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Passage 1 Frank Lioyd Wright was an American architect, who designed more than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than 500 completed works. Wright promoted organic architecture (exemplified by falling water), was a leader of the prairie school movement of architecture (exemplified by the Robie House and the Westcott House). And developed the concept of the Usonian home (exemplified by the Rosenbaum House). His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, schools, sky scrapers, hotels, and museums. Wright also often designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the furniture and stained glass. 1. How many of wright's works resulted into real buildings? 1) 500 2) 1000 3) 1500 4) none of the above 2. Which of the following is an example for the style the was promoted by Wright? 1) Robie house 2) Rosenbaum house 3) falling water house 4) prairie school 3. What was the type of building which Wright designed? 1) offices 2) churches 3) sky scrapers, museums 4) He designed various types of buildings. 4. Which of the following is not true about Wright? 1) he often designed the interior elements of his works. 2) he was a leader of the prairie school movement. 3) He only designed furniture for museums. 4) His works was imaginative.

:1متن کار )ساخته شده( منجر شد. رایت 011پروژه طراحی کرد که به بیش از 1111فرانک لوید رایت، معماری آمریکایی بود که بیش از

در معماری بود )برای مثال خانه روی وستکامت( و prairieمعماری ارگانیک را توسعه داد. )برای مثال آبشار( و پیشگامی در مکتب

هایی اصیل و ابتکاری از تیپ های ساختمانی را گسترش داد. )برای مثال خانه روز بنام(. کارهای وی شامل مثال usonianمفهوم خانه

ها، رایت هم چنین معموالً خیلی از عناصر داخلی ها و موزه ها، هتلمختلف بود. شامل دفاتر، کلیساها، مدارس، آسمان خراش

ان و شیشه کاری منقوش.کرد مثل مبلمهایش را طراحی میساختمان

:exemplify با مثال نشان دادن : Promote تأسیس کردن، توسعه داد :concept تدبیر، مفهوم :Schoolمکتب، دانشکده، مدرسه

:Stained glass شیشه کاری منقوش :innovativeنو، ابتکاری صحیح است.« 1». گزینه 1

؟های واقع بدل شدی چند کار از کارهای رایت به ساختمان

صحیح است.« 3». گزینه 2

؟بکی است که رایت آن را توسعه دادکدام گزینه مثالی برای س


؟کردهایی طراحی میه تیپ ساختمانرایت چ


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Passage 2 Islamic Architecture encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture. The building shows the wealth of the person that lives in it. The principal Islamic Architecture types are: the mosque, the Tomb, the palace and the fort. From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic Architecture is derived and used for building of less importance such as public baths, fountains, and interior design. 5. Islamic Architecture is based on ................ 1) Islamic styles 2) religion 3) secularism 4) religious & secular styles 6. What is the design and construction of the building in Islamic Architecture influenced by? 1) religious secular styles 2) Islamic Architecture 3) structure 4) Design and construction 7 .What does the building show in the Islamic Architecture? 1) the wealth of the society 2) the principals of Islamic Architecture 3) How rich is the person that lives in it 4) none of the above 8.What is the principal building of Islamic Architecture? 1) the mosque 2) the tomb 3) the palace and fort 4) all of the above 9.What is the meaning of drive? 1) extract 2) conquer 3) forbade 4) predate


پرسد.سؤال در مورد مبنای معماری اسالمی می

( مذهب2 های اسالمی( سبک1

( سبک های مذهبی و غیر مذهبی4 ( دنیاگرایی3

ت.صحیح اس« 1». گزینه 6 پذیرد؟ای تأثیر میطراحی و ساخت ساختمان در معماری اسالمی از چه مسئله

( معماری اسالمی2 سبک های مذهبی و غیر مذهبی( 1

( طراحی و ساخت4 ( سازه3

صحیح است.« 3»گزینه .7 دهد؟ساختمان در معماری اسالمی چه چیزی را نشان می

اسالمی های معماری( اصل2 ( ثروت جامعه1

( هیچ کدام4 ( نشان دهنده اینکه چقدر صاحب آن پولدار است.3


اصول معماری اسالمی در کدام ساختمان است؟

( هر سه گزینه4 ( قلعه و کاخ3 ( مقبره2 ( مسجد1

صحیح است.« 4». گزینه 9 ( پیروز شدن2 ( مشتق شدن، استخراج کردن1 صید، شکار، غارت -= قبل از موقع بخصوص واقع شدن antedate( 4 کردن( قدغن 3

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Passage 3 Tensile architecture is probably the oldest and simplest method devised to provide shelter. Throughout history, tensile structures have taken various forms. Typical examples are the Native American tipi, and yurts from Central Asia. Innovations in the 1950s allowed tensile design to move beyond simple geometric solutions to organic free forms that can respond to complex planning and structural requirements. In a tensile structure, the fabric membrane is loaded only in tension, with no compression or bending forces. A good example, in nature, of a structure that is purely in tension is the spider web. A much higher strength-to-weight ration, compared to compressive structured for the same spans, results in the enhanced performance of tensile structures. Tensile structures require far less material to create than conventional addition, tensile structures possess an elegance of form and structure. Tensioning of the fabric membranes is generally archieved through the use of wired of cables. The membranes can also provide rain protection, as well as redirect wind, thereby altering the surrounding microclimate. The applications for tensile structures have grown signigficantly in the last two decades due to better technologies at hand. They can be used as shading devices, as icons in the landscape, and as urban markers. Because the design of these structures generally relies on detailed computer modeling and analysis, it is important of collaborate early in the design with an engineer or architect who specializes in tensile structures. Today, tension membrane structures benefit from fabrics with a guaranteed life span of over 30 years. These provide an elegant, energy- efficient, and economical solution where large open spans are required. Accurate and sophisticated methods, such as finite elements analysis (FFA) and physical modeling, are used to generate from and to study the forces in the structure. 10.The main topic of this passage is……. 1) analyzing the history of tensile architecture 2) comparing the tensile and compressive structures 3) explaining the function of fabric membrance 4) the excellence of tensional structure 11. Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to "tipi" in line 2? 1) tepee 2) yurt 3) pitch 4) tenant 12. It can be inferred that fabric membrane in tensile structure….. 1) is designed according to the spider web's composition. 2) is definitely the oldest and simplest method devised to provide shelter. 3) Provides a sanctuary against the climatical conversions. 4) bears both of the compression or bending forces. 13. According to the passage what's the reason that results in the appended administration of tensile structures? 1) Tensile architecture has taken various forms. 2) Tensile structure is a thrifty and coweyable structure. 3) Tensile structure needs plenty of materials that can load tension. 4) A much higher streghth-to-tention ratio. 14. What's that best title for this passage? 1) Tensile structure 2) shelters 3) The History of Tensile Architecture 4) Fabric Membrane

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صحیح است.« 1»ینه . گز14 Passage 4 The significance of visual representations for the design and management of the built environment is amply illustrated in the practice of architecture. Architects traditionally make intensive and efficient use of visual representations like floor plans, sections, elevations, axonometrics, perspectives and a variety of diagram types to represent and communicate their designs. It is rather surprising therefore those studies of architectural design have shown less interest and even less acceptance. Analyses of architectural drawings have been too empirical and too concerned with the technicalities of producing drawings, as manifested by the plethora of drawing manuals and the relative scarcity of cognitive studies of architectural representations. In addition, orthographic protections like plans, sections and elevations, which form the main bulk of design description produced in architecture, have never enjoyed the status of major protections or of a major support of architectural innovation, unlike perspective projections. 15. Which one is NOT among as an orthographic protection? 1) Sections 2) plans 3) elevations 4) perspectives 16. The word empirical in line 8 can be best replaced by: 1) educational 2) practical 3) visual 4)critical 17 .The author emphasize on the acceptance of: 1) perspectives 2) architectural studies 3) manual diagrams 4) orthographic representations 18. According to the passage Analyses of architectural drawings have been too concerned with: 1) the technicalities of producing drawings 2) cognitive studies of architectural representations 3) orthographic protections 4) none

Excellence مزیت Conversions تغییر

Tenant مستأجر Pitch چادر زدن

Yurt

خیمه در

آسیای مرکزی

Tepee = tipi

Thrifty اقتصادی Converyable قابل حمل

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4متن

شود. معماران به طور های بصری برای طراحی و مدیریت محیط ساخته شده به طور کافی در معماری به تصویر کشیده میاهمیت آرایه

ها برای ع، نماها، تصاویر اگزونومتریک، پرسپکتیوها و انواع متنوعی از دیاگرامهای بصری مؤثر مثل پالنهای طبقات، مقاطمرسوم از آرایه

کنند. بنابراین غافلگیر کننده است که به آن مطالعات معمارانه عالقه و حتی مقبولیت هایشان استفاده میمعرفی و ارتباط بین طرح

ردی بوده و بیشتر در ارتباط با تکنیکهای تولید کننده ترسیمات کمتری نشان داده شده است. آنالیزهای ترسیمات معمارانه خیلی کارب

شود. عالوه برا ین های معمارانه، نشان داده میکه به وسیله تعداد زیادی از ترسیمات دستی و کمبود نسبی مطالعات شناختی آرایه

دهند هرگز جایگاه خودشان را پیدا یل میترسیمات دو بعدی مثل پالنها و مقاطع که بدنه اصلی توصیفات طراحی در معماری را تشک

اند.نکرده و یا از حمایت کافی نوآوری معمارانه برخالف تصاویر پرسپکتیوی برخوردار نبوده

صحیح است.« 1». گزینه 15 باشد؟کدام یک جزو ترسیمات دوبعدی نمی

( پرسپکتیوها4 ( نماها3 ( پالنها2 ( مقاطع1

صحیح است.« 2». گزینه 16 چیست؟ empiricalبهترین جایگزین برای کلمه

( بحرانی4 ( تصویری3 ( عملی2 ( آموزشی1

صحیح است.« 1». گزینه 17 کند بر مقبولیت:نویسنده تأکید می

( ترسیمات دو بعدی4 های دستی( دیاگرام3 ( مطالعات معمارانه2 ( پرسپکتیوها1

صحیح است.« 1». گزینه 18 زهای ترسیمات معمارانه بیشتر در ارتباط با:براساس متن آنالی

( مطالعات شناختی ارایه های معمارانه2 ( تکنیکهای تولید کننده ترسیمات1

( هیچکدام4 ( ترسیمات دو بعدی3

Passage 5 Architecture was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period to the 7th century BC, when plebeian life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be under taken. But since many Greek buildings in the colonization period, were made of wood or mud- brick or clay, nothing remains of them except for a few ground- plans, and almost no written sources on early architecture or descriptions of these embryonic building exist. 19.How was the architecture in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period to the 7th century B.C. ? 1) There was a huge progress in it. 2) It was used only in public buildings. 3) It almost didn’t exist. 4) none of the above 20.What was the main problem of the buildings in the colonization period that almost noting remains of them? 1) their color 2) their building material 3) the height of them 4) none of the above 21.What is usually remained of a building in colonization period? 1) nothing 2) written sources 3) description 4) few ground-plans

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22. What does the word “embryonic” in the last sentence mean? 1) extra ordinary 2) undeveloped 3) unbelievable 4) being made of clay 23. What is the best topic for the passage? 1) Architectural materials in Greece. 2) Ancient Greek architecture. 3) Colonization in Greece. 4) none of the above.

5متن

ده مردم و رونق به جایی رسید که قبل از میالد نایاب بود تا زمانی که زندگی تو 7معماری در یونان از پایان دوره میسنی تا قرن

های یونانی در دوره استعماری از چوب، توانستند )به وجود آیند(. ولی از آن جایی که بسیاری از ساختمانهای عمومی میساختمان

ای از معماری ها باقی نماند به جز یک سری طرح کلی و تقریباً هیچ منبع نوشته شدهشدند، چیزی از آنساخته می خشت خام وی گل

های اولیه وجود ندارد.اولیه یا توصیفی از این ساختمان

صحیح است.« 3». گزینه 19 قبل از میالد چگونه بود؟ 7معماری در یونان در آخر دوره میسنی تا قرن

شد.های عمومی استفاده می( در ساختمان2 ت عظیمی داشت.( پیشرف1

( هیچ کدام4 ( تقریبا وجود نداشت.3

صحیح است.« 2». گزینه 20 ها باقی نماند؟ها در دوره استعماری چه بود که تقریباً چیزی از آنمشکل اصلی ساختمان

( هیچ کدام4 ها( ارتفاع آن3 ( مصالح2 ( رنگشان1

صحیح است.« 4»زینه . گ21 عموماً چه چیزی از یک بنا در دوره استعماری باقی مانده؟

( چند طرح اولیه4 ( توصیف3 ( منابع نوشتاری2 ( هیچ1

صحیح است.« 2». گزینه 22 extraordinary خارق العاده = Undevelopedپیشرفت نکرده، ابتدایی =

صحیح است.« 2». گزینه 23 .معماری در یونانمصالح = 1گزینه

.معماری یونان باستان= 2گزینه

.استعمار در یونان= 3گزینه

= هیچ کدام4گزینه

Passage 6 Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures for human shelter or use. A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment from the macro level of how a building integrates with it’s surrounding context to the micro level of architectural or construction details and, sometimes, furniture and hardware. Wider still architecture is the activity of designing any kind of system. 24. What is the field of architecture designing? 1) field of art 2) field of science 3) it is an interdisciplinary field 4) none of the above 25. What is the meaning of “shelter”? 1) house 2) refuge 3) primitive structure 4) alley

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26.Which of the following is not an example for micro level in architecture? 1) furniture 2) construction 3) hard ware 4) context 27.What is the widest definition of architecture? 1) designing any kind of system. 2) how a building integrates with it’s surrounding. 3) furniture and hardware 4) none of the above. 2 8 . What is the best topic for the passage? 1) the art and science of architecture. 2) micro levels and macro levels of architecture 3) architecture, concept and process of design 4) definition of architecture in different scales.

