JANUARY 2018 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 11 TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

PEANUT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

CBRCylindrocladium Black Rot (CBR) infected plants are initially chlorotic with foliage becoming brown to black as the disease develops. The symptom unique to CBR is the presence of brick red repro-ductive structures growing from the crown of infect-ed plants, while the crown, itself, is usually black. Root systems of severely infected plants are deteri-orated, void of secondary roots and are also black. Infection occurs at planting during cool, wet weath-er. However, symptom expression does not occur until mid-July.

Aspergillus Crown RotAspergillus crown rot causes pre- and postemer-gence damping off and sometimes kills up to five weeks after planting. Seedlings rapidly collapse and die. Dark brown discoloration is common on decayed roots and hypocotyls. Later, these areas often are covered with masses of black spores that look similar to bread mold. Aspergillus crown rot generally is of minor importance when high-quality, fungicide-treated seed are planted in well-rotated fields. Rotation and seed treatments are an effec-tive control for this disease.

Spotted WiltGiven its wide range of symptoms, spotted wilt dis-ease is sometimes confused with white mold and CBR. Spotted wilt is a viral disease spread by thrips. Foliar symptoms can be one or more of the following: concentric light green to yellow ringspots (predomi-nant on young foliage), chlorosis (yellowing), necrotic terminals and/or necrotic leaf spots, nondescript tan spots or blotches, oakleafing or streaking and mot-tling. Foliage of infected plants may be reduced in size. Plants infected early in the season are usually stunted, have reduced pod production and may die.

Stem Rot or White MoldStem rot or white mold is favored by hot, wet weath-er. Initially, foliage of the infected plants is chlorotic; this may include the whole plant or be limited to a branch. As the disease develops, the foliage turns brown to black. The crown area is usually light to dark brown depending on the stage of disease development. Symptoms unique to stem rot are white strands of fungus and white to brown scle-rotia. These are usually found in the crown area of infected plants. Fields where stem rot is suspected should be scouted late in the season, 24 to 48 hours after a rain or irrigation event, beginning in late July and until digging.

3

Early Leaf SpotEarly leaf spot lesions are initially very small and light brown in color. Under favorable conditions, le-sions enlarge up to one-half inch in diameter and are usually surrounded by a yellow halo (halo not always present). Lesions may be evident within 10 to 14 days after infection. During or after periods of warm temperatures in the 70s or above and during periods of high humidity, spores of the fungus can be observed on mature leaf spot lesions.

Late Leaf SpotLate leaf spot symptoms are similar to those of ear-ly leaf spot, but lesions are usually dark brown to black. Conditions for disease development are the same as for early leaf spot. During favorable condi-tions, spores of this fungus can be seen on the un-derside of the leaf. Under extreme pressure, lesions can develop on stems.

Peanut Root-Knot NematodePeanut root-knot nematode infected plants are usually stunted and chlorotic. Typically, injury is not uniform in the field. Infected areas in a field are typically circular. Roots, pegs and pods of infected plants are galled. Galls on pods are wart-like in ap-pearance and dark in color.

Rhizoctonia Limb RotSymptoms of Rhizoctonia limb rot are usually not noticed until after digging of the plants. Infected branches that were in contact with the soil are black and rotten. Infection often starts near the tip of a branch, killing the tip and then progressing down the branch.

14 / THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2018 PEANUTGROWER.COM

Southern Corn Rootworm DamageSouthern corn rootworms are most

often found on heavy soils that are

poorly drained. During extremely wet

weather, they may become a problem

even on sandy soils. This pest is a

subterranean feeder. It may feed on

the roots of peanut plants to some

extent, but its most important damage

is due to peg and pod feeding. Usually the holes cut into pegs and pods will

appear as if they were created by a tiny drill bit. In contrast to lesser cornstalk

borer feeding, there is no webbing associated with this pest.

