 in Glades County, Florida between

Hwy 78 and Hwy 27, a few miles northwest of Moore Haven. ThisHwy 78 and Hwy 27, a few miles northwest of Moore Haven. Thispower plant will have an expected operating life through 2050.power plant will have an expected operating life through 2050.


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To facilitate carbon dioxide capture and sequestrationTo facilitate carbon dioxide capture and sequestrationin the coming decades, many people are advocatingin the coming decades, many people are advocating

using an even more advanced coal technologyusing an even more advanced coal technology IGCCIGCC(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle).(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle).

This presentation explains the rationale for IGCC,This presentation explains the rationale for IGCC,while recognizing that an even better longwhile recognizing that an even better long--termterm

solution to the power needs of our society is thesolution to the power needs of our society is thepromotion of renewable, distributed energy systemspromotion of renewable, distributed energy systems(solar, tide, wind, conservation, etc.).(solar, tide, wind, conservation, etc.).

Presentation ObjectivePresentation Objective -- I.G.C.C.I.G.C.C.


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Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Why a CoalWhy a Coal--fired Power Plant?fired Power Plant?

Greenhouse Effect & Sea Level RiseGreenhouse Effect & Sea Level Rise Types of CoalTypes of Coal--fired Power Plantsfired Power Plants

Carbon SequestrationCarbon Sequestration

Carbon TaxCarbon Tax

Glades County ActionsGlades County Actions


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Electric Power Sources in FloridaElectric Power Sources in Florida

Why use Coal?Why use Coal? To balance sources.To balance sources.

Natural gas is riskyNatural gas is riskybecause of hurricanes.because of hurricanes.

Large domestic coalLarge domestic coalsupply. (some imported)supply. (some imported)

No military risk to secureNo military risk to securefuel supplies.fuel supplies.

Efficient rail transport fromEfficient rail transport fromAppalachian Mountains.Appalachian Mountains.

Problems with CoalProblems with Coal Mining impacts inMining impacts in

AppalachiaAppalachia

Mercury & other emissionsMercury & other emissions

Carbon Dioxide emissionsCarbon Dioxide emissions


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CO2 and Temperature Historical TrendsCO2 and Temperature Historical Trends


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Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide TrendAtmospheric Carbon Dioxide Trend


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CO2 and Temperature Historical TrendsCO2 and Temperature Historical Trends

We have increased CO2 concentrations beyond any levels everexperienced by modern man.

Absent other offsetting factors, temperatures will continue to rise,following from CO2 increases.

You will see CO2 pass the 400 ppm level in the next 10 years


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The Relationship between CO2 and TemperatureThe Relationship between CO2 and Temperature

However, during the pastHowever, during the past20,000 years, CO2 followed20,000 years, CO2 followedfrom temperature,from temperature,

This would match a climate modelThis would match a climate model

in which the climate process wasin which the climate process wasbeing driven by changes inbeing driven by changes inincident solar radiation andincident solar radiation andchanges in the earths reflectance.changes in the earths reflectance.

Probable explanations of CO2Probable explanations of CO2following temperature are outfollowing temperature are out--

gassing from warming oceans,gassing from warming oceans,CO2 from warming soils, etc.CO2 from warming soils, etc.

This demonstrates a feedbackThis demonstrates a feedbackloop between temperature andloop between temperature andCO2/methane that should causeCO2/methane that should causeeven greater concern today as aeven greater concern today as a

magnifier of the current trend.magnifier of the current trend.

Global Warming assertsGlobal Warming assertsthat temperature is nowthat temperature is now

following from CO2.following from CO2.


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The Relationship between CO2 and TemperatureThe Relationship between CO2 and Temperature

Possible causal factors for past glacial & warming cycles:Possible causal factors for past glacial & warming cycles:

(short term cycles(short term cycles within the past 700,000 years)within the past 700,000 years)

(long term cycles(long term cycles millions of years)millions of years)

solar radiation intensity cyclessolar radiation intensity cycles

ocean circulation disruptionsocean circulation disruptions

albedo (Earths reflectance) feedback from snow & icealbedo (Earths reflectance) feedback from snow & ice

volcanic activity (release of gases)volcanic activity (release of gases)

continental plate movements (tectonics)continental plate movements (tectonics)