ست.صحیح ا« 3»گزینه .24

صحیح است.« 2»گزینه .25




Passage 7 By elaborating in Islamic architecture we find the dualism of dome and minaret achieved a perfect expression of the submission to Allah, which became central elements of Muslim religious architecture. The dome popular in most cultures, had two main symbolic interpretations in Islamic architecture involving the representation of the vault of heaven and a symbol of divine dominance engulfing the emotional and physical being of the faithful. In functional terms, it is used to externally difine the Qibla and internally lighten it. 29.What is the perfect expression of the submission to allah? 1) dome 2) minaret 3) the dualism of dome and minaret 4) none of the above. 30.Which one of the following is true? 1) the dome had two main symbolic interpretations. 2) the dome represents the vault of heaven 3) the dome is a symbol of divine dominance 4) all of the above 31.Which one of the following is effected by the dome? 1) emotional being of the faithful 2) physical being of the faithful 3) divine dominance 4) 1 & 2 32.What is used to difine the Qibla externally? 1) dome 2) minaret 3) dome and minaret 4) divine dominance 33.What is the passage mainly about? 1) dome 2) minaret 3) dome and minaret 4) divine dominance

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Passage 8 Burj Dubai, a supertall skyscraper under construction in Dubai, is the tallest man-made structure ever built. The design of Burj Dubai is derived from patterning systems embodied in Islamic Architecture, with the triple-lobed footprint of the building based on an abstracted version of the flower Hymenocallis. The tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core. During the design process, engineers rotated the building 120 degrees from its original layout to reduce stress from prevailing winds. At the tallest point the tower sways a total of 1.2m.

34.Which of the following is not true about Burj Dubai? 1) It is a super tall skyscraper under construction in Dubai. 2) It is the tallest man-made structure ever built. 3) The design of Burj Dubai is derived from green architecture issues. 4) The design of Burj Dubai is derived from patterning systems. 35.What is the design of Burj Dubai derived from? 1) Islamic buildings 2) a flower 3) desert images 4) traditional Arab houses 36. What is the tower composed of? 1) three elements 2) central core 3) 1 , 2 4) 3 cores 37. What was the main reason for the engineers to rotate the tower? 1) to have better views of the beach. 2) to have a better air circulation. 3) to answer aesthetic issues. 4) to reduce stress from prevailing winds. 38.What is “1.2m” mentioned about? 1) the height of the slabs. 2) the height of windows at the top level. 3) the average range that tower sways. 4) the maximum amount that tower sways.

8متن

برج دبی، آسمان خراش بسیار بلند در حال ساخت در دبی است که تاکنون بلندترین سازه ساخت بشر است. طراحی این برج از الگوهای

شکل گرفته است. برج Hymenocallisهفته در معماری اسالمی گرفته شده است. طرح سه لبۀ ساختمان بر مبنای شکل انتزاعی گل ن

درجه نسبت به طرح اولیه 121عنصر به دور یک هسته مرکزی تشکیل شده است. درطول فرآیند طراحی مهندسان ساختمان را 3از

نوسان دارد. m 2/1بر ساختمان کاهش یابد. در بلندترین قسمت برج های بادهای متداولچرخاندند تا تنش

:elaborate کافی با دقت شرح دادن، موش :dualismدوگانگی :submission فرمان برداری :interpretation تفسیر :representationنمایش دادن :divine خدایی

:dominanceتسلط :engulf غرق کردن در

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صحیح است.« 3»گزینه -34



صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -37 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -38

Passage 9 An essential idea in damage mechanics occurring in a structural system is that at each material point, and for an initial elemental area A with a certain outwards normal, a reduction of the “net” area occurs as an outcome of the propagation of microcracks and internal imperfections, induced by the external loading. On such elemental net area An the actual stress is termed “effective” here denoted by ō, to be distinguished from the usual Cauchy σ stress commonly adopted in structural applications. Following this interpretation ō is physically more representative than σ, as the latter corresponds to an averaged stress, idealized as acting on the initial area A, and not on the actual existing one An. 39. Microcracks: 1) reduce external loading. 2) cause the net area to become reduced. 3) are the outcome of the occurrence of the net area. 4) are denoted by An40. Which one corresponds to an average stress? 1) ō 2) The followed interpretation 3) σ 4) The initial area 41. The Cauchy σ: 1) is more used in structural application than ō. 2) is physically more representative than ō. 3) hasn’t any considerable difference with ō. 4) is named “effective” because of its characteristics. 42.Which one could be the best replace for “propagation”? 1) omit 2) prolongation 3) simulation 4) spread 43. Exte rnal loading …………. 1) may cause internal imperfections. 2) may cause microcracks. 3) may result in the reduction of An. 4) All of the above are possible.


صحیح است.« 3»گزینه -40 صحیح است.« 1»گزینه -41 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -42 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -43

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Passage 10 In combination with the effective stress concept one may also refer to the concept of scalar damage d,to be viewed under ID connections as the surface density of material defects existing at the local level, that is d = 1-An/A. This damage variable evolves between “zero” at the original elastic stage up to “one” at material failure, and at any instant it quantifies the deterioration at a given point. Both the effective stress and the damage concept are related, since equilibrium imposes that ōAn = σA, and accordingly one has σ = (1-d)ō. Since a constitutive model suitable for architectural and engineering applications is aimed, and seismic analyses of large-scale concrete structures are envisaged, algorithmic efficiency is a subject of great concern. To account for this requisite, an explicit formulation in terms of the strain tensor is adopted, since ε is the primary entity to be computed on standard finite element (FE) codes. The well- known disadvantage of classical strain-based splits – namely the inability to cope with the strength enhancement in compression induced by the lateral confinement – is considerably reduced by adopting a stress tensor ō with an elastic definition as the basic entity within the model framework. This strategy preserves the advantages of a strain-driven formulation, since ō is directly computed in terms of ε, and circumvents the drawbacks inherent to many implicit formulations based on the Cauchy stress tensor, where an iterative procedure inside the constitutive model is required to update the internal variables. 44. If d has a magnitude of (0.5): 1) the initial net area is changed. 2) there isn’t any cracks. 3) there isn’t any net area. 4) the initial area is half of the net area. 45. The underlined it refers to: 1) elastic stage 2) material failure 3) local level 4) damage variable 46. Which ite m is Fa lse? 1) The damage concept and Cauchy σ are related. 2) Since the scalar damage may be equal zero, we never have original elastic stage. 3) In the best condition, the scalar damage (d) has its minimum value. 4) According to the above description, d is always less than 1. 47. What is the well-known weak spot of classical strain-based splits? 1) The lateral confinement is not applicable on them. 2) The strength they need is obtained during compression tests. 3) They are not able to cope with some strength enhancement in compression. 4) There aren’t any considerable disadvantages in them. 48. A stress tensor ō: 1) is reduced considerably. 2) may be used for preserving the advantages of a strain-driven formulation. 3) causes implicit formulations based on the Cauchy stress tensor. 4) is better to avoid in FE codes. 49. Which one is the synonym for the underlined “defect”? 1) influence 2) rare 3) conflict 4) shortcoming

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50. Which choice is n’t implied in above two sections together? 1) scalar damage may be used for calculating Cauchy σ. 2) Damage mechanics is the basic concept for solid mechanics. 3) A stress tensor ō may be helpful. 4) We want to reach seismic analyses for large-scale concrete structures.

صحیح است.« 1»گزینه -44 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -45 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه -46 صحیح است.« 3»گزینه -47 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه -48 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -49

صحیح است.« 2»گزینه -50 Passage 11A new skyscraper in Sao Paulo, Brazil, The Maharishi Tower, that could be the tallest and largest building in the world when it is completed – within, planners hope, three years – has been designed by Minoru Yamasaki Associates of Rochester Hills, Michigan.The pyramid-shaped structure would stand approximately 494 m tall and occupy 1.3 million sq m of space. Each side of the tower’s square base will measure 244 m. Henry J. Guthard, the senior vice president of Minoru Yamasaki, says the Maharishi Tower will rely on four composite megacolumns for the main vertical support. The megacolumns – square, high- strength steel shells filled with concrete – will tilt toward the center as the building rises. About two- thirds of the way up, they will be tied together with a series of horizontal framing diaphragms and floor slabs. Similar connections will be made at other points as the building rises. The four column will meet at the top. “Where the megacolumns join together, it becomes a unified structure,” Guthard says. This system will transfer horizontal loads to the columns and impart stability so the building can withstand wind and seismic loads, he says. Guthard could not say how many stories the building will have or how tall the stories will be. 51.When it is completed, the Maharishi Tower would ………….. . 1) be located in Sao Paulo, Brazil 2) be the most quickly – designed tower ever built 3) be the tallest and largest building in the world 4) be the most earthquake-resistant building in the world 52.The megacolumns are ………….. . 1) high-strength hollow steel columns filled with concrete 2) high-strength concrete columns with steel shields 3) square concrete columns 4) tilted columns

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53. All of the following choices are true about Henry J. Guthard, EXCEPT: 1) He describes the Maharishi Tower as a unified structure. 2) He knows the structural specifications of the tower. 3) He didn’t know the exact number of the floors of the Maharishi Tower. 4) He is the owner and president of Minoru Yamasaki Associates. 54.The horizontal framing diaphragms are used to ………….. . 1) support floor slabs 2) tilt the columns toward the center of the building 3) help the megacolumns to rise about two’thirds pf the building 4) brace the columns together for additional stability against horizontal loading 55.What would be the title for the above section? 1) “Skyscrapers in Brazil” 2) “The Maharishi Tower in Brazil” 3) “Strong-Earthquake-Resistant Skyscraper Designing in Brazil” 4) “Pyramid-Shaped Towers: The Maharishi Tower”

صحیح است.« 3»گزینه -51 صحیح است.« 1»گزینه -52 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -53 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -54 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه -55

Passage 12The Maharishi Tower will house a hotel, a convention center, retail establishments, high-tech businesses, and apartments and condominiums. Guthard, the senior vice president, estimates 50’000 people will live or work in the building, and the convention center and business can pull in as many as 30’000 visitors a day. An extensive people mover system will transfer people between parking facilities and mass transit outside and the building’s interior, as well as move people around within the structure. With a population of 18 million, Sao Paulo is the third-largest city in the world. “The building represents the belief that there is sufficient capital in Brazil and faith in the city to support a structure that can take advantage of the city and country’s economic recovery,” Guthard says. The approximately $1.6 billion that will be needed to fund the multiuse facility is being raised by the Brasilinvest Group, of Sao Paulo, and the Maharishi Global development fund, of New York City. Minoru Yamasaki has designed a similar tower – the India tower in Jabalpur, India – that at 677 m would be taller than the Maharishi Tower. But Guthard says the Brazilan structure is “on the fast track” and is likely to be completed first.

56.What does the term “retail establishment” refer to? 1) Basement foundation 2) Treatment system 3) Shopping center 4) Rent department

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57.The people mover system will ………….. . 1) have the same function as the elevator 2) transfer people between parking and the main transit system 3) transfer people horizontally on the horizontal diaphragm system 4) handle movement of people within the structure and provides a connection to the main transit system 58.The underlined “that” refers to: 1) supporting a structure 2) sufficient capital 3) faith in the city 4) None of the above is a proper reference for “that”. 59.The above section implies that: 1) A hotel and a convention center will house The Maharishi Tower. 2) The money needed to fund the tower is provided by the association of two countries. 3) The convention center accommodates at least 30’000 people a day. 4) High-rise buildings are exclusive to the most crowded cities of the world. 60.Designers believe that the Maharishi Tower will be completed before the India tower because: 1) its investors plan to proceed more rapidly with construction than do the India Tower investors. 2) it is located on a high-speed rail line that will facilitate movement of construction material. 3) there is a higher demand for the residential and commercial space in Sao Paolo than there is in Jabalpur. 4) the people mover system will transport construction workers between the work site and their homes more rapidly.

