ADVANCED BUILDING MATERIALS ASSIGNMENT

ADVANCED BUILDING MATERIALS ASSIGNMENTTopic: PAVEMENT

Made by: Harsha Singh BA13ARC016 Deeksha Meshram BA13ARC030 Maorisha Shiwarkar BA13ARC029 Payal Ukey BA13ARC052

Introduction to Pavement Pavement is the actual travel surface especially made durable and serviceable to withstand the traffic load and pedestrian load coming upon it. Pavement grants friction for the vehicles thus providing comfort to the driver and transfers the traffic load from the upper surface to the natural soil.Pavement construction begins by properly grading and preparing the site aggregate subbase and base course which are topped with the finish pavement.

Basic Components1. Subgrade: It is the soil layer beneath the pavement which bears the design load, receives infiltration water, and is subject to ground water infusion due to seasonal fluctuations or upward capillary migration.Subgrade bearing capacity, uniformity, and permeability are key factors in determining various pavement layers thickness. 2. Aggregate Base and Subbase: The base layer consists of a grades aggregate foundation that transfers the pavement load to the Subgrade in controlled radiating manner.Heavy-duty pavements or weak subgrades, usually require an additional layer of base material, called a subbase, which also consists of a clean but coarser-graded aggregate layer.Both aggregate base and subbase typically extend beyond the pavement edge to provide lateral support and to prevent uneven subgrade loading.

3. Pavement: The pavement material receives traffic wear and transfers loads to the base and subgrade. 4. Pavement Edge: Pavement edge require extra reinforcing to prevent breaking or crumbling due to eccentric loading, invasion plant roots, or wind erosion in coastal sandy soils.5. Pavement Joints:Rigid pavements requires expansion and control joints to allow for contraction and expansion due to temperature fluctuation. Such joints may be butted, doweled or keyed using pre-molded expansion joint fillers.

TYPES OF PAVEMENTTypes of PavementFlexible pavement: commonly have thin wearing surface and thick aggregate base and subbase. Flexible monolithic pavement consists of aggregate shredded rubber or polymers which r mixed with asphalt or proprietary binder and placed on a prepared base to create a seamless monolithic surface. It require edge repair due to crushing and periodic sealing to protect surface uniformity.Rigid pavement: pavement loads are distributed internally within the rigid pavement and transferred to the subgrade over the broad area in a manner similar that found in concrete spread footing. Rigid pavement requires a thinner aggregate base than flexible pavement.

Comparison of Flexible and Rigid Pavement

Flexible Pavements Deformation in the sub grade is transferred to the upper layersHave low flexural strength Load is transferred by grain to grain contactHave low completion cost but repairing cost is highHave low life span (High Maintenance Cost) Surfacing cannot be laid directly on the sub grade but a sub base is neededNo thermal stresses are induced as the pavement have the ability to contract and expand freelyexpansion joints are not neededStrength of the road is highly dependent on the strength of the sub gradeRolling of the surfacing is neededRoad can be used for traffic within 24 hoursDamaged by Oils and Certain Chemicals

Rigid Pavements Deformation in the subgrade is not transferred to subsequent layersHave high flexural strength No such phenomenon of grain to grain load transfer existsHave low repairing cost but completion cost is highLife span is more as compare to flexible (Low Maintenance Cost) Surfacing can be directly laid on the sub gradeexpansion joints are neededStrength of the road is less dependent on the strength of the sub gradeRolling of the surfacing in not neededRoad cannot be used until 14 days of curingForce of friction is high No Damage by Oils and Greases

Porous Pavement

Porous pavement are a class of pavement structured to allow runoff to drain freely through the pavement surface and aggregate base.CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENTS

In-situ pavingUnit pavingSoft paving 1. IN SITU PAVING Concreterelatively easy to installavailable with several finishes, many colors and various texturesdurable surfacelow life time maintenance costlong lastinghard, nonresillent surfaceadaptable to curvilinear formsjoints are requiredrelatively low tensile strength Asphaltlow heat and light reflectivitydurabledust free surfacecan be made porouswill fray at edges, if not supportedcan soften in warm weathersoluble in gasoline and kerosene

2. UNIT PAVINGBrick unit pavingNon-glare surfaceeasily repaired wide color rangeHigh installation cost Difficult to cleanCan disintegrate in freezing weatherGranite unit pavingHard and denseVery durable under extreme weather conditionsWill support heavy trafficRelatively expensiveSlate unit pavingDurableWide range of colorsSlow to weatherRelatively expensiveCan be slippery in wet weather

3.Soft pavingTurfgrass soft pavingColourfulRelatively low installation costDust freeGood drainage characteristicsDifficult and expensive to maintainTurf blocks soft pavingSame as turf alone but has added stability to withstand light vehicular loadsRequires high level of maintenance.

DESIGN CRITERIA AND ASPECT FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIAAPPLICATIONLoading bearing Ability: Heavy, medium, & heavy duty applications generally refer to the type of vehicular and pedestrian traffic which a pavements must accommodate.Durability: Pavement design must accommodate sustained pavement loading as well as maintenance methods and natural weathering effects.Safety: Both vehicular and pedestrian pavements are required to be universally accessible and safe, therefore constrained by texture, joinery, slope, drainage and associated with site finishing. CLIMATE: Regional climate factors of daily temperature extremes, precipitation rate and frequency, and frost/thaw cycles heavily influence pavement details and finishes.Hot arid, hot humid, temperate, and cold.

SUBGRADE: Well-drained or clay subsoil, rooftop gardens, or other unique site Subgrade features play a significant role in determining a structural pavement design strategy.Well drained soils are idea for construction with regard to permeability and bearing capacity.Clay soils are subjected to swelling thus have a high potential for lateral shearing. MAINTAINANCE:Annual maintenance for pavement typically requires periodic coating, pointing, cleaning, and sealing of joints, repair of broken segments or settled areas, re-sitting of unit pavers, and general sweeping to remove accumulated fines and debris.

COST: Initial installation cost is a function of material cost, labour, business overhead and profit required to install the pavement and associated support structure.Every layer and associated operation carries a discreet cost per m. Cost therefore may be considered as equal to the sum of each layer installation cost per m.Average, the cost per square foot for asphalt will run between $2.50 to $4.00 & concrete, on the other hand, can run between $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot for basic installation and can cost more depending on different finishes and detail.DESIGN ASPECTSPavement design has several aspects that are typically identified by the creative expertise of the designer and that are then definitively determined through a collaboration among different design disciplines working toward a common. The structural, functional and aesthetical design aspects are interdependent , and often involve the application of expertise from very difficult design disciplines.STRUCTURAL DESIGN-Involves determination of structural composition of pavementLooks at entire pavement system,full depth of soil,base material and its resistance to settling and material failure.Factors affecting location, climate, soil conditions ,etc.

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN-Determines the arrangements of paved areas with respect to their intended useIncludes highways, roads, streets, driveways, parking areas, sidewalks ,etc .Factors considered safety and accessibility , circulation and traffic, parking and access ,etc.AESTHETICAL DESIGN-Mainly focuses on appearance of the pavement.Requires knowledge and expertise of design principles and characteristics.

DESIGN AND EXPRESSIONS

THIS IS SOMETHING CRAZY

Latest Technology for Pavements

The tiles were installed over a 25-metre distance at the start point of the Paris Marathon, as well as around spectator viewing platforms where it generated almost 5 Kilo Watts of energy which canlight up a village in a developing nation for an entire day.Its not just big events that are benefiting from pavement power, some schools in London has a permanent Pavegen installationin its halls, harvesting power from the footsteps of students.Pavegen ultimately hopes to make tiles as affordable as regular floor tiles, and to see them installed in offices, schools, pedestrianised areas and public spaces around the world.Pedestrians around the world can generate energy simply by walking to work or taking an afternoon stroll, thanks to kinetic pavements that turn footsteps into electricity. Solar Roadways

Step onto the pavement on a hot day & you might get a sense of the energy..The Idaho couple are thinking up a way to pave the country's roadways with solar cells, rather than asphalt or concrete.Translating that into a practical solution hasn't been easy, as it isn't as simple as taking solar cells off of a rooftop and burying them into the pavement.InSolar Roadwaysproject, glass-covered solar panels are strong enough to drive on while generating enough power to light the road, melt ice and snow, and send extra energyto cities.31

Here, the glass is a half inch thick, and tempered, and laminated.The textured surface means it isn't slippery, & since it can self-power small heaters inside to melt ice in winter, it is supposedly safer than an ordinary road.It also powers small LED lights inside that can light up dividing lines and spell out warning messages.

They are strong enough to support a truck weighing as much as 250,000 pounds.

If the roads of whole country gets converted to the solar pavement system, there'd be enough power to eliminate the use of fossil fuel generators.

We can even provide electric power through the roads to power battery vehicles.These solar roadways emits small LED lights at night as shown in the image alongside.Solar panel roads can solve countlessenvironmental problems, but all they need is fundingDazzling STARPATH Pavement

UK-based companyPro-Teqhas developed a glow-in-the-dark product (liquid product) STARPATHthat can be applied to virtually any pavement surface to provide energy- free lighting once night falls.

The material absorbs light during the day to create a luminous glow at night, and it is also non-slip and water-resistant, so it could reduce accidents while increasing visibility.

Different colours, aggregate sizes, and application bases are also available as shown in the image alongside.Light Pavements

Designed byRoberto Paoli, this walkover lighting system is certainly innovative.

Its a great way to decorate your garden.Such type of light pavements gives a very fascinating look and appearance.Some creative ideas

DAMAGE IN PAVEMENT

DAMAGE IN PAVEMENT

Depression formedBroken PartImproper labellingCracks formation

FAULTS IN PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTIONBIBLOGRAPHYTime-saver standards for LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE by CHARLES W. HARRIS, NICHOLAS T. DINESLANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS by LEONARD J. HOPPERwww.google.co.in

THANKYOUKinetic pavements PAVEGEN

Kinetic pavements are giving a whole new meaning to POWER WALKING. London-based start-upPavegenhas developed a special energy-harvesting tile made from 95% recycled tyres that flexes by 5mm when stepped on, resulting in up to 8 watts of kinetic energy over the duration of the footstep.Enough tiles and enough footsteps can create enough energy to be stored in batteries, or to help power streetlights and other electrical items.Each tile also boasts a unique proprietary wireless communications technology that uses only 1% of its power to transmit data about the number of footfalls and energy generated.

The tiles were installed over a 25-metre distance at the start point of the Paris Marathon, as well as around spectator viewing platforms where it generated almost 5 Kilo Watts of energy which canlight up a village in a developing nation for an entire day.Its not just big events that are benefiting from pavement power, some schools in London has a permanent Pavegen installationin its halls, harvesting power from the footsteps of students.Pavegen ultimately hopes to make tiles as affordable as regular floor tiles, and to see them installed in offices, schools, pedestrianised areas and public spaces around the world.Pedestrians around the world can generate energy simply by walking to work or taking an afternoon stroll, thanks to kinetic pavements that turn footsteps into electricity. Solar Roadways

Step onto the pavement on a hot day & you might get a sense of the energy..The Idaho couple are thinking up a way to pave the country's roadways with solar cells, rather than asphalt or concrete.Translating that into a practical solution hasn't been easy, as it isn't as simple as taking solar cells off of a rooftop and burying them into the pavement.InSolar Roadwaysproject, glass-covered solar panels are strong enough to drive on while generating enough power to light the road, melt ice and snow, and send extra energyto cities.

Here, the glass is a half inch thick, and tempered, and laminated.The textured surface means it isn't slippery, & since it can self-power small heaters inside to melt ice in winter, it is supposedly safer than an ordinary road.It also powers small LED lights inside that can light up dividing lines and spell out warning messages.

They are strong enough to support a truck weighing as much as 250,000 pounds.

If the roads of whole country gets converted to the solar pavement system, there'd be enough power to eliminate the use of fossil fuel generators.

We can even provide electric power through the roads to power battery vehicles.These solar roadways emits small LED lights at night as shown in the image alongside.Solar panel roads can solve countlessenvironmental problems, but all they need is fundingDazzling STARPATH Pavement

UK-based companyPro-Teqhas developed a glow-in-the-dark product (liquid product) STARPATHthat can be applied to virtually any pavement surface to provide energy- free lighting once night falls.

The material absorbs light during the day to create a luminous glow at night, and it is also non-slip and water-resistant, so it could reduce accidents while increasing visibility.

Different colours, aggregate sizes, and application bases are also available as shown in the image alongside.Light Pavements

Designed byRoberto Paoli, this walkover lighting system is certainly innovative.

Its a great way to decorate your garden.Such type of light pavements gives a very fascinating look and appearance.