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Planetary & Solar System CyclesPlanetary & Solar System Cycles

SHORTSHORT--MEDIUM TERMMEDIUM TERM

11 year sunspot cycle11 year sunspot cycle

88 year Gleissberg cycle88 year Gleissberg cycle

206 year cycle of solar variability206 year cycle of solar variability

LONGER TERMLONGER TERM

26,000 year cycle of the 'wobble' with precession of the equinoxes26,000 year cycle of the 'wobble' with precession of the equinoxes

40,000 year cycle of the +/40,000 year cycle of the +/-- 1.5 deg change in the Earth's axial tilt1.5 deg change in the Earth's axial tilt

100,000 year cycle in the eccentricity of Earth's elliptical orbit100,000 year cycle in the eccentricity of Earth's elliptical orbit

220,000,000 year cycle (and smaller sub220,000,000 year cycle (and smaller sub--cycles) due to rotation of thecycles) due to rotation of theSolar System about the galactic centerSolar System about the galactic centerwhich takes the Earth up and downwhich takes the Earth up and down

through the galactic plane; interstellar dust levels and incident cosmic ray flux changesthrough the galactic plane; interstellar dust levels and incident cosmic ray flux changesas a resultas a result

Slowing of the Earth's rotationSlowing of the Earth's rotation


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CO2 and Temperature Historical Trends

180 = historiclow

(ice age)

280 = historichigh

(10001800 AD)

380 = current

480 = comingsoon

(2030 AD ???)


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Emissions Reduction to Stabilize Atmospheric CO2Emissions Reduction to Stabilize Atmospheric CO2

Operating period of new FPL Power Plant


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Most CO2 Dissolves into the OceanseventuallyMost CO2 Dissolves into the Oceanseventually


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CO2 Acidifies the Ocean & Changes its Life FormsCO2 Acidifies the Ocean & Changes its Life Forms


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We built South Florida during the past 150 years.We built South Florida during the past 150 years.

Will we have to move it during the next 150 years?Will we have to move it during the next 150 years?

20 ft

6 ft


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Possible Global Equilibrium ConditionsPossible Global Equilibrium Conditions

Modern Florida at 280 ppm CO2

Ice Age Florida at 180 ppm CO2

Future Florida from 450 ppm CO2 ?

Future Florida from 650 ppm CO2 ?

(Can we avoid this future?)


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Gulf StreamGulf Streamand theand the

Ocean HeatOcean Heat

ConveyorConveyor

Keeps NorthernKeeps NorthernEurope WarmEurope Warm


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Possible Effects of Gulfstream Disruption on Ocean LevelsPossible Effects of Gulfstream Disruption on Ocean Levels

PossiblePossible10 ft10 ft

DynamicDynamicEffectEffect

On FloridaOn FloridaCoastlineCoastline

WaterWaterLevelsLevels

3 ft3 ft

Static effectStatic effect


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The Major Global ReThe Major Global Re--insurance Companies See it Cominginsurance Companies See it Coming

(Lloyds, Swiss Re, Zurich Re, Munich Re, etc.)(Lloyds, Swiss Re, Zurich Re, Munich Re, etc.)

Swiss Re: Swiss Re: In a carbon constrained imminent future, greenhouse gasIn a carbon constrained imminent future, greenhouse gasemissions will become financial liabilities on many companiesemissions will become financial liabilities on many companiesbalance sheets.balance sheets.

The Swiss Re report projected a likely worldwide doubling of lossesThe Swiss Re report projected a likely worldwide doubling of lossesfrom weather related causes within ten years to $150 billion dollars USfrom weather related causes within ten years to $150 billion dollars USannually.annually. (It is and will continue to affect insurance rates in Florida.)(It is and will continue to affect insurance rates in Florida.)

The Climate Change Performance Index, introduced by GermanwatchThe Climate Change Performance Index, introduced by Germanwatch

and ClimateA

ction Network Europe (CA

N Europe), compares theand ClimateA

ction Network Europe (CA

N Europe), compares theclimate protection efforts ofclimate protection efforts of5656 industrialized and rapidlyindustrialized and rapidlyindustrializing countries, that together make up more than 90% ofindustrializing countries, that together make up more than 90% ofglobal carbon dioxide emissions.global carbon dioxide emissions. Sweden is the leader, and theSweden is the leader, and theUSA ranks among the bottom five.USA ranks among the bottom five.