صحیح است.« 3»گزینه -56 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -57



صحیح است.« 1»گزینه -60 Passage 13 a shadow of formerly dominant city institutions. For half a century the American public was mesmerized by the outer reaches of metropolitan areas. The force of this attraction has been so strong that when travel distances to jobs in the central city became excessive, companies moved and

took the jobs to the suburbs. In the late 20th century, however, the newest generation of adults--younger than most city residents, more mobile, frequently childless, and having greater freedom in their living relationships--has become enamored of city life. Cities are responding by directing public services andcapital improvements toward upgrading the quality of life in those areas that have unique attractions for this new population. In this setting, different groups of city residents have become more sophisticated in pursuing their special interests. They are better informed, understand laws and procedures, have greater

14

political skills, and are more militant and persistent. They have learned that planning brings order to change and, thus, they want to influence the planning. In turn, city planners are attempting to balance the demands of competing interests into a dynamic community consensus sufficient to allow decisions to be made. 61. Which of the followings is not among items that should be replaced in old cities? 1) Companies 2) Infrastructures 3) Public schools 4) City hospitals 62. Why did companies take the jobs to the suburbs? 1) Excessive distances 2) City attraction 3) Mobile residents 4) Metropolitan areas 63. What is a characteristic of late 20th century city’s new population? 1) Having more mobiles 2) Being free to upgrade 3) Having unique attractions 4) Being childless couples 64. In what way does planning influence city? 1) Understanding laws and procedures 2) Bringing order to change 3) Having greater political attractions 4) Being militant and persistent 65. What does the major discussion about? 1) Essential replacement of city’s old infrastructures. 2) How city planning have changed during the 20th century. 3) How to achieve dynamic community consensus. 4) How the newest generation of adults has become enamored of city life.

صحیح است.« 1»گزینه -61 است.صحیح « 1»گزینه -62 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -63 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه -64 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه -65

Passage 14 The families who governed rival cities in northern Italy in the 15th century—de Medici, Sforza, da Montefeltro, and others—had become wealthy enough through commerce to become patrons of the arts. People of leisure began to take a serious and scholarly interest in the neglected Latin culture—its literature, its art, and its architecture, whose ruins lay about them. Early in the 15th century, work osn Florence cathedral was still in progress. Piers had already been erected to support a dome almost as large as that of the Pantheon in Rome. A proposal for its completion was submitted by Filippo Brunelleschi, who had studied Roman structural solutions. The dome that he designed and built (1420-1436), and which crowns the cathedral today, is derived from Rome but differs in being octagonal, having an inner and an outer shell connected by ribs, being pointed and rising higher, and being crowned with a lantern. Its drum, pierced by circular windows, stands without buttressing, for the base contains a tension ring—huge stone blocks held together with iron clamps and topped with heavy iron chains. Two additional tension rings are contained within the dome’s double shells. Brunelleschi stood at the threshold between Gothic and Renaissance. His Pazzi Chapel (begun c. 1441), also in Florence, is a clear statement of new principles of proportion and design.

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66. All of the following are true about Sforza EXCEPT: They got their money through trade. They were encouragers of art. They neglected Latin culture. They governed a city in northern Italy. 67. The word them in line 4 refers to ……… 1) Latin cultures 2) People 3) Art and architecture 4) Families 68. According to the passage, Roman domes ………. 1) Were octagonal 2) Had two shells connected by ribs 3) Were crowned with a lantern 4) Had round arch 69. The drum of Brunelleschi’s dome stands without buttressing, because: 1) There is a tension ring in the base. 2) It consists of huge stone blocks. 3) It was derived from Rome. 4) The dome is pointed and rises high. 70. What would be the most appropriate topic for the above passage? 1) Pazzi Chapel Principles 2) The Genius of Filippo Brunelleschi 3) 15th Century Italy 4) Italian Patrons of Art

صحیح است.« 3»گزینه -66 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه -67 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -68 صحیح است.« 1»گزینه -69 صحیح است.« 3»گزینه -70

Passage 15 MERV is an ancient city of the northeastern part of the Iranian world, in medieval Islamic times, in the province of Khurasan. The site of Merv now lies over the border from the Islamic Republic of Iran and within the Turkmen Republic, near the modern town of what was in Soviet times Mary. Soviet archaeologists began serious work on the very extensive site of ancient and early Islamic Mery after the Second World War, and in the 1990s and first years of the third millennium. These activities have revealed much of Merv’s past, from ancient to Saljuq times. The excavations have confirmed what the sparse literary evidence suggested, that there was a highly-developed agricultural oasis community in the Merv region from Achaemenid times onwards. Classical Greek historians an geographers describing Alexander the Great’s campaign through Central Asia to India give furthe information here. The foundation of the city of Merv itself has been traditionally attributed to Alexander himself, but may date from the slightly later Seleucid ruler Antiochus I Soter (280–26 B.C.). To this same period belongs the building of the wall meant to protect the agricultural zone from steppe marauders. The Merv oasis owed much of its importance and florescence to the fact that, during the Parthian period, the great caravan route through northern Persia to the frontiers of China passed through Merv to Balkh and the upper Oxus valley and across the mountains to Kashgar, and then in Sassanid times took a more northerly route through Sogdia to the Semirechye and the northern part of Eastern Turkestan.

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71. The word florescence is closest in meaning to: 1) Ostentation 2) Detection 3) Influence 4) Development 72. The wall meant to protect Merv’s agricultural zone belongs to …………… period. 1) Achaemenid 2) Alexander 3) Seleucid 4) Parthian 73. The Merv’s oasis was important mostly due to: 1) Its being on the route from Persia to China. 2) Its location on the very extensive site. 3) Soviet excavations in the 1990s. 4) Alexander the Great’s campaign through Central Asia to India. 74. All of the following are false about Merv EXCEPT: 1) It is located within the border of Iran today. 2) Its importance was revealed during the Second World War. 3) Archaeological excavations found important evidence prior to literary evidence. 4) The foundation of the city is traditionally attributed to Alexander. 75. According to the passage, bandits mostly invaded …………. 1) Steppe marauders 2) Caravans 3) Farming areas 4) Northerly route of Sogdia

صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -71 صحیح است.« 3»گزینه -72 صحیح است.« 1»گزینه -73 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه -74

صحیح است.« 3»گزینه -75 Passage 16 During the process of architectural design, the application of load to a structure must be considered. This application of load generates internal form in the elements and external reacting forces at the foundations and the elements and foundations must have sufficient strength and rigidity to resist these. They must not rupture when the peak load is applied; neither must the deflection which results from the peak load be excessive. The requirement for adequate strength, i.e., to make the structural elements able to resist the peak loads, is satisfied by ensuring that the levels of stress which occur in the various elements of a structure, when the peak loads are applied, are within acceptable limits. This is chiefly a matter of providing elements with cross sections of adequate size, given the strength of the constituent material. The determination of the sizes required is carried out by structural calculations. The provision of adequate rigidity is similarly dealt with. 76. To make the elements able to withstand the peak loads, ………………. 1) the peak loads should be applied 2) the size of the cross sections should match the rigidity of the constituent material 3) the levels of stress on the various elements of a structure should be within acceptable limits 4) the levels of stress should be precisely calculated and be applied to the various elements of a structure

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77. The underlined "They" refers to …………. . 1) forces 2) foundations 3) strength and rigidity 4) elements and foundations 78. Which statement is FALSE? 1) The external reacting forces at the foundations is due to the application of load to the structure. 2) Making the structural elements to resist the peak loads is what is known as the requirement for adequate strength. 3) The application of the peak load causes either the rupture of the elements or the excessive deflection of them. 4) The deflection of the elements that is a result of the peak load must not be excessive after the application of the load. 79. Choose the best synonym for “constituent”. 1) temporary 2) strengthened 3) component 4) forgery 80. The adequate rigidity of structural elements: 1) determines the cross sections of adequate size needed. 2) is carried out by structural calculations. 3) makes the structural calculations possible. 4) None of them is true.

صحیح است.« 3»گزینه .76 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه .77 صحیح است.« 3»گزینه .78 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه .79 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه .80

Passage 17 Structural calculations allow the strength and rigidity of structures to be controlled precisely. They are preceded by an assessment of the load which a structure will be required to carry. The calculations can be considered to be divisible into two parts and to consist firstly of the structural analysis, which is the evaluation of the internal forces which occur in the elements of the structure, and secondly, the element- sizing calculations which are carried out to ensure that they will have sufficient strength and rigidity to resist the internal forces which the loads will cause. In many cases, and always for statically indeterminate structures, the two sets of calculations are carried out together, but it is possible to think of them as separate operations and they are described separately here. 81. According to this paragraph, structural calculations: 1) are utilized in regard to statistically indeterminate structures 2) consist of two sets of calculations which are rarely used together 3) follow the determination of the load a structure will be required to carry 4) are solely intended to evaluate internal forces which occur in the elements of the structure 82. Choose the best synonym for “rigidity”: 1) bendability 2) plausibility 3) conformity 4) inflexibility

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83. Which one is FALSE about the element-sizing calculation? 1) It is one of the parts of the structural calculations. 2) It needs to be done for assessing the internal forces. 3) It is performed to find out that if the elements have sufficient strength and rigidity. 4) It is carried out together with the structural analysis for statically indeterminate structures. 84. Which of the following is the best title for the above two sections together? 1) Peak Loads 2) Structural Calculations 3) Strength and Rigidity 4) Foundations: Internal and External Forces

صحیح است.« 3»گزینه .81 صحیح است.« 4»گزینه .82 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه .83 صحیح است.« 3»گزینه .84

Passage 18 In many urban locations site boundaries and recession planes determine architectural form. Particularly for medium- to high-rise buildings, economic and pragmatic necessities give rise to ubiquitous rectilinear forms that require architectural approaches other than the manipulation of building massing for them to contribute positively to the urban fabric. With the exception of those buildings completely clad in mirror glass or some other type of opaque cladding, many buildings world-wide share the common feature of some exposed structural elements on their façades. Arising more from an appreciation of the functional advantages perimeter structure affords, than intentionally exposing structure for its own sake, structural members are often exposed. While such structural ordering and patterning of façades often merely reflects that of the surrounding built environment and therefore tends to proliferate architecture of indifferent quality, some architects take a more proactive stance towards exposing structure. They are aware of its potential to enrich exterior architecture. 85. The architectural form: 1) determines site boundaries and recession planes. 2) is determined particularly for medium- to high-rise buildings. 3) has nothing to do with urban locations. 4) None of the above is true. 86.The underlined “them” in the passage refers to: 1) forms 2) necessities 3) approaches 4) buildings 87. Which statement is TRUE about “rectilinear forms”? 1) It is only used for medium- to high-rise buildings. 2) It is a result of economic and pragmatic necessities. 3) It is required for architectural approaches. 4) It is the final solution for positive contribution in urban fabric. 88. Opaque cladding: 1) is used for some buildings that share some common features on their façades. 2) has an increasing world-wide interest among users. 3) is considered as a kind of mirror-liked façade for building. 4) is a kind of building completely covered with mirror.

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96. It seems that exposing structure…………….. 1) will enrich exterior architecture. 2) causes some architects to stand against it. 3) changes structural orders. 4) reflects the surrounding built environment. 97. What is the author’s idea about exposing structural members? 1) The author hates it. 2) The author prefers to find a replace for it. 3) The author is trying to show its deficiencies. 4) The author likes it.

صحیح است.« 4» گزینه . 85 صحیح است.« 1»گزینه . 86 صحیح است.« 2»گزینه . 87 صحیح است.« 3»گزینه . 88 صحیح است.« 1»گزینه . 89

صحیح است.« 4»گزینه .90 Passage 19 Another example of structural detailing for lightness can be observed in Charles de Gaulle Airport, Terminal 2F, Paris. Whereas in the first visit to the building it was noted how the massive exterior structure signalled entry, now the structural lightness inside the terminal is experienced. A 200 m long ‘peninsula’ that houses departure lounges and aircraft walkways juts out from the air-side of the main terminal building. A series of transverse portal frames whose detailing is so ‘light’ that the whole structure almost reads as a space frame, supports its roof. Structural detailing is not locked into an orthogonal grid but responds to the roof form that appears like an upturned boat hull. The truss nodes map the gently curving roof contours, and via innovative light-weight tension-spokes, the trusses wrap around and under the floor slab. The structure delivers a light-filled space while displaying a remarkable degree of lightness. Compared to the heaviness of the terminal land-side concrete wall and ceiling surfaces, this air-side structure looks as if it could take off! 91.Charles de Gaulle Airport…………… . 1) has a terminal with 2 floors 2) shows structural lightness in its terminal 3) is outstanding because of its detailed design 4) is notable because of its massive exterior structure 92. The ‘peninsula’………… . 1) is read as a space frame 2) is used as the main terminal building 3) uses portal frames as its roof 4) is too long to house departure lounges and aircraft walkways

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93. The underlined orthogonal means: 1) ornamental 2) paraline 3) right angled 4) transverse 94. The author uses ‘an upturned boat hull’ as: 1) a grid 2) a kind of roof 3) a contrast 4) an example 95. What could be the most appropriate topic for the passage? 1) The Structural Details of Charles de Gaulle Airport 2) How Roofs Work in Charles de Gaulle Airport Terminal 3) Lightening in Charles de Gaulle Airport Terminals 4) Structural Lightness: Charles de Gaulle Airport Terminal as a Case Study

19متن

تواند مشاهده شود. در در پاریس می F2ی پایانه Charles de Gaulleای برای سبکی، در فرودگاه مثال دیگری از جزئیات سازه

ای در داخل کند، حال سبکی سازهی حجیم بیرونی به ورودی اشاره میحالیکه در اولین بازدید از ساختمان ذکر شده بود که چگونه سازه

ی ساختمان متر که فضای انتظار پرواز و پیش آمدگی باند هواپیماها را از دهانه 211ی بیرون زده به طول شود. یک سازهه میپایانه تجرب

های متقاطع سردر که جزئیات آن بسیار سبک است، به طوری که کل سازه تقریباً به دهد. یک ردیف از قاباصلی پایانه پوشش می

ای در یک شبکه متعامد محبوس نشده است اما برای فرم دارد. جزئیات سازهشود، سقف آن را نگه میعنوان یک قاب فضایی تعبیر می

کنند، و های خرپا فرم منحنی نرم سقف را ترسیم میرسد. گرهی قایق تغییر وضع داده به نظر میدهد که مانند یک بدنهسقف جواب می

پوشانند. سازه یک فضای سبک شده را در حال نمایش طراف و زیر دال سقف را میی کششی سبک وزن ابتکاری، خرپاها ااز طریق میله

ای ی دهانه به گونهدهد. در مقایسه با سنگینی سطوح سقف و دیوارهای بتنی سایت پایانه، این سازهدرجه قابل توجهی از سبکی ارائه می

تواند پرواز کند.رسد که میبه نظر می






Passage 20 Generally a design in the field of architecture is a structure or a structural system, which satisfies a need. A successful design is achieved when a logical procedure is followed to meet a specific need. The procedure, called the design process, is similar to the scientific method with respect to a step-by- step routine, but it differs in goals and end results. The design process encompasses the following activities, all of which must be completed. 1- Identification of a need 2- Problem definition 3- Search 4- Constraints 5- Criteria 6- Alternative solutions 7- Analysis 8- Decision 9- Specifications 10- Communication

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In the majority of cases, designs are not accomplished simply completing the 10 steps shown in the order given. As the designer proceeds through each step, new information may be discovered and new objectives may be specified for the design. If so, the designer must backtrack and repeat steps. For example, if none of the alternatives appear to be economically feasible when the final solution is to be selected, the designer must redefine the problem or possibly relax some of the criteria to admit less expensive alternatives. Thus, because decisions must frequently be made at each step as a result of new developments or unexpected outcomes, the design process becomes iterative. 96. The design process: 1) is completely similar to the scientific method. 2) has different activities to be followed. 3) has the same results as the scientific method. 4) doesn’t necessarily need to be completed step by step. 97. What does “encompass” mean in the above text? 1) remind 2) protect 3) explain 4) cover 98. Why the design process may be iterative? 1) Because unexpected results emerge and based on them we have to repeat the step. 2) Because there are different steps for each design procedure. 3) Because we have to develop the project and have newer results. 4) Because we have to make decisions in the project. 99. Under what circumstances the designer should possibly modify and reduce some aspects of the problem? 1) When it is difficult to justify the project within the budget limits. 2) When it is difficult to define the problem. 3) When it is difficult to analyze the problem. 4) When it is difficult to communicate with other designers. 100. Which statement is TRUE? 1) Designs should not be accomplished by a designer. 2) If more than 7 activities of design process are performed then the design process is said to be complete. 3) A logical procedure needs to be followed to have a successful design. 4) The objectives of a design never change. 101. What could be the best title for the above passage? 1) “Design Process” 2) “Designers and Criteria” 3) “How to Make Decisions in a Design Process” 4) “Specifying a Need”

20متن

نماید. یک طرح موفق زمانی بدست ای است که یک نیازی را تأمین میعموماً یک طرح، در حیطه معماری، یک سازه یا سیستم سازه

شود، شبیه روش علمی شود. این روند، که فرایند طراحی خوانده میروند منطقی برای نیل به یک نیاز مشخص دنبال میآید که یک می

باشد، ولی در اهداف و نتایج نهایی متفاوت است.و با توجه به یک روند گام به گام می

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ل انجام گردند.گیرد، تمامی آنها باید به طور کامفرآیند طراحی فعالیتهای زیر را در بر می

تعریف مسأله -2 تعیین نیاز -1

قیود -4 جستجو -3

راه حل های مختلف قابل انتخاب -6 معیارها -0

تصمیم -8 تحلیل -7

ارتباط -11 مشخصات -9

رسد.قدم نشان داده شده در ترتیب داده شده به انجام نمی 11ها به فقط سادگی تکمیل در اکثر موارد، طراحی

ا پیش رفتن طراح در هر گام، ممکن است اطالعات جدیدی کشف شود و اهداف جدیدی برای طرح تعیین گردد. اگر اینگونه شود، ب

ها از ها را تکرار نماید. به عنوان مثال، اگر زمانی که راه حل نهایی باید انتخاب گردد، هیچ یک از گزینهطراح باید به عقب بازگشته و گام

های ارزانتر، مسأله را دوباره تعریف کرده و یا در صورت امکان برخی ملی نبودند طراح باید به منظور اجازه ورود گزینهلحاظ اقتصادی، ع

از معیارها را تعدیل نماید.

ذ شوند، های غیر قابل انتظار اتخاهای جدید یا خروجیها باید به تناوب در هر گام به عنوان نتیجه توسعهبنابراین، بدلیل اینکه تصمیم

شود.فرایند طراحی، تکراری می




صحیح است.« 1»گزینه . 99



Passage 21 As a cursory glance at architectural examples might suggest, it is often thought that the only relationship between historic architecture and any type of modern design is achieved only through complete contrast of the two aesthetics, one representing the old, the other representing the new. To a certain extent this theory is true, primarily because the methods and materials of architectural design for traditional or pre-mass production structures are inherently different from those of modern construction. But through the mode of contrast, a reliance of one building upon the other is required for a comparison to be made. This distinction between the old and the new is not necessarily a hierarchal rejection of one type in favor of the other. Instead, the existence of the new has the possibility to validate the old and vice-versa. Though only recently translated and published in English in 1982, Alois Riegl's essay The Modern Cult of Monuments: Its Character and Its Origin provides an insight into the modern relationship of old and new architectural design.

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102. What is the theory referred to in the passage (line 3)? 1) Old architecture and new architecture represent the same aesthetics that sometimes show a contrast. 2) The materials used in old and new buildings are inherently different from another. 3) People of different times have always showed that they prefer modern types of design over old ones. 4) There is some relationship between the old and the new architecture which only forms through their complete contrast. 103. The underlined word "other" refers to ………… 1) type 2) example 3) aesthetic 4) architecture 104. The distinction between the old and the new design of buildings…………… . 1) doesn’t mean that it certainly causes the new one to replace the old one 2) results in a hierarchal rejection of one type in favor of the other 3) shows that only the existence of the new has the possibility to validate the old 4) won’t reject one type unless a comparison is made 105. The main point in paragraph 1 is a point that Alois Riegl’s essay seems to ………….. . 1) have some doubt about 2) be in favor of 3) modify 4) be against

21متن

ی بین معماری تاریخی و هر رابطهشود که تنها های معماری ممکن است پیشنهاد شود؛ اغلب فکر میبه عنوان یک نگاه عجوالنه به مثال

دهد، بدست دهد، دیگری جدید را نشان مینوعی از طراحی مدرن تنها از طریق تضاد کامل دو زیبایی شناسی، که یکی قدیم را نشان می

تولید در حد های سنتی وها و مصالح طراحی معماری برای سازهآید. تا حدودی این تئوری درست است، اوالً به این دلیل که روشمی

های مدرن متفاوت هستند. اما در باب مقایسه، اعتماد یک ساختمان به دیگری برای اینکه مقایسه انجام کم، به طور ذاتی از ساختمان

شود الزم است. این فرق بین قدیم و جدید لزوماً یک رد کردن سلسله مراتبی یک نوع به نفع دیگری نیست. در عوض وجود نوع جدید

چاپ شده، 1982ان را دارد که به نوع قدیم اعتبار بخشد، بالعکس. با این وجود، تنها اخیراً، ترجمه شده و در انگلیس و در این امک

مکتب مدرن بناهای یاد بود: خصوصیات و مبدا آن، یک بینش به ارتباط مدرن طراحی معماری قدیم و جدید Alois Reiglی مقاله

ی قانونی برای محافظت از بناهای تاریخی در امپراطوری به عنوان یک مقدمه بر یک بیانه 1913ل کند. این مقاله در سافراهم می

Austro-Hungarian .نوشته شده بودRiegl به دنبال کشف ذات بناها و تعیین نقش آنها در فرهنگ که دائماً در تغییر است

یا مکتب بناهای یادبود را تشخیص داد، همانطور که در طول زمان ی قابل تخصیص به کارهای گذشته سه ارزش یادآورنده Rieglبود.

پیشرفت کرده بود: بناهای یادبود بین المللی، بناهای یاد بود تاریخی )غیر بین المللی(، و بناهای یاد بود دارای قدمت.




صحیح است.« 2»ینه گز .105

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Passage 17Bauhaus is a German expression meaning “house for building”. In 1919, the economy in Germany was collapsing after a crushing war. Architect Gropius was appointed to head a new institution which would help rebuild the country and form a new social order. Called the Bauhaus, the institution called for a new “rational” social housing for the workers, Bauhaus architects rejected details such as cornices, eaves, and decorative details. They wanted to use principles of classical architecture, which seemed to be very necessary at that time because of the economic conditions and social interactions of the time, in their most pure form. Bauhaus buildings have flat roofs, smooth surface and cubic shapes. Colors are white, gray, beige or black. Kitchens are open and furniture is comfortable. 113.What was the Bauhaus purpose? 1) Changing the social orders of the country. 2) Providing comfortable furniture for the buildings. 3) Generating a new type of housing for the society. 4|) Ignoring the economic crisis by building cheap houses. 114.Which of the following has closest meaning to the underlined “eaves”? 1) cantilever 2) cortile 3) vernacular 4) stoop 115. The underlined “their” in the passage refers to: 1) principles 2) Bauhaus architects 3) details 4) interactions 116. It can be inferred from the passage that: 1) Gropius was inspired by the concept of Bauhaus. 2) The architects of Bauhaus avoided ornaments in their design. 3) Having cubic shape in a design means following the Bauhaus methodology. 4) Bauhaus had been presented by 1919. 117. The text implies that: 1) Building structures as houses finds its roots in Germany. 2) Having multi-color buildings is usual in Bauhaus. 3) Bauhaus introduced a new type of houses independent of the classical architecture. 4) Gropius believed that buildings had to be comfortable just for living.

22متن

یرانگر، اقتصاد آلمان در حال پس از یک جنگ و 1919باشد. در سال می« خانه برای ساختن»باهاوس یک اصطالح آلمانی و به معنای

ویران شدن بود. گروپیوس معمار، برای سرپرستی یک نهاد جدید انتخاب شد که به بازسازی کشور و تشکیل یک نظام اجتماعی جدید

مانند کمک کرد. این نهاد، باهاوس نام گرفت و یک خانه سازی جدید و منطقی برای کارگران را ایجاب کرد. معماران باهاوس، جزئیاتی

های تزئینی را رد کردند. آنها میخواسند از اصول معماری قرنیز )ابزار و گچبری در زیر سقف(، طرهّ )پیشامدگی لبه بام( و ساخت

ترین( فرم آنها ترین )نابرسید، در خالصکالسیک، که در آن زمان بدلیل شرایط اقتصادی و تعامالت اجتماعی بسیار ضروری بنظر می

های هموار، سطح صاف و های( ساخته شده به سبک باهاوس، بامهای )ساختمانبدون هیچگونه تزئینات جانبی. خانه استفاده کنند.

باشد.و مبلمان راحت می (open)ها باز باشد. آشپزخانه اشکال مکعبی دارند. رنگ آنها سفید، خاکستری، بژ، یا مشکی می

20


بود؟ چه Bauhausهدف

ی اجتماعی کشور( تغییر شیوه1

های مبلمان راحت برای ساختمان( تهیه2

( ایجاد یک نوع جدید خانه سازی برای جامعه3

های ارزانی ساختن خانه( رد کردن انتقادهای اقتصادی بوسیله4


ی لبه بام )طره( که زیر آن خط کشیده شده دارد؟ترین معنا را با پیش آمدگهای زیرین نزدیککدام یک از گزینه

( خمیدگی، خشوع4 ( زبان بومی3 ( حیاط اندرونی2 ( طره1


“their” :در متن که زیر آن خط کشیده شده اشاره دارد به

( اعمال متقابل4 ( جزییاتBauhaus 3( معماران 2 ( اصول1

ست.صحیح ا« 2»گزینه . 109

تواند استنباط شود که:از متن می

الهام بخشیده بود. Gropiusبه Bauhausی ( ایده1

هایشان دوری کردند.از تزیینات در طرح Bauhaus( معماران 2

کند.را دنبال می Bauhaus( داشتن فرم مکعبی در طرح به این معناست که روش 3

4 )Bauhaus ده بود(ارائه شده بود )ظهور کر 1919در سال


متن داللت ضمنی دارد بر:

کند.( سازه های ساختمان ها چون خانه ها ریشه های خود را در آلمان پیدا می1

معمول است. Bauhausهای چند رنگ در ( ساختمان2

3 )Bauhaus ها را جدا از معماری کالسیک معرفی کرد.یک نوع جدید از خانه

4 )Gropius ها باید تنها برای زندگی راحت باشند.اعتقاد داشت که ساختمان

Passage 23One of the requisites in conserving any building is a sensitive assessment of its history and merits. Every building has its own biography. For example, The Parthenon in Athens, originally built (447 to 432 BC) as a temple, subsequently served as a Christian church, a mosque, and a powder magazine before it became one of the world's greatest attractions for the tourist and art lover. The other is that the architect or surveyor analyzes the structural stability of the subject and its living pattern of movement. No structure is permanently sill. Subsoil expands and shrinks; thrust moves against thrust, and materials move with heat and wind. Forceful exercises, such as English bell ringing, have an even greater effect on a building's stability. Clay soil is the worst: the building protects the ground underneath but not around; and, with every downpour, a wall on saturated clay may alter the lean of the building. Many ancient buildings had piled foundation - although rotted over the centuries, at Winchester, the cathedral was supported on oak piles. In order to underpin the structure; a diver worked for months in the waterlogged soil.

http://building.mw/

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Framed structures can move a great deal. The skeleton of a timber-framed medieval house can be extremely crooked without losing strength if it is well triangulated and its joints are sound. A wall is theoretically safe until it leans far enough to develop tension on one side, yet even then it may be stiffened by structural cross walls. Generally, the old, evenly spread load will be stable, and any new point load or thrust will be suspect. The surveyor may check the observations over a period - e.g., by measurement with plumb lines or by simple "tell- tales" (marking devices) set across a crack, or now by electronic measuring devices of remarkable accuracy. 111. All of the following are true about the Parthenon in Athens EXCEPT that it …………. 1) counts as a tourist attraction 2) was originally built to serve several purposes 3) was built some time before Christianity began 4) functioned as a praying place for Muslims for some time 112. The word “still” in line 11 is closest in meaning to: 1) alive 2) valuable 3) yet 4) motionless 113. According to the last paragraph, which of the following is a structure with piled foundations? 1) All of the ancient buildings 2) English bell ringing 3) The cathedral at Winchester 4) Timber-framed medieval house 114. According to the last paragraph, a wall is theoretically safe when …………… . 1) it leans farther than it should 2) there is increasing tension on one side 3) tension is evenly distributed on its side 4) it needs to be buttressed by structural cross walls 115. What would be the most appropriate title for the passage? 1) Techniques in Building Conservation 2) The Parthenon in Athens: A Masterpiece 3) Building Conservation: Merits and Demerits 4) Building Conservation: Structural Considerations

23متن

ی آن است. هر ساختمانی بیوگرافی ها و سابقهیکی از شرایط الزم برای نگهداری از هر ساختمانی یک ارزیابی محسوس از شایستگی

قبل از میالد(، سپس به عنوان یک 447تا 432خودش را دارد. برای مثال، پانتئون در آتن، در ابتدا به عنوان یک معبد ساخته شد )

ها برای توریست و دوستداران و یک مسجد، و یک انبار مهمات به کار برده شد قبل از اینکه یکی از بزرگترین جاذبهکلیسای مسیحی،

ای به طور ی حرکت آن را آنالیز کند. هیچ سازهای مورد و الگوی زندههنر بشود. دیگر این است که معمار یا برآورد کننده مقاومت سازه

کنند. کنند، و مواد با گرما و باد حرکت میها در مقابل هم حرکت میشود؛ رانشمنبسط و منقبض میدائم ساکن نیست. خاک زیرین

، حتی ایر بیشتری بر استحکام ساختمان دارد. خاک رس بدترین است: ساختمان زمین English bellاعمال مویر، مانند زنگ خوردن

ی ساختمان را تغییر توالی، دیواری بر روی رس اشباع شده ممکن است تکیهکند اما نه اطراف؛ و با هر بارش مزیرین را محافظت می

ها پوسید، در وینچستر، کلیسای جامع بر روی با وجود اینکه در طول قرن -های قدیمی پی شمعی داشتنددهد. بسیاری از ساختمان

ها در خاک اشباع از آب کار کرد. کند برای ماههایی از بلوط تکیه داشت. برای پی بندی کردن سازه؛ یک کسی که در آب کار میشمع

تواند ی قرون وسطی با قاب چوبی بدون از دست دادن مقاومت میتوانند حرکت کنند. اسکلت یک خانههای قابی مقدار زیادی میسازه

27

من است تا زمانی که به اندازه بسیار خم شود اگر به خوبی میلی بندی شده باشد و اتصاالت آن سالم باشند. یک دیوار به طور تئوری ای

ای محکم شود. به ی دیوارهای متقاطع سازهکافی برای گسترش تنش بر یک طرف تکیه دارد، هنوز حتی پس از آن ممکن است بوسیله

ه ممکن ای جدید یا فشار مورد شک است. برآورد کنندطور کلی، بار سابق که به طور یکسان پخش شده ایستا خواهد بود، و هر بار نقطه

ی اندازه گیری با خطوط لوله کشی یا آژیر ساده یک ترک را به عنوان مثال، بوسیله -است مشاهدات را در طول یک دوره چک کند

ی ابزار اندازه گیری الکترونیک که دقت قابل توجهی دارند.عالمتگذاری کند، یا اکنون بوسیله


ی پانتئون در آتن درست هستند به جز:بارههای زیرین درتمام گزینه

شود.ی توریستی حساب می( به عنوان یک جاذبه1

( در ابتدا برای کاربرد برای چندین هدف ساخته شده بود.2

( چندی قبل از اینکه مسیحیت شروع شود ساخته شده بود.3

( به عنوان مکانی برای عبادت مسلمانان برای زمانی عملکرد داشت.4


در معنا نزدیک است به: 11در خط stillکلمه

( بی حرکت4 ( هنوز3 ( با ارزش2 ( سرزنده1


های شمعی است؟های زیرین یک سازه با پیبه موجب آخرین پاراگراف، کدام یک از گزینه

( تمام ساختمان های قدیمی1

گ انگلیسی( زنگ خوردن یک زن2

( کلیسای جامع در وینچستر3

ی قرون وسطی با قاب چوبی( خانه4

صحیح است. « 3»گزینه .114

به موجب آخرین پاراگراف، یک دیوار به طور تئوری ایمن است وقتی که

( به جلوتر از آنچه که باید تکیه دارد.1

( تنش فزاینده دریک طرف وجود دارد.2

د آن توزیع شده است.( تنش به طور یکسان در بع3

ی دیوارهای متقاطع پشت بندی شود.( احتیاج دارد که بوسیله4


کدام عنوان مناسب ترین برای متن است؟

( تکنیک هایی در نگهداری ساختمان1

( پانتئون در آتن: یک شاهکار2

( نگهداری ساختمان: شایستگی ها و ناشایستگی ها3

ایساختمان: مالحظات سازه نگهداری (4

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Passage 24 One type of loading that may result in brittle fracture of ductile metals is that of repeated loads. For example, if a uniaxially loaded bar with smooth surface is subjected to repeated cycles of alternately applied tensile and compressive loads of equal magnitude, it may fail by fracture (usually in a brittle manner for high cycle fatigue) at a stress level considerably below the magnitude of stress that causes failure by fracture under a noncyclic static load. Fracture of a structural member under repeated loads is commonly called fatigue fracture or failure. Fracture by fatigue may start by the initiation of one or more small cracks, usually in the neighborhood of the maximum critical stress in the member. Repeated cycling of the load causes the crack or cracks to propagate until the structural member is no longer able to carry the load across the cracked region, and the member ruptures. 116. A ductile metal may be fractured in brittle manner by ……………. 1) sudden loads 2) static loads 3) repeated loads 4) loads of different magnitude 117. Fracture of structural member under cyclic loading is called …………… 1) ductile fracture 2) brittle fracture 3) cyclic fracture 4) fatigue fracture 118. When a structural member fails due to fatigue, the stress level in the member is ……………. . 1) always below the stress level that causes failure by fracture 2) always above the yield stress limit of the material 3) considerably below the magnitude of stress that causes failure by fracture 4) considerably above the magnitude of stress that causes failure by fracture 119. Failure of a structural member may start by ……………… . 1) development of cracks after rupturing the structural member 2) differentiation of cracks across the cracked region 3) initiation of cracks in the vicinity of maximum critical stress in the member 4) propagation of cracks in the neighborhood of the minimum critical stress in the member 120.What causes the cracks to propagate across the structural member? 1) Repeated cycling of load 2) Noncyclic static load 3) Failure of the structural member 4) Rupturing the structural member

24متن

های شکننده در فلزات شکل پذیر شود ناشی از بارهای تکرار شونده است. به عنوان مثال، اگر یک یک نوع از بارگذاری که ممکن است منجر به ترک

هایی رکبار تک محوری با سطحی صاف در معرض دورهای مکرر بارهای متناوب کششی و فشاری کاربردی با بزرگی برابر قرار گیرد، ممکن است با ت

تر از بزرگی نیرویی که شکست ای پایینبا شکست بخورد )معموالً در حالتی شکننده برای دوره خستگی باال( در سطح نیرویی که به طور قابل مالحظه

خستگی یا گسیختگی ای در زیر بارهای تکرار شونده به طور معمول ترک شود. ترک عضو سازهرا به خاطر ترک در زیر بار غیر تناوبی ایستا باعث می

ی نیروی بحرانی در عضو. شود، معموالً در نزدیکی بیشینهز اشود. ترک حاصل از خستگی ممکن است با شروع یک یا چند ترک کوچک آغنامیده می

ض منطقه ترک خورده ای دیگر قادر به تحمل بار درعرها منتشر شوند تا زمانی که عضو سازهشود ترک یا ترکدوره های تکرار شونده بار باعث می

شود.نیست، و عضو تخریب می

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ی ........ ترک بخورد.یک فلز شکل پذیر ممکن است در حالتی شکننده بوسیله

( بارهای ناگهانی1

( بارهای ایستا2

( بارهای تکرار شونده 3

( بارهایی با بزرگی متفاوت4


شود.ای ........ نامیده میای در زیر بارهای دورهو سازهترک عض

( ترک نرم1

( ترک شکننده2

ای( ترک دوره3

( ترک خستگی4


شکند، سطح تنش در عضو ..........ای به خاطر خستگی میهنگامی که یک عضو سازه

شود.خاطر ترک می تر از سطح نیرویی که باعث شکستن به( همیشه پایین1

( همیشه باالتر از حد تنش تسلیم در مصالح2

شود.تر از بزرگی تنشی که باعث شکستن به خاطر ترک میای پایین( به طور قابل مالحظه3

شود.تر از بزرگی تنشی که باعث شکستن به خاطر ترک میای باال( به طور قابل مالحظه4


ای ممکن است با ........... آغاز شود.ضو سازهشکست یک ع

ایها بعد از تخریب عضو سازه( توسعه ترک1

ی ترک خوردهها در عرض منطقه( تفاوت ترک2

ها در نزدیکی تنش بحرانی پیشینه در عضو( شروع ترک3

ها در نزدیکی تنش بحرانی بیشینه در عضو( منتشر شدن ترک4


ای منتشر شوند؟ها در عرض عضو سازهشود که ترکچه چیزی باعث می

( بارهای دوره تکرار شونده1

( بارهای ایستا غیر متناوب2

ای( شکست عضو سازه3

ای( تخریب عضو سازه4

Passage 25 Architectural form is often used but less frequently defined. Ching breaks from the tradition of using the term loosely. Yet, although he defines it explicitly, his definition still remains imprecise. He suggests that architectural form is an inclusive term that refers primarily to a building’s external outline or shape, and to a lesser degree references its internal organization and unifying principles. He also notes that shape encompasses various visual and relational properties;

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namely size, colour and texture, position, orientation and visual inertia. Form, in his view, is therefore generally and primarily understood as the shape or three-dimensional massing, but also encompasses additional architectural aspects including structural configuration and form, in so far as they may organize and unify an architectural design. 121. According to the text, what did Ching do about architectural form? 1) He introduced it clearly. 2) He made it practical. 3) He defined it precisely. 4) He broke the tradition of using it. 122. The underlined “it” refers to: 1) tradition 2) architectural form 3) using the term 4) definition 123. According to Ching, building’s external outline: 1) shows its internal organization strongly. 2) presents the unifying principles of it accurately. 3) is its basic definition for its architectural form. 4) has less to do with form and shape. 124. All of the following statements are FALSE EXCEPT: 1) There has always been an explicit understanding about architectural form. 2) A unified architectural design has a strong interconnection with form and shape. 3) Shape and form are the same and Ching used them prior to others. 4) Architectural form is used loosely. 125. Which one would be the best topic for the passage? 1) “Ching, An outstanding Architect” 2) “Shape and Form in an Architectural Design” 3) “Architectural Design: State of the Art” 4) “Architectural Form, from Ching’s Point of View”

25متن

ربط این اصطالح را شکست. هنوز، با وجود ی بیسنت استفاده Chingشود. شود ولی کمتر تعریف میفرم معماری اغلب استفاده می

کند که فرم معماری یک اصطالح فراگیر است اینکه او آن را به طور واضح تعریف کرد، تعریف او هنوز مبهم باقی مانده است. او اظهار می

کند. او تر ارجاع به نظام داخلی و اصول وحدت بخش آن اشاره میه شکل و حدود بیرونی یک ساختمان، و در سطح پایینکه اوالً ب

گیرد، برای مثال اندازه،رنگ و بافت، موقعیت، جهت و کند که شکل مشخصات وابسته و بصری متفاوتی را در بر میهمچنین اشاره می

اه او، به طور کلی و اولیه به عنوان شکل یااینرسی بصری. بنابراین، فرم از نگ

گیرد، تا ای و فرم را در بر میی دیگری را شامل آرایش فضایی سازههای معمارانهشود، اما همینطور جنبهی سه بعدی درک میتوده

آنجا که ممکن است یک طرح معماری را سازمان دهد و وحدت بخشد.


چه کاری در مورد فرم معماری انجام داد؟ Chingمتن، با توجه به

( او آن را به طور واضح معرفی کرد.1

( او آن را عملی کرد.2

( او آن را به طور دقیق تعریف کرد.3

ی آن را شکست.( او سنت استفاده4

31


It که زیر آن خط کشیده شده است به چه چیزی اشاره دارد؟

نت( س1

( فرم معماری2

( استفاده اصطالح3

( تعریف4


حدود بیرونی ساختمان: Chingبا توجه به

دهد.( سازمان داخلی آن را به طور قوی نشان می1

دهد.( اصول وحدت بخش آن را به طور دقیق نشان می2

( تعریف اولیه آن برای فرم معماری آن است.3

تباط با فرم و شکل است.( کمتر در ار4


تمام جمالت زیر اشتباه هستند به جز:

( همیشه یک تعریف واضح در مورد فرم معماری وجود دارد.1

( یک طرح معماری یکپارچه شده یک اتصال قوی با شکل و فرم دارد.2

رد.آنها قبل از دیگران استفاده ک Ching( شکل و فرم یکی هستند و 3

شود.( فرم معماری به طور بی ربطی استفاده می4


کدام یک بهترین موضوع برای متن است؟

( چینگ یک معمار برجسته1

( شکل و فرم در طرح معماری2

( طرح معماری: بیان هنر3

( فرم معماری از نقطه نظر چینگ4

Passage 26 An exploration program of a project may be initiated on an existing structure where additions are contemplated. The current safety of an existing structure may require investigation if excessive settlements or cracks have occurred. The required remedial measures may be undertaken based on new found information or the damage evidence and a reinterpretation of the original data. A part of the exploration program may include on-site monitoring, both during and after construction, to make certain recommendations are being followed. Where the excavation reveals conditions requiring design changes, monitoring of progress will ensure change orders are initiated early enough to keep costs to a minimum. Post construction monitoring of building performance is particularly desirable from the geotechnical consultant’s view, since this allows for a review of the design procedures and builds a data base for future work. Unfortunately, few

32

owners are willing to make this investment or even allow property entry should the foundation consultant be willing to underwrite the cost. While the primary focus of this discussion is on-site exploration for buildings and other structures where the cost per unit of area is high, many of the methods are applicable to roads, airfields, and water, sewer, pipe and power lines. 126. On-site monitoring: 1) is defined as the exploration program. 2) validates the recommendations that should be followed. 3) is highly recommended only during the construction. 4) None of them. 127. Which one is a basis for the required remedial measures? 1) When the information about foundation is new. 2) When there is on-site monitoring. 3) When the original data are being used. 4) When damage occurs in a part of the work. 128. Choose the FALSE choice about “Post construction monitoring of building performance”. 1) All of the developers want to pay for it. 2) It forms a data base for our future projects. 3) It is desirable for a geotechnical consultant. 4) 2 and 3 129. Which one is the best synonym for “reveal”? 1) repeat 2) inhibit 3) show 4) complete 130. Choose the TRUE statement: 1) Occurring excessive cracks cause settlement. 2) Monitoring work progress reduces unnecessary costs. 3) An existing structure always needs an exploration program. 4) None of them is true.

26متن

های اضافی در نظر گرفته شده است. امنیت حاضر یک ی موجود آغاز شود جابی که ترکیبی کاوش یک پروژه ممکن است بر سازهبرنامه

های چاره ساز هایی رخ دهد. سنجشهای بیشتر با ترکی موجود ممکن است احتیاج به سرمایه گذاری داشته باشد اگر سکونتسازه

براساس اطالعات تازه یافته شده یا گواهی خسارت و تفسیر مجدد اطالعات اولیه انجام شود. مورد نیاز ممکن است

قسمتی از این برنامه کاوش شامل کنترل در سایت، هم در طول ساخت و هم بعد از آن، برای دادن پیشنهادهای مطمئن، باید دنبال

کند که دستور کند، کنترل جریان این اطمینان را ایجاد میآشکار میشود. هنگامی که خاک برداری موقعیت نیازمند به تغییر طرح را

های بعد از ساخت از عملکرد ساختمان از نظر ها کافی باشد. کنترلشود که برای حداقل نگه داشتن هزینهتغییرات به زودی شروع می

شود و یک منبع داده برای کار آینده طرح می مشاورین جئوتکنیک به طور علمی مطلوب است، زیرا این باعث یک بازنگری از فرآیند

دهند که شود. متأسفانه، تعداد کمی از صاحبان خواستار این سرمایه گذاری هستند و حتی اجازه وارد شدن به مایملک را میمی

ها باشند.مشاوران ساختمان باید خواستار دوباره نوشتن هزینه

33


:کنترل در سایت

شود.( به عنوان برنامه کاوش تعریف می1

کند.( پیشنهاداتی که باید دبنال شود را قانونی می2

شود.تنها در طول ساخت بسیار پیشنهاد می( 3

( هیچکدام4


ای برای سنجش چاره ساز مورد نیاز است؟کدام یک پایه

دید است.( هنگامی که اطالعات در مورد ساختمان ج1

( هنگامی که کنترل در یاست وجود دارد.2

شوند.( هنگامی که اطالعات اولیه استفاده می3

دهد.( هنگامی که خسارات در قسمتی از کار رخ می4


انتخاب کنید. -کنترل بعد از ساخت از عملکرد ساختمان -ی اشتباه را در موردگزینه

خواهند که برای آن بپردازند.هندگان میی توسعه د( همه1

دهد.های آتی ما یک منبع داده شکل می( برای پروژه2

( برای یک مشاوره جئوتکنیک مطلوب است.3

3و 2( 4


است؟ -revealکدام یک بهترین هم معنی برای

( تکرار کردن1

( جلوگیری کردن2

( نشان دادن3

( کامل کردن4


جمله درست را انتخاب کنید:

شود.های فزاینده که رخ داده باعث سکونت می( ترک1

( کنترل پیشرفت کار هزینه های غیر الزم را کاهش دهد.2

ی موجود همیشه احتیاج به یک برنامه کاوش دارد.( یک سازه3

( هیچکدام درست نیست.4

Passage 27 As well as structure’s contribution to the visual composition of the façade and the way itsexposure links the interior and exterior architecture, structure can also be read as playing several expressive roles –such as expressing structural actions, building function and conceptual issues. The triangulated geometry of the double coat-hanger trusses shows how they transfer loads from their mid-spans and end tension-hangers to the vierendeel masts. At a more detailed level though,

34

the expression of structural actions is somewhat inconsistent. While the increasing diameter of the tension-hangers towards the underside of each truss accurately reflects the accumulative increase of weight from the suspended floors, the enlargements at the ends of truss members suggest rigid connectivity rather than the reality of large structural pin joints. 131. The underlined “its” refers to: 1) structure 2) composition 3) façade 4) contribution 132. Structural action……………. . 1) is always clearly defined 2) expresses a structure as its main role. 3) is inherently inconsistent 4) must be defined along with building function and conceptual issues 133. What is the function of the triangulated geometry mentioned in the passage? 1) Showing that we have double coat-hanger trusses. 2) Showing the way double coat-hanger trusses transfer loads. 3) Is designed to be used for trusses with vierendeel masts. 4) Is used to transform trusses in order to transfer loads to the masts. 134.Choose the closest meaning to the word “accumulative”: 1) abbreviated 2) piled up 3) uncertain 4) hierarchic

27متن

زه کند، سابه همان خوبی که سازه در ترکیب بصری نما دخالت دارد و طریقی که ظهور آن معماری داخلی و بیرونی را به هم مرتبط می

ای، عملکرد ساختمان و سازه مانند بیان رفتارهای -ی چندین نقش پر معنی دیگر شناخته شودتواندبه عنوان اجرا کنندههمچنین می

ها دهد که چگونه آنها بارها را از وسط دهانهنشان می coat- hangerی ی مثلثی خرپاهای دو الیهموضوعات مربوط به کانسپت. هندسه

ای به نوعی های سازهدهند. هر چند در یک مقیاس با جزییات بیشتر، بیان رفتارهای ویرندیل انتقال میی کششی به دکلو انتهای اعضا

ی اعضای کششی به سمت زیرین هر خرپا به طور دقیق افزایش جمع شونده وزن طبقات معلق متناقض است. در حالی که قطر فزاینده

دهد.های بزرگ را پیشنهاد میسازه pinهای تری نسبت به واقعیت مفصلخرپا اتصال محکم دهد، بزرگی انتهای اعضایرا نشان می


Its کند به:که زیر آن خط کشیده شده رجوع می

( سازه1

( ترکیب2

( نما3

( همکاری4


ایرفتار سازه

( همیشه آشکارا تعریف شده است.1

دهد.سازه را به عنوان نقش اصلی آن نشان می (2

( به طور ذاتی متناقض است.3

( باید در راستای عملکرد ساختمان و موضوعات مرتبط با کانسپ تعریف شود.4

30


ی مثلثی که در متن اشاره شده چیست؟عملکرد هندسه

داریم. coat- hangerی ( نشان دادن اینکه ما خرپاهای دو الیه1

دهند.بارها را انتقال می coat- hangerی ( نشان دادن راهی که خرپاهای دو الیه2

های ویرندیل استفاده شود.( طراحی شده تا برای خرپاهایی با دکل3

ها انتقال دهند.( طراحی شده تا خرپاها را تغییر شکل دهد تا بارها را به دکل4


انتخاب کنید: ”accumulative“ی ترین معنی را به کلمهزدیکن

( کوتاه شده1

( جمع شده2

( نامطمئن3

( سلسله مراتب4

Passage 28 The skyscraper, which is one of the greatest modern American creations, came into being as a result of necessity. The demand for room in an already-congested district made it necessary, and different architectural designs along with modern engineering methods made it possible. The steel-cage system of construction makes possible the superstructure. The cage is made of steel beams fastened together with bolts. It may be compared to a bridge set on end. The steel skeleton forms the whole support for the upper floors, and the walls are merely coverings for protection. The construction of the substructure is just as marvelous. It must be so built that it will not only support the superstructure and its contents, but also bear the pressure exerted upon it by the force of the wind against the walls. In building the foundations, steel caissons-large boxlike structures-are sunk down to bedrock. When they reach bed rock, the rock is leveled and the caissons are filled with concrete; thus solid piers are made from bedrock to the surface of the ground. 135. The word underlined “marvelous”, could be best replaced by …………. 1) entertaining 2) difficult 3) amazing 4) frustrating 136. According to the passage, caissons are a type of ……. . 1) mat foundations 2) bedrocks 3) piles 4) superstructures 137. Construction of the skyscraper was made possible because of …………. 1) necessity and a demand for room 2) the use of caissons 3) architectural designs and modern engineering methods 4) steel-cage system of construction 138. The construction of substructures: 1) must be marvelous. 2) must be capable enough to withstand pressure generated by wind against walls. 3) must be support the superstructure and its components only. 4) must be built after the superstructure suffers the wind forces.

36

139. The underlined “it” in the last paragraph refers to: 1) superstructure 2) substructure 3) pressure 4) construction 140. Which one could be the best topic for the above passage? 1) “Modern American Creations” 2) “The Role of Architectural Design in Skyscrapers” 3) “Critique of Steel-Caissons as Substructures” 4) “Constructing a Skyscraper: A glance”







Passage 29 The sloping face and graceful parabolic arch of the Espirito Santa Plaza -a mixed use high-rise- are likely to make it a well-known feature of the local skyline. But the building is also notable for the strategy its designers employed to cope with floods.

The 35-storey tower stands close to the edge of Biscayne Bay. 70,000 m2 post tensioned concrete structure is divided into office, hotel, and residential levels, respectively from bottom to top, as we can predict for such a unique building, each with a different column layout, says Elias Matar, the project manager for structural engineers L.E.R Associates. Many high-rises in similar locations are built so that the walls of the ground floor will break away during a flood. The Espirito Santa Plaza, however, is designed to keep floodwaters out, even during a 100-year flood, when the water would be 4.3m above sea level, or 2.3 m above the building’s ground floor elevation. 141. According to the author, the notability of the Espirito Santa Plaza is that: 1) its designers employed a notable way to overcome floods. 2) it employed designers to cope with floods. 3) it is a mixed use high-rise. 4) it is a strategic structure. 142. A major difference between this building and others built in flood-prone areas is: other high-rises employ break-away walls on the ground floors. high-rises are not usually built near bays because of the high risk of flooding. post–tensioned concrete structures have not previously been considered suitable for flood areas. None of the above is True. 143. The underlined “each” refers to: 1) residential level 2) structure 3) level 4) building

37

144.The ground floors of such buildings other than the Espirito Santa Plaza: 1) are not usually considered habitable spaces. 2) are always used as habitable spaces. 3) keep floodwaters out. 4) are normally 2 meters above the building’s ground floor elevation. 145. The project manager says that, lower levels of the Espirito Santa Plaza: 1) are designed for hotel 2) are used as residential levels 3) are allocated to office levels

4) are 70,000 m2 totall






Passage 30 The curtain wall of the Espirito Santa Plaza is reinforced to withstand water pressure on the exterior, much like an aquarium in reverse, says Jae Chang, an architect with K.P.F. Associates, which designed the building. The window assembly is 50mm thick, or about twice the typical thickness, including a nearly 25 mm inner layer comprising two glass panels joined by a clear polycarbonate interlayer for added strength. In addition, the window mullions are reinforced with carbon steel. The ground floor slab is reinforced and attached to the pile caps to resist upward hydrostatic pressures of up to 25,000 Pa, says Matar. In addition, a concrete wave trip wall about 450 mm high will be constructed on the eastern edge of the property to dissipate wave energy during a flood. In this way, Matar says, the owners obtained a flood classification for the building that allowed them to use the ground floor for habitable space. Flat-plate construction was used for the hotel and residential floors, but slab and beam construction was used on the office level to achieve spans of up to 15m. Column transfers occur

at the 16th and 25th floors. On the 24th floor, two concrete outrigger walls about 9m high and 700 mm thick extend from the building core to the perimeter to provide additional stiffness.

146. The architect, Jae Chang …………….. . 1) designed an aquarium for the tower 2) designed the tower as a building with special materials such as carbon steel 3) designed the building with a curtain wall to withstand any pressure 4) didn’t designed it alone

38

147. Uplift forces on the building due to flooding are resisted by: 1) two concrete outrigger walls. 2) a curtain wall reinforced with carbon steel. 3) alternating flat-plate with slab-and-beam construction. 4) a reinforced ground floor slab attached to the pile caps. 148. The first line of defense against flooding is: 1) break-away walls on the ground floor. 2) a concrete wall at the edge of the property. 3) flat-plate construction on the hotel and residential floors. 4) windows made of extra glass reinforced with a polycarbonate interlayer. 149. According to the last paragraph, all of the statements are TRUE EXCEPT: 1) Hotel and residential levels have similar construction.

2) There are column transfers from 16th to 25th floors. 3) More stiffness is obtained through the use of concrete outrigger walls. 4) Upper floors have smaller spans.





Passage 31 Concrete has been used since Roman times and possibly earlier. The Romans even used lightweight concrete for the roof of Coliseum. With us lightweight concrete is a development mainly of the last forty years. The cements the Romans used were different from which are used today. Good, strong, long-lasting concrete did not become generally possible until cheap coal was available and therefore cheap cement. Portland cement is made from the burning of finely-ground limestone or chalk mixed with clay. This was first patented in 1224, but the cement was not in wide use until the beginning of the 20 th century. It was only then that concrete technology began. Concrete was originally used because it was a strong, cheap replacement for masonry. Very few limes ever reach

the strength that cement can reach in a few days at ordinary temperatures (15 oC). 150. Concrete technology: 1) started to be used from the last 20 years.

2) started from the beginning of the 20 th century. 3) come into exist in 1824. 4) began from Roman times. 151. All of the following are FALSE EXCEPT............. 1) Concrete technology began at 1824. 2) Good concrete and cheap cement were mainly the result of availability of cheap coal. 3) Abram’s law points out that if the ratio of water and cement changes, the strength of the concrete does not vary but its workability will change.

Cement was not widely used until the 19th century.

39

152. “Long-lasting concrete” is a concrete: 1) with long setting time. 2) that is durable. 3) which was made in the far past. 4) which is poured in the last phase of the project. 153. In a comparison between cement and lime: 1) the former has been widely used since Roman times. 2) reaching the same strength takes longer time for the latter. 3) the ordinary temperature for comparing their strength is totally different. 4) lime is no longer used in construction.





Passage 32 Concrete technology is concerned with making of plentiful good concrete cheaply. It includes the correct choice of the cement and the water, and the right treatment of aggregates. Those which are dug nearby, must be sized, washed free of clay or silt, and recombined in the correct proportions so as to make a cheap concrete which is workable at a low water-cement ratio. It is, therefore, compacted to a high density and becomes strong. Abram’s law, perhaps the oldest law of concrete technology, states that the strength of a concrete varies inversely with its water-cement ratio. This means that the sand content – particularly the fine sand which needs much water- must be reduced so far as possible. The fact that the sand drinks large quantities of water can easily be established by mixing several batches of x kg of sand. Cement with y kg of stone and the same amount of water but increasing amounts of sand. However, if there is no sand, the concrete will be so stiff that it will be unworkable therefore porous and weak. The same will be true if the sand is too coarse. Therefore, for each set of aggregates, the correct mix must be chosen after careful testing; once found, this must not be changed without any good reason. This applies particularly to the water content. Any potable and many undrinkable waters can be used for making concrete. Most clear waters from the sea or river can also be used for this purpose. It is important that clay should be kept out of the concrete. The cement if fresh can usually be chosen on the basis of the maker’s certificates of tensile or crushing tests, but these are always made with fresh cement. Where strength is important, and cement at the site is old, it should be tested. 154. Abram’s law: 1) seems to be the oldest law in the field of concrete technology. 2) says that the strength of concrete is inversely proportional to its W/C ratio. 3) results in this conclusion that it is better to reduce the amount of fine sand in a concrete mix. 4) All of the above.

41

155. The word underlined “dug”, could be best replaced by …….. . 1) deposited 2) covered 3) unearthed 4) extricated 156. Which statement is True? 1) Any kind of soil can be used for making concrete. 2) Sea waters cannot be used for making concrete under any circumstances. 3) The concrete we use must be workable regardless of W/C ratio.4 4) Tensile tests must be done again at the site if the cement is not fresh. 157. Having no sand in a concrete mix: 1) causes a more workable concrete. 2) is desirable because makes stiffer concrete. 3) results in a weak concrete. 4) is not suitable because it reduces the porosity of the concrete. 158.The underlined “this”, refers to ……. . 1) good reason 2) correct mix 3) careful testing 4) set of aggregates 159. Choose the best title for the passage: 1) “Concrete Technology: A Glance” 2) “Water-Cement Ration Versus Concrete Strength” 3) “Cement: The Innovation of the Century” 4)“The Influence of Abram’s Law on concrete Technology”

صحیح است.« 4»ه گزین. 154






Passage 33 Safavi Isfahan tried to achieve grandeur in scale (Isfahan’s Naghsh-i Jahan Square is the 6th largest square worldwide) knowledge about building tall buildings with vast inner spaces. However, dm quality of ornaments was decreased in comparison with those of the 14th and 11th centuries. In the old Persian architecture, semi-circular and oval-shaped vaults were of great interest, leading Safavi architects to display their extraordinary skills in making massive domes. Domes can be seen frequently in the structures of bazaars and mosques, particularly during the Safavi period in Isfahan. Iranian domes are distinguished for their height, proportions of elements, beauty of form, and roundness of the dome stem. The outer surfaces of the domes are mostly mosaic faced, and create a magical view. In the words of D. Huff, a German archaeologist, the dome is the dominant element in Persian architecture.

41

Another aspect of this architecture was the harmony it presented- and manifested with the people, their environment, and their beliefs. At the same time no strict rules were applied to govern this form of Islamic architecture. The great mosques of Khorasan, Isfahan, and Tabriz each used local geometry, local materials, and local building methods to express in their own ways the order, harmony, and unity of Islamic architecture. And thus when the major monuments of Islamic Persian architecture are examined, they reveal complex geometrical relationships, a studied hierarchy of form and ornament, and great depths of symbolic meaning. 160. According to the passage, all of the following are true about Safavi Isfahan EXCEPT that it ………….. . 1) included tall buildings 2 ) utilized decorations to a great extent 3) had buildings with big inner spaces 4 ) sought greatness from a size-related aspect 161. The rhetorical purpose of paragraph 2 is ………….. . 1) definition 2) classification 3) function description 4) physical description 162. What part of the domes mentioned in paragraph 2 produces a sight pleasing to the eyes of spectators? 1) Stem 2 ) Vaults 3 ) Elements 4) Outer surface 163. According to the passage, the use of local geometry, local materials, and local building methods ………….. . 1) was based on a set of strict rules 2) caused the same concepts to take on various forms 3) was imposed by people, their environment and beliefs 4) helped maintain the order harmony, and unity of Islamic architecture 164. What is the author's attitude towards Persian architecture? 1) Favorable 2) Sarcastic 3 ) Indifferent 4) Partially critical






Passage 34The investigations performed for this study showed that residential communities, when they meet the universal needs of family life, have similar parts performing similar functions. In the neighborhood unit system those parts have been put together as an organic whole. The scheme is put forward as a frame-work of a model community and not as a detailed plan. Its actual realization in an individual real-estate development requires the embodiment and garniture which can be given to it only by the planner, the architect, and the builder. The underlying principle of the scheme is that an urban neighborhood should be regarded both as a unit of a larger whole and as a distinct entity in itself. For government, fire and police protection, and many other

42

services, it depends upon the municipality. Its residents, for the most part, find their occupations outside of the neighborhood. 165. The concept of neighborhood unit considers a residential community to be: 1) a facilitator of discussion on universal needs of residents 2) an organic whole 3) a model and not a detailed plan of an area 4) totally dependent on the municipality 166. The underlined word “garniture” refers to: 1) design 2) grandness 3) details of street furniture 4) ornament 167. In this passage, an urban neighborhood is suggested to be considered as: 1) a blueprint design and a detailed plan for a community 2) a distinct entity within the city 3) a resort to areas such as downtown 4) a limited site which must house the major urban facilities 168. Fire protection: 1) is occupied by the neighborhood unit 2) is a kind of service which depends upon who is managing it 3) not only should be provided by the municipality but also by the community 4) is a kind of service which is provided by the municipality 169. This passage implies that: 1) neighborhoods need fire protection. 2) urban neighborhoods should be designed by a group of planners, architects, and builders. 3) all residential communities, regardless of which city they are located, have similar needs for facilities and functions. 4) municipality is the most important organization that must be considered by architects.

34متن

خانوادگی مواجه های مسکونی، وقتی که با نیازهای همگانی زندگی هایی که برای این مطالعه انجام شده نشان داد که مجتمعبررسی

ها به عنوان یک کلیت کنند. در سیستم واحد همسایگی آن قسمتهای مشابهی دارند که به طور مشابه عمل میقسمتشویم، می

ی با جزییات پیش شوند. این طرح به عنوان چهارچوب یک مجتمع نمونه و نه به عنوان یک برنامهزیستی در کنار یکدیگر قرار داده می

ی برنامه ریز، معمار و ی امالک خصوصی نیازمند تجسم و تزیینات است که تنها به وسیله. تحقق واقعی آن در یک سازندهشودبرده می

ی این طرح این است که یک همسایگی شهری باید هم به عنوان یک واحد کلی تواند به آن داده شود. اصول پیش زمینهسازنده می

تقل در خودش، مالحظه شود. برای دولت، محافظت آتش نشانی و پلیس، و بسیاری دیگر بزرگتر و هم به عنوان یک موجودیت مس

کنند.ها، اشتغال خود را در بیرون از همسایگی پیدا میخدمات، به شهرداری مربوط است. ساکنان آن، برای بیشتر قسمت

43


گیرد:کلیت زیستی در نظر میی واحد همسایگی یک مجتمع مسکونی را یک ایده

ی بحث بر روی نیازهای ساکنین( یک تسهیل کننده1

( یک کلیت زیستی2

( یک نمونه و نه یک طرح با جزییات از یک فضاست.3

( به طور کامل مربوط به شهرداری4


شود:به کدام کلمه ارجاع داده می ”garniture“ی کلمه

( طرح1

زرگی( ب2

( جزییات مبلمان خیابان3

( تزیینات4


شود که به عنوان ........... مالحظه شود:در این متن، یک همسایگی شهری پیشنهاد می

( یک طرح اولیه و یک طرح با جزییات برای یک مجتمع1

( یک موجودیت مستقل در شهر2

ایین شهر( یک طبقه بندی برای فضاهایی مانند پ3

( یک سایت محدود که باید به تسهیالت اصلی شهری جا دهد.4


محافظت در برابر آتش:

شود.( در واحد همسایگی به کار گرفته می1

کند مربوط است.( یک نوع خدمات است که به کسی که آن را اداره می2

ی مجتمع فراهم شود.ی شهرداری بلکه بوسیله( نه تنها باید بوسیله3

شود.( یک نوع خدمات است که بوسیله شهرداری تأمین می4


محافظت در برابر آتش:

شود.( در واحد همسایگی به کار گرفته می1

کند مربوط است.( یک نوع خدمات است که به کسی که آن را اداره می2

ی مجتمع فراهم شود.که بوسیلهی شهرداری بل( نه تنها باید بوسیله3

شود.( یک نوع خدمات است که بوسیله شهرداری تأمین می4

44

Passage 35 Over the past twenty years, several hundred articles on analysis and behavior of semi-rigid steel frames have appeared in the technical literature. This body of knowledge indicates that semi-rigid or partially restrained frames (PR) possess many economical, constructional and technical advantages over rigid frames and frame-shear wall systems. However, it is safe to say that only a small percentage of the literature on this subject addresses design issues directly. The result is that even though semi- rigid or partial-restraint (PR) connection behavior is recognized and allowed by most specifications, very few designers have made explicit use of them in design. In general, these few designers possess what are considered advanced analysis and design tools, consisting mostly of computer programs developed in house. This situation is beginning to change, however, because advanced analysis techniques are beginning to be widely discussed and disseminated and public domain and commercial programs incorporating them will soon be available. This paper describes the development of a particular type of semi-rigid construction which the author and his co-workers have developed over the past 12 years. The paper is divided into three main parts. The first part presents some important considerations on semi-rigid behavior, which apply irrespective of the connection type being used. Despite some unforeseen situations, they are included here to illustrate the differences between simple, fully rigid, and partially rigid structures and to highlight their impact on limit states. The second part of the paper deals with the design on semi-rigid structures utilizing the composite action of the floor system. 170. PR connections: 1) are widely discussed in the literature. 2) haven’t any advantages over frame-shear wall systems. 3) are not frequently used by designers. 4) are still not well recognized. 171. The best synonym for “disseminate” is: 1) separate 2) simulate 3) examine 4) spread widely 172. The second part of the paper: 1) is about designing floor systems. 2) is the only part discussing about semi-rigid connections. 3) is about designing a special type of semi-rigid structures. 4) is the best part of the article including the conclusion. 173. The article intends to describe that: 1) the limits of specifications on semi-rigid connection applications 2) the last 22 years of research on the subject 3) a special semi-rigid construction developed by the authors 4) the advances over the last 12 years on a particular type of PR connection 174. The underlined “they” refers to: 1) considerations 2) the connection type 3) three main parts 4) situations

35متن

شود. این متن علمی های فوالدی نیمه سخت در ادبیات فنی پدیدار میطی بیست سال گذشته، چند صد مقاله در تحلیل و رفتار قاب

های سخت و قاب ای و فنی زیادی نسبت بهمزایای اقتصادی، سازه (PR)های نیمه سخت یا اندکی مهار شده دهد که قابنشان می

سیستم دیوار قاب برشی دارد. به هر حال، صحیح است که بگوییم تنها درصد کمی از ادبیات در این موضوع به موضوعات طراحی به طور

40

باز شناخته شده و (PR)دهد. نتیجه این است که با وجود اینکه رفتار اتصاالت نیمه سخت یا اندکی مهار شده مستقیم نشانی می

اند. به طورکلی، این تعداد کم ی صریحی از آنها در طراحی کردهاغلب مشخصات مجاز شده، طراحان بسیار کمی استفاده یبوسیله

های کامپیوتری است که در خانه شود، که اغلب شامل برنامهطراحان دارای چیزی هستند که ابزار طراحی و تحلیل پیشرفته مالحظه می

های تحلیل پیشرفته در آغاز این است که به طور گسترده غاز تغییر است، به هر حال، چون تکنیکتولید شده است. این موقعیت در آ

برند به زودی در دسترس خواهند بود. این مقاله بحث شود و منتشر شود و قلمرو عمومی و برنامه های تجاری که آنها را به کار می

اند. مقاله به سه بخش اصلی یسنده و همکارانش طی ده سال اخیر ساختهکند که نوساخت نوع خاصی ساختار نیمه سخت را توصیف می

دهد، که بدون در نظرگرفتن نوع خاص اتصالی که تقسیم شده است. قسمت اول برخی مالحظات مهم را در رفتار نیمه سخت نشان می

ها را بین اند تا تفاوته حساب آورده شدهبینی نشده، آنها در اینجا بهای پیششود. با وجود برخی موقعیتاستفاده شده اجرا می

های محدود مشخص کند. قسمت دوم مقاله به ساختارهای ساده، به طور کامل سخت، و اندکی سخت نشان دهد و اثر آنها را بر وضعیت

سختی و مقاومت کند. به طور سنتی،برد رسیدگی میطراحی بر روی ساختارهای نیمه سخت که رفتار ترکیبی سیستم کف را به کار می

آل سازی آن به های فوالدی نادیده گرفته شده، به جز برای ایدهاضافه شده که بوسیله سیستم کف تأمین شده در تحلیل ساختمان

ای کارآمد، و جهت عنوان دیافراگم سخت برای بارهای جانبی، این قسمت از مقاله قصد دارد تا نشان دهد چرا اقتصادی، از لحاظ سازه

ی کف در طرح ایمن است. قسمت آخر مقاله به موارد جزئی که به طور اساسی با ی صفحهی سختی و مقاومت اضافه شدههاستفاد

کند.های ترکیبی نیمه سخت در ارتباط است رسیدگی میای سیستمعملکرد لرزه


:PRاتصاالت

( به طور گسترده در ادبیات بحث شده است.1

هایی نسبت به سیستم دیوار با قاب برشی ندارد.مزیت( 2

شود.( اغلب بوسیله طراحان استفاده نمی3

اند.( هنوز به خوبی شناخته نشده4


چیست: ”disseminate“بهترین هم معنی برای

( شبیه سازی کردن1

( امتحان کردن2

( بسیار گسترش یافته3

( مجزا4

صحیح است.« 3»نه گزی. 172

قسمت دوم مقاله:

های کف است.( در مورد طراحی سیستم1

کند.( تنها قسمتی است که در مورد اتصاالت نیمه سخت بحث می2

( در مورد یک نوع خاص از ساختارهای نیمه سخت است.3

( بهترین قسمت از مقاله است که شامل نتیجه گیری است.4

46


ه قصد دارد که توصیف کند:مقال

( حدود مشخصات اجرای اتصاالت نیمه سخت1

سال تحقیقات اخیر بر روی موضوع 21( 2

( یک ساختار نیمه سخت که بوسیله نویسنده ساخته شده3

PRسال اخیر بر روی نوع خاصی از اتصاالت 11هایی در طی ( پیشرفت4


Passage 36Every crane has a certain lifting capacity, ranging from a few tons to many hundreds of tons, depending on the type of crane and the purpose for which it is intended, a matter that a project manager in a major construction project should master. In jib cranes, the capacity usually varies with the radius which depends on the slope of the jib. Where the latter is raised to a steep, the radius, the distance from the load to the center of the king pin, is small, and the crane can then carry a heavier load than when the jib is lowered to its farthest extent and the radius is large. This difference in lifting capacity at different radii is determined by the stability of the crane, i.e. its safety against overturning. The weight of the load (suspended from the jib) multiplied by the radius constitutes the overturning moment. The latter is counterbalanced by a heavy counterweight which is located at a certain distance rearward from the king pin and develops a counterbalancing moment. This counterweight may be mounted on the substructure or on a special secondary jib projecting to the rear and is sometimes movable, so that the counterbalancing moment can be varied within certain limits. The overturning moment must always be smaller than the counterbalancing moment, and for this reason only a certain maximum load is permissible at a certain radius. 175. The lifting capacity of a jib crane depends on all of the items below, EXCEPT………… . 1) the radius 2) the weight of the load 3) the distance to the center of the king pin 4) the slope of the jib 176. The higher the angle of the jib above horizontal, …………. 1) the greater the distance 2) the longer the jib 3) the heavier the load 4) the longer the radius 177. The safety of a crane against overturning …………… . 1) is the weight of the load multiplied by the radius 2) determines the difference in lifting capacity at different radii 3) decreases as the lifting capacity increases 4) is a factor that must be counterbalanced

47

178. It can be inferred from the text that, maximum loads at a certain radius are ……………. . 1) fixed 2) variable 3) equal to the counterweight 4) greater than the overturning moment 179. Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the text? 1) We cannot apply any magnitude of load at a certain radius 2) Hooks are lifting and handling devices that can be attached to cranes. 3) The counterbalancing moment can be varied because the counterweight is sometimes movable. 4) Every crane is intended for a special purpose that must be determined by its lifting capacity.

36متن

ای از چند تن تا چند صد تن دارد، که بستگی به نوع چرثقیل و هدفی که برای هر چرثقیل یک ظرفیت حمل مشخص دارد، که دامنه

هایی ی ساختمان سازی بزرگ باید بر آن مسلط شود. در چرثقیلآن در نظر گرفته شده دارد، موضوعی که یک مدیر پروژه در یک پروژه

کند که به شیب )دامنه( بازوی متحرک بستگی دارد. وقتی که عقبی بلند شده و در ظرفیت معموالً با شعاع تغییر می با بازوی متحرک،

تری را نسبت به وقتی که تواند بار سنگینای از بار تا مرکز لوالی اصلی، کوچک است، بنابراین جرثقیل میشیب قرار گرفته، شعاع، فاصله

های کند. این تفاوت در ظرفیت حمل در شعاعشود و شعاع بزرگ است حمل مید خود پایین برده میترین حبازوی متحرک تا بیش

شود، به معنی امنیت آن در مقابل واژگونی. وزن باری )معلق از بازوی متحرک( که ی پایداری چرثقیل مشخص میمختلف بوسیله

شود که در ی تعادل متعادل میی یک وزنههد. عضو عقبی بوسیلهدشود گشتاور واژگونی را شکل میی شعاع چند برابر میبوسیله

ی تعادل ممکن است بر روی شالوده سازد. این وزنهی مشخصی به طرف عقب از لوالی اصلی قرار دارد و یک گشتاور تعادلی را میفاصله

است، به طوری که گشتاور تعادلی نصب شود یا بر روی یک بازوی متحرک فرعی خاص که به سمت عقب بیرون زده و گاهی متحرک

تواند در حدود مشخصی تغییر کند. گشتاور واژگونی همیشه باید کمتر از گشتاور تعادلی باشد، و به همین دلیل تنها یک بار حداکثر می

مشخص در یک شعاع مشخص مجاز است.


یر بستگی دارد به جز ....ظرفیت حمل جرثقیل با بازوی متحرک به تمام موارد ز

( شعاع1

( وزن بار2

( فاصله تا مرکز لوالی اصلی3

( شیب بازوی متحرک4


تر باشد، .....ی بازوی متحرک نسبت به افق بیشهر چه زاویه

تر است.( فاصله بیش1

( بازوی متحرک بلندتر است.2

تر است.( بار سنگین3

است. ( شعاع بلندتر4

48


امنیت جرثقیل در برابر واژگونی، ..........

ی شعاع چند برابر شده است.( وزن باری است که بوسیله1

کند.های مختلف را معین می( تفاوت در ظرفیت حمل در شعاع2

یابد.یابد هنگامی که ظرفیت حمل افزایش می( کاهش می3

ادل یابد.( عاملی است که باید تع4


های مشخص ............ هستند.توان استنباط کرد که، حداکثر بار در شعاعاز متن می

( تعیین شده1

( متغییر2

ی تعادل( برابر با وزنه3

( بزرگتر از گشتاور واژگونی4


کدام عبارت به موجب متن نادرست است؟

توانیم هر بزرگی باری را در شعاع مشخص به کار ببریم.نمی( ما 1

کنند.کنند و کنترل میاند بلند میها وصل شدهها وسایلی را که به جرثقیل( قالب2

ی تعادل گاهی متعادل است.تواند تغییر کند چون وزنه( گشتاور متعادل کننده می3

است که باید بوسیله ظرفیت حمل تعیین شود. ( هر جرثقیل برای یک هدف مشخص در نظر گرفته شده4

Passage 37Borj-e Milad, with an outstanding architecture, is Iran's tallest tower. Built in Tehran, Iran, it stands 431 meters (1421 ft) high from base to tip of antenna. The head consists of a large pod with 12 floors and the roof is at 311 m (1034 ft). Below this is a staircase and elevators to reach the area. Milad tower is part of The Tehran International Trade and Convention Center. Scheduled for completion in late 2001, the project includes the Milad telecommunication