PEANUT INSECTICIDE GUIDE Mustang Max Asana Baythroid Brigade B.t.1 Danitol Diamond EC Comite/Omite Warrior II Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos 15G Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin Intrepid Prevathon

Beet armyworm P(LS) P(LS) P/F P/F P NL G NL P P/F NL NL NL G NL G/E NL G G E G

Burrower bug NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Corn earworm G/E G/E G/E G/E P G NL NL G/E E NL NL G E F G NL G NL NL G

Fall armyworm P(LS) P/F(LS) P/F P/F NL F E NL P/F G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL G

Granulate cutworm P/F P/F P/F P/F P NL NL NL P/F G NL P/F NL NL F G NL G NL NL E/G

Leafhoppers E E G G NL G NL NL E E NL NL G/E NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL

Lesser cornstalk borer P P(LS) NL NL NL NL F/G NL P(LS) NL NL F NL NL NL NL NL NL P NL F/G

Loopers P(LS) NL P/F P/F P NL G NL NL P/F NL NL P/F G NL NL NL G F/G E E/G

Rednecked peanutworm G G G G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL G F/G NL NL G NL NL NL

Southern corn rootworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Spider mites NL NL NL P/F NL P-F NL G P(LS) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Threecornered alfalfa hopper NL G G G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL

Thrips F/G NL G G NL G (with Orthene) LS NL G F NL NL G/E NL P NL G/E NL NL NL NL

Velvetbean caterpillar G/E E G/E G/E F NL G NL E E NL NL E G G NL NL E G/E E E/G

Whitefringed beetle (larvae) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Wireworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Tobacco budworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G

Lesser Cornstalk BorerLesser cornstalk borer is an import-

ant pest in the Southeastern and

Southwestern growing areas. It is

usually a problem during hot, dry

weather and is more often a problem

on coarse, sandy soils than on

heavier soils. Lesser cornstalk borer

larvae will feed on underground pegs

and pods in addition to any part of

the plant above ground that contacts

the soil surface.

Corn Earworm/Tobacco BudwormIn peanuts, these two closely related insects are usually referred to as corn

earworms, but tobacco budworms are often a significant percentage of the

total population. Larvae of both species feed on peanut foliage and are very

similar in appearance. The corn earworm moth (above) and the tobacco

budworm moth are often seen in peanut fields and may indicate that larvae will

soon follow.

Fall Armyworm Fall armyworms are one of several

foliage feeders that may attack

peanuts. In some years, they can be

the predominant foliage feeder. Cat-

erpillars, gray, light brown or mottled

green in color, reach approximately

1½ inches in length when fully grown

and have a prominant inverted “Y”

on their head. When abundant, fall

armyworms can strip plants of foliage

and “march” to other host plants. Fe-

male moths lay egg masses of about

150 each and cover them with scales

from their body.

Leafhoppers Leafhoppers are small wedge-shaped,

green, brown or black insects about 1/8 to ¼

inch in length. Leafhoppers insert their beak

into the midrib on the lower side of peanut

leaves and suck plant juices. Leaves turn

yellow from the point where the feeding

has occured to the tip of the leaf and may

die in severe cases. This damage is often

referred to as “hopper burn.”

JANUARY 2018 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 15 TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

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Three-CorneredAlfalfa HopperThree-cornered alfalfa hoppers

are light green and wedge-

shaped. They stand about ¼

inch high and are about ¼ inch

long. Both adults and nymphs

have piercing mouthparts

and feed by penetrating the

stem and sucking plant juices.

They tend to feed in a circular

fashion around a stem, making

feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells and above ground root

growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs.