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Relative RisksRelative Risks

Climate change is perhaps the most serious risk faced by our society.Climate change is perhaps the most serious risk faced by our society.History demonstrates that some risks are underestimated by an order of magnitude:History demonstrates that some risks are underestimated by an order of magnitude:

Tsunami (ex:Indonesia), Floods (ex:Bangladesh), and Earthquakes (ex:China).Tsunami (ex:Indonesia), Floods (ex:Bangladesh), and Earthquakes (ex:China).

Ten-thousand

Hundred-thousand

Ten-million

Hundred-million


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Are we building our population and quality of lifeAre we building our population and quality of lifeby unsustainably consuming our foundation assets?by unsustainably consuming our foundation assets?

6.6 billion people6.6 billion people

Stable, optimal climateStable, optimal climate

Stable communitiesStable communities

Stable agricultureStable agriculture

We can follow andWe can follow andsurvive in an extremesurvive in an extreme

consumption model onlyconsumption model only

if we constantly seekif we constantly seekand find new resourcesand find new resourcesand aggressivelyand aggressively

develop and use newdevelop and use newtechnologies.technologies.

But it does come at aBut it does come at acost in the form of losscost in the form of loss

of heritage (ecosystems,of heritage (ecosystems,species, landscapes,species, landscapes,cultural diversity, etc.)cultural diversity, etc.)Stable ecoStable eco--systemssystems


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Carbon Dioxide from Electric Energy ProductionCarbon Dioxide from Electric Energy Production

FPL emits 20% less CO2 than the industry average. This partiallyFPL emits 20% less CO2 than the industry average. This partiallyreflects the fact that other U.S. regions & companies use more coal,reflects the fact that other U.S. regions & companies use more coal,

while FPL uses more natural gas.while FPL uses more natural gas.


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Soot & Global DimmingSoot & Global Dimming

Particulate Matter & Other Emissions (including coal soot)Particulate Matter & Other Emissions (including coal soot) Estimated to have reduced Global Warming byhalf, so far.Estimated to have reduced Global Warming byhalf, so far.

Reduced incident solar radiation by 5Reduced incident solar radiation by 5 10% worldwide.10% worldwide.

Is clean coal actually better coalfrom a global warming perspective?Is clean coal actually better coalfrom a global warming perspective? High CO2 emissions.High CO2 emissions.

No more soot emissions to offset the CO2 effect.No more soot emissions to offset the CO2 effect.


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Pulverized Coal vs. Coal GasificationPulverized Coal vs. Coal Gasification

Pulverized CoalPulverized Coal Ultra Super CriticalUltra Super Critical Burn coal dust to heat water and make steam.Burn coal dust to heat water and make steam.

Use steam to drive a turbine.Use steam to drive a turbine.

Steam turbine generates electricity.Steam turbine generates electricity.

GasificationGasification IGCCIGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle)(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle.Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle.

Cook coal to make coal gas.Cook coal to make coal gas.

Burn coal gas in a turbine to make electricity (like aBurn coal gas in a turbine to make electricity (like ajet engine).jet engine).

Use the hot coal gas combustion exhaust to heat waterUse the hot coal gas combustion exhaust to heat waterand make steam.and make steam.

Use steam to drive turbine.Use steam to drive turbine.

Steam turbine generates additional electricity.Steam turbine generates additional electricity.


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The most advanced pulverized coal plant (Ultra Super-Critical) is more efficient.

USC has 44% Efficiency


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UltraUltra--Supercritical Pulverized Coal EfficiencySupercritical Pulverized Coal Efficiency

Type of CoalType of Coal

CombustionCombustion

Coal toCoal to

ElectricityElectricity

EfficiencyEfficiency

UltraUltra--Supercritical enhanced efficiencySupercritical enhanced efficiencyover older Pulverized Coal technologiesover older Pulverized Coal technologies

SubSub--criticalcritical Super Super--criticalcritical

AdvancedAdvancedSupercriticalSupercritical

SubcriticalSubcritical 35%35%

SupercriticalSupercritical 37%37%

Advanced

AdvancedSupercriticalSupercritical 42%42%

UltraUltra--SupercriticalSupercritical

44%44% 26%26% 19%19% 5%5%


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Cellulosic ethanol created through gasification of waste materials or

from sustainably-grown pasture grasses have the potential to both

address our energy needs and create habitats able to support

biodiversity and wildlife functions.


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Pulverized Coal vs. Coal GasificationPulverized Coal vs. Coal Gasification

GasificationGasification IGCCIGCC

Provides easier opportunity to capture CO2.Provides easier opportunity to capture CO2.

Cheaper than pulverized coal if CO2 capture is required.Cheaper than pulverized coal if CO2 capture is required.

Pulverized CoalPulverized Coal USCUSC (without CO2 Capture)(without CO2 Capture) Plants are cheaper to build.Plants are cheaper to build.

Plant operations are simpler, cheaper, and more reliable.Plant operations are simpler, cheaper, and more reliable. Plants are smaller and require less land.Plants are smaller and require less land.


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The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle


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Many New IGCC Power Plants are PlannedMany New IGCC Power Plants are Planned

If so many other companies can justify and plan toIf so many other companies can justify and plan tobuild IGCC power plants, why cant/wont FPL?build IGCC power plants, why cant/wont FPL?


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German Chancellor Merkel takes aGerman Chancellor Merkel takes alook at a model of the world's firstlook at a model of the world's firstCO2CO2--free coal plantfree coal plant

35% efficiency (vs. 45%)35% efficiency (vs. 45%) Sequestration costs $30Sequestration costs $30--$50 / ton$50 / ton completion by 2015completion by 2015 commercially viable by 2020commercially viable by 2020 Intended for exportIntended for export

California and Wyoming SignCalifornia and Wyoming SignPartnership on IGCC ProjectsPartnership on IGCC Projects

An IGCC plant with carbonAn IGCC plant with carbon

sequestration, as called for by thesequestration, as called for by theMOU, would result in no greenhouseMOU, would result in no greenhousegas emissions. The MOU also callsgas emissions. The MOU also callson the federal government toon the federal government toprovide financial support for theprovide financial support for thedevelopment of IGCC plants.development of IGCC plants.


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HRHR--5049 (in 1095049 (in 109thth Congress)Congress)a CARBON TAX will be imposed to reducea CARBON TAX will be imposed to reduce

greenhouse gas emissionsgreenhouse gas emissionsHow much will the tax be? ($16/ton, phased)How much will the tax be? ($16/ton, phased)

$0.50 per gallon of gasoline = $200 per tonne C$0.50 per gallon of gasoline = $200 per tonne C

The amount of a CThe amount of a C--tax affects coal & natural gas.tax affects coal & natural gas.The tax has little or no effect on nuclear, solar, windThe tax has little or no effect on nuclear, solar, windand other renewable energy sources.and other renewable energy sources.


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Passage of carbonPassage of carbon

tax frameworktax frameworklegislation is likelylegislation is likelyin the next (110in the next (110thth))Congress.Congress.

Then new chairs ofThen new chairs ofthe environment &the environment &energy committeesenergy committees

sent President Bushsent President Busha letter immediatelya letter immediatelyafter the election.after the election.


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Effects of Carbon Taxes to Achieve CO2 ReductionEffects of Carbon Taxes to Achieve CO2 Reduction


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Other Nations Take Action on Carbon DioxideOther Nations Take Action on Carbon Dioxide


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U.K. Government Official Policy StatementsU.K. Government Official Policy Statements

Climate change is the greatest market failure the

world has ever seen.

The investment that takes place in the next 10The investment that takes place in the next 10--20 years will have20 years will havea profound effect on the climate change that happens in thea profound effect on the climate change that happens in thesecond half of this century and in the next.second half of this century and in the next.

Extensive carbon capture and storage will be necessary to allowExtensive carbon capture and storage will be necessary to allowthe continued use of fossil fuels without damage to thethe continued use of fossil fuels without damage to theatmosphere.atmosphere.

If we take no action to control emissions, each tonne of CO2 thatwe emit now is causing damage worth at least $85.

Action on climate change will create significant businessAction on climate change will create significant businessopportunities, as new markets are created in the lowopportunities, as new markets are created in the low--carboncarbonenergy technologies and other lowenergy technologies and other low--carbon goods and services.carbon goods and services.