PEANUT INSECTICIDE GUIDE Mustang Max Asana Baythroid Brigade B.t.1 Danitol Diamond EC Comite/Omite Warrior II Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos 15G Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin Intrepid Prevathon

Beet armyworm P(LS) P(LS) P/F P/F P NL G NL P P/F NL NL NL G NL G/E NL G G E G

Burrower bug NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Corn earworm G/E G/E G/E G/E P G NL NL G/E E NL NL G E F G NL G NL NL G

Fall armyworm P(LS) P/F(LS) P/F P/F NL F E NL P/F G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL G

Granulate cutworm P/F P/F P/F P/F P NL NL NL P/F G NL P/F NL NL F G NL G NL NL E/G

Leafhoppers E E G G NL G NL NL E E NL NL G/E NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL

Lesser cornstalk borer P P(LS) NL NL NL NL F/G NL P(LS) NL NL F NL NL NL NL NL NL P NL F/G

Loopers P(LS) NL P/F P/F P NL G NL NL P/F NL NL P/F G NL NL NL G F/G E E/G

Rednecked peanutworm G G G G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL G F/G NL NL G NL NL NL

Southern corn rootworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Spider mites NL NL NL P/F NL P-F NL G P(LS) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Threecornered alfalfa hopper NL G G G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL

Thrips F/G NL G G NL G (with Orthene) LS NL G F NL NL G/E NL P NL G/E NL NL NL NL

Velvetbean caterpillar G/E E G/E G/E F NL G NL E E NL NL E G G NL NL E G/E E E/G

Whitefringed beetle (larvae) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Wireworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Tobacco budworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G

Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist

E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; LS = Labeled for suppression only 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data

Burrower Bug Burrower bugs can be hard to iden-

tify in the field and an infestation

is often not detected until harvest.

Burrower bugs have a black-to-

brown body, small red eyes on a

small-sized head. The upper wings

of burrower bugs are shiny and

semi-hardened with the membra-

nous tip overlapping. Its legs are

spiny, and needle-like, piercing,

sucking mouth parts are visible

with a hand lens. Burrower bug is

closely related to stink bugs.

18 / THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2018 PEANUTGROWER.COM

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS

PPI PRE ACProwl,

Sonalan TreflanDual

Magnum orlike product

Pursuit1 Strongarm1 Dual Magnum Valor Dual

Magnum

PERENNIALS

bermudagrass P P P P P P P P

johnson grass (rhizome) P P P P P P P P

nutsedge, purple P P P G F P-F P P

nutsedge, yellow P P F-G F-G F F P F

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

broadleaf signalgrass G G G G P G-E P G

crabgrass E E E F P E P G

crowfootgrass E E E P P E P G

fall panicum G G G P-F P G P G

foxtail E G-E E G P E P E

goosegrass E G-E E F P E P G

johnsongrass (seedling) G G F G P P-F P P-F

sandbur G-E G-E F-G P P F-G P F

Texas panicum G-E G-E P-F P-F P P-F P P

BROADLEAVES

bristly starbur P P P F E F-G F-G F

burgherkin P P P E F G F-G P

citronmelon P P P P-F F F P

cocklebur P P P G-E G P-F F P

coffee senna P P P F-G P F P-F P

copperleaf P P P P E P G-E P

cowpea P P P P F P P-F P

crotalaria P P P P-F F P-F P

croton, tropic or woolly P P P P P-F G G P

day flower2 P P G-F P G G-E F-G F-G

eclipta P P P-F P G-E P-F G-E P-F

Florida beggarweed P P P-F P G P-F E P-F

Florida pusley E E G-E G G-E G-E G-E G

hairy indigo P P P P G F G F

jimsonweed P P P G G-E F-G G P

lambsquarters E E F F F-G F E G

morningglory spp. P P P G F-G P-F G P

morningglory, cypressvine P P P G F-G F G P

morningglory, pitted P P P G-E F-G P-F G P

morningglory, smallflower P P P E G-E F E P

pigweeds G-E G-E G E G-E G E G

prickly sida P P F G-E F-G G-E G-E F

ragweed P P P P E G G P

redweed P P P G G G G F-G

sicklepod P P P P P F-G P F-G

smartweed P-G P-G P G G F P P

spider flower P P G P F-G

spurred anoda P P P G F-G F G P

velvetleaf P P P F-G G-E F-G F P

wild poinsettia P P P E G P G P

wild radish P P P E F P

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor, PPI=Preplant Incorporated, PRE=Preemergence, AC=At-Cracking (usually 6-14 days after planting). 1 Ratings for this product are similar for use both PPI and PRE. 2 Ratings for tropical spiderwort are similar. If no letter is given, response is unknown. Generic formulations are available for many products.Compiled by Dr. Jason Ferrell and Dr. Ramon Leon, University of Florida Weed Science.

Weed ManageMent

JANUARY 2018 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 19 TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

Small Flower Morningglory(Jaquemontia tamnifolia)Small flower morningglory is probably the most

common morningglory species in the Southeast.

The cotyledon stage resembles a wild radish seed-

ling with heart-shaped cotyledons. As it grows,

small flower morningglory will stand nearly erect

until 12 to 18 inches tall, then it will begin to run. It

has heart or spear-shaped leaves and produces

small blue flowers in a cluster.

Florida Pusley(Richardia scabra) Florida pusley is a low-growing, annual weed

species that appears almost prostrate. It can be

effectively controlled only with pre-plant incorpo-

rated herbicides. Florida pusley has bright green

leaves with a distinctive recessed mid-vein. The

stems are very hairy and may have a purplish

appearance. The flowers are white with six petals

in a star-shaped whorl.

Lambsquarter(Chenopodium album) Common lambsquarter is a small seeded annual

broad-leaf species particularly troublesome in

the Virginia-Carolina region. It is an upright plant,

which can exceed seven feet at maturity. Its

arrowhead-shaped leaves grow alternately and

often have a whitish dusty appearance on their

undersides even in the seedling stage.

Tropical Spiderwort(Commelina benghalensis)Tropical spiderwort is an annual species similar to common dayflower. It is distinguished from dayflower by

the presence of subterranean (underground) flowers. Leaves are spoon-shaped with parallel venation and

blue above-ground flowers. Stems are succulent, and the plant re-roots quickly after cultivation. It spreads

by seeds. Spiderwort germinates throughout the season, hampering control efforts.

Tall Morningglory(Ipomoea purpurea) Similar to other morningglory species, tall morn-

ingglory has a vining, prostrate appearance that

envelopes the peanut canopy. It has heart-shaped

leaves with overlapping lobes at the base and

slightly hairy stems.

Spurred Anoda(Anoda cristata) Spurred anoda is a troublesome broadleaf member

of the Mallow or Cotton family. Its alternate toothed

leaves are two to four inches long and sometimes

have purplish veins. It produces small, pale blue

flowers and a unique fruit that looks like a fancy

ribbed pie surrounded by a star.

Tropic Croton(Croton glandulosus) Tropic croton is an upright, branching annual

broadleaf with serrated leaves. Tropic croton has

a rough hairy stem, but it is not as hairy as the

related species, wooly croton. Its gray-brown seed

are desired food for doves.

Red Morningglory(Ipomoea coccinea) Red morningglory is a relatively common annual

morningglory species, but often doesn’t appear

until later in the season. The key identifying fea-

tures are the distinct points on the leaf margin and

relatively small red flowers.

20 / THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2018 PEANUTGROWER.COM

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS

POSTEMERGENCE

Paraquat Paraquat+ Basagran

Paraquat+ Basagran+

Dual Magnum

Paraquat+ Storm 2,4-DB Pursuit Basagran Ultra

Blazer Storm Classic Cadre Select Cobra

PERENNIALS

bermudagrass P P P P P P P P P P P G P

johnson grass (rhizome) P P P P P P P P P P G G-E P

nutsedge, purple P-F F F F P F-G P P P P G-E P P

nutsedge, yellow P-F F-G G F-G P F F-G P F P-F G-E P P

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

broadleaf signalgrass G G G G P P P P P P G E P

crabgrass F-G F-G G F-G P P-F P P P P G E P-F

crowfootgrass G G G G P P-F P P P P G G-E P

fall panicum G G G G P P P F P P G G P

foxtail E E E E P F P P-F P P G-E P

goosegrass F-G F-G G F-G P P P P P P P G P

johnsongrass (seedling) G G G G P F P P-F P P G-E G-E P

sandbur F F F-G F P F P P P P G-E G P-F

Texas panicum G-E G E G P P-F P P P P G E P

BROADLEAVES

bristly starbur F G G G F P-F G F F-G F-G F-G P G

burgherkin F F F G F F P G F P E P G

citronmelon F G G G G P P F F P G-E P G

cocklebur F-G E G G-E E E E G E G-E E P G-E

coffee senna F G G G-E F-G F F-G P F P E P P-F

copperleaf P P P G P P P G-E G P P P G-E

cowpea F F F-G F P-F P P P-F F F P-F P P-F

crotalaria P P P-F E F P P E G-E P P E

croton, tropic or woolly P-F P-F P-F G P P P E G-E P P P E

day flower/tropical spiderwort F F-G G-E G F-G P F F-G F P F F P

eclipta P-F P-F P-F F-G P P G F-G E P P-F P F-G

Florida beggarweed G-E G-E E G-E P P P P P F-G F-G P P-F

Florida pusley P P P P P P P P P P P P P

hairy indigo G G G G F P P G F F-G F P E

jimsonweed E E E E P F-G E E G P G P E

lambsquarters P-F F-G F-G F-G P-F P F F-G G P P-F P F

morningglory spp. P-F F-G F-G F-G F-G G F-G G G P G-E P G-E

morningglory, cypressvine F-G G-E G-E F-G F G G G G P G P G

morningglory, pitted F F-G F-G G P-F F-G F G G P G P G-E

morningglory, smallflower P G-E G-E G-E F-G G E G-E G-E P G P G

pigweeds G F G-E G F-G E P G G P-F E P G

prickly sida F G G F P P-F G P G P G P G

ragweed F F-G F-G G P-F P F E G P-F P-F P E

redweed G G G G P G P G P G P F

sicklepod G-E G G-E G F-G P P P P P-F G P P-F

smartweed G G-E G-E G-E P-F G G-E G-E G-E P G P G-E

spider flower F F F F F F G F-G F-G G P G

spurred anoda P F-G F-G F-G P F-G F-G P F P F-G P

velvetleaf P-F F-G F-G F-G P F-G G P F P F-G P F

wild poinsettia F G-E G-E G-E P P-F P E G P G-E P G-E

wild radish F F F G P E P-F E G P E P E

Weed ManageMent Compiled by Dr. Jason Ferrell and Dr. Ramon Leon, University of Florida Weed Science.

JANUARY 2018 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 21 TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

Hophornbeam Copperleaf(Acalypha ostryifolia) Hophornbeam copperleaf is a freely branch-

ing annual broadleaf weed with finely serrated

leaf edges. Copperleaf has bright green leaves

throughout most of the growing season, but these

turn a characteristic copper color as the plant

reaches maturity in the fall. There is a related

species referred to as Virginia copperleaf.

E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor. If no letter is given, response is unknown. Generic formulations are available for many products.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS

POSTEMERGENCE

Paraquat Paraquat+ Basagran

Paraquat+ Basagran+

Dual Magnum

Paraquat+ Storm 2,4-DB Pursuit Basagran Ultra

Blazer Storm Classic Cadre Select Cobra

PERENNIALS

bermudagrass P P P P P P P P P P P G P

johnson grass (rhizome) P P P P P P P P P P G G-E P

nutsedge, purple P-F F F F P F-G P P P P G-E P P

nutsedge, yellow P-F F-G G F-G P F F-G P F P-F G-E P P

GRASSES (ANNUAL)

broadleaf signalgrass G G G G P P P P P P G E P

crabgrass F-G F-G G F-G P P-F P P P P G E P-F

crowfootgrass G G G G P P-F P P P P G G-E P

fall panicum G G G G P P P F P P G G P

foxtail E E E E P F P P-F P P G-E P

goosegrass F-G F-G G F-G P P P P P P P G P

johnsongrass (seedling) G G G G P F P P-F P P G-E G-E P

sandbur F F F-G F P F P P P P G-E G P-F

Texas panicum G-E G E G P P-F P P P P G E P

BROADLEAVES

bristly starbur F G G G F P-F G F F-G F-G F-G P G

burgherkin F F F G F F P G F P E P G

citronmelon F G G G G P P F F P G-E P G

cocklebur F-G E G G-E E E E G E G-E E P G-E

coffee senna F G G G-E F-G F F-G P F P E P P-F

copperleaf P P P G P P P G-E G P P P G-E

cowpea F F F-G F P-F P P P-F F F P-F P P-F

crotalaria P P P-F E F P P E G-E P P E

croton, tropic or woolly P-F P-F P-F G P P P E G-E P P P E

day flower/tropical spiderwort F F-G G-E G F-G P F F-G F P F F P

eclipta P-F P-F P-F F-G P P G F-G E P P-F P F-G

Florida beggarweed G-E G-E E G-E P P P P P F-G F-G P P-F

Florida pusley P P P P P P P P P P P P P

hairy indigo G G G G F P P G F F-G F P E

jimsonweed E E E E P F-G E E G P G P E

lambsquarters P-F F-G F-G F-G P-F P F F-G G P P-F P F

morningglory spp. P-F F-G F-G F-G F-G G F-G G G P G-E P G-E

morningglory, cypressvine F-G G-E G-E F-G F G G G G P G P G

morningglory, pitted F F-G F-G G P-F F-G F G G P G P G-E

morningglory, smallflower P G-E G-E G-E F-G G E G-E G-E P G P G

pigweeds G F G-E G F-G E P G G P-F E P G

prickly sida F G G F P P-F G P G P G P G

ragweed F F-G F-G G P-F P F E G P-F P-F P E

redweed G G G G P G P G P G P F

sicklepod G-E G G-E G F-G P P P P P-F G P P-F

smartweed G G-E G-E G-E P-F G G-E G-E G-E P G P G-E

spider flower F F F F F F G F-G F-G G P G

spurred anoda P F-G F-G F-G P F-G F-G P F P F-G P

velvetleaf P-F F-G F-G F-G P F-G G P F P F-G P F

wild poinsettia F G-E G-E G-E P P-F P E G P G-E P G-E

wild radish F F F G P E P-F E G P E P E

Wild Radish(Raphanus raphanistrum) Wild radish is thought to be a problem in winter

crops, such as small grains and canola. However,

wild radish has become an increasing problem in

peanuts in recent years. This plant forms a rosette

of leaves that looks similar to mustard greens. The

leaves have deeply indented lobes and are covered

with numerous stiff hairs. As the plant matures,

pale yellow flowers are produced on a seed-stalk

that arises from the rosette.

Bristly Starbur(Acanthospermum hispidum)Bristly starbur is an annual broadleaf weed

common in much of the Southeast. In addition

to the accepted common name, it is also called

“goatspur” or “Texas sandspur.” It has rough tex-

tured “fuzzy” leaves and an upright but profusely

branching growth habit. Its seed form with two

sharp pointed prongs that make the mature plant

extremely “bristly.”

Wild Poinsettia(Euphorbia heterophylla)Wild poinsetta is an exotic weed pest spreading

in many parts of the Southeast. As a member of

the Spurge Family, it has hollow stems and milky,

latex-like sap. In the cotyledon stage, it resembles

a weak, pale green cocklebur seedling. Mature

plants can have numerous leaf shapes even on a

single specimen.

Texas Panicum(Panicum texanum) Texas panicum is an aggressive, relatively

large-seeded annual grass, which is common in

much of the peanut acreage in the United States.

It has wide, almost-frizzy leaf blades and forms

numerous tillers. Its vigorous fibrous root system

makes clean harvest of peanuts nearly impossible.

Palmer Amaranth(Amaranthus palmeri)Palmer amaranth, an annual pigweed, has be-

come an increasing problem because of herbicide

resistance in some areas. It can reach heights well

over six feet and can be very difficult to control

once established. Unlike other pigweed species,

Palmer amaranth has a long, slender seed head

and a more robust appearance.