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Glades CountyGlades CountyEconomic Development CouncilEconomic Development Council

EDC was asked to endorse the FPL coal project.EDC was asked to endorse the FPL coal project.

I requested amendments to the resolution:I requested amendments to the resolution:

Make the power plant CARBON CAPTURE READYMake the power plant CARBON CAPTURE READY(IGCC or modified Ultra Supercritical design)(IGCC or modified Ultra Supercritical design)

Fund a nonFund a non--profit organization to inform the publicprofit organization to inform the publicabout coalabout coal--fired power plants and carbon capture.fired power plants and carbon capture.

EDC voted against my amendments.EDC voted against my amendments.

EDC voted for the FPL project endorsement.EDC voted for the FPL project endorsement.((see http://www.fpl.com/environment/plant/gpp_support.shtml)see http://www.fpl.com/environment/plant/gpp_support.shtml)


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Glades County EconomicGlades County Economic DevelopmentDevelopment CouncilCouncil

Motion to Amend by John Capece, Second by Patty RegisterMotion to Amend by John Capece, Second by Patty Register

Voting For AmendmentVoting For Amendment John Capece, Southern DataStream, Inc.John Capece, Southern DataStream, Inc.

Voting Against AmendmentVoting Against Amendment Cheryl Eby,Cheryl Eby, Rawls Real EstateRawls Real Estate

Kevin Thomas, CHL Holdings, Inc.Kevin Thomas, CHL Holdings, Inc.

Russell Echols, Glades CountyRussell Echols, Glades County

Bill Redmon,Bill Redmon, The GladesThe Glades

Patty Register, GatoramaPatty Register, Gatorama

Rhoda Planty,Rhoda Planty, Joyner DevelopmentJoyner Development

John Ahern, City of Moore HavenJohn Ahern, City of Moore Haven David Danenhauer,David Danenhauer, Mickey's Bait & TackleMickey's Bait & Tackle

Tommy Perry,Tommy Perry, JohnsonJohnson--Prewitt Associates, Inc.PrewittAssociates, Inc.

Danielle Toms,Danielle Toms, Glades Electric CoGlades Electric Co--OpOp

Abstained From VoteAbstained From Vote

-- Mark Morton, Lykes Brothers, Inc.Mark Morton, Lykes Brothers, Inc.

Note: the FPLNote: the FPLengineer responded,engineer responded,yes, when asked if theyes, when asked if thenew FPL USCnew FPL USC--PC powerPC powerplant would beplant would beeconomically viable in aeconomically viable in ahigh ($200/ton) carbonhigh ($200/ton) carbontax environment.tax environment.


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Glades County EconomicGlades County Economic DevelopmentDevelopment CouncilCouncil

Motion to Endorse FPL Power Park Project, on Oct. 9, 2006Motion to Endorse FPL Power Park Project, on Oct. 9, 2006

Voting Against the MotionVoting Against the Motion Patty Register, GatoramaPatty Register, Gatorama

Voting For the MotionVoting For the Motion Russell Echols, Glades CountyRussell Echols, Glades County

Kevin Thomas, CHL Holdings, Inc.Kevin Thomas, CHL Holdings, Inc.

Bill Redmon,Bill Redmon, The GladesThe Glades

Rhoda Planty,Rhoda Planty, Joyner DevelopmentJoyner Development

John Ahern, City of Moore HavenJohn Ahern, City of Moore Haven

David Danenhauer,David Danenhauer, Mickey's Bait & TackleMickey's Bait & Tackle

Tommy Perry,Tommy Perry, JohnsonJohnson--PrewittAssociates, Inc.PrewittAssociates, Inc. Danielle Toms,Danielle Toms, Glades Electric CoGlades Electric Co--OpOp

Cheryl EbyCheryl Eby--Gutjahr,Gutjahr, Rawls Real EstateRawls Real Estate

Abstained From VoteAbstained From Vote- Mark Morton, Lykes Brothers, Inc.Mark Morton, Lykes Brothers, Inc.

-- John Capece, Southern DataStreamJohn Capece, Southern DataStream

FPL Presentation byFPL Presentation by- Grover WhiddonGrover Whiddon

-- Rachel ScottRachel Scott

-- David HicksDavid Hicks


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Why not anIGCC projectin Glades?

carbon capture 070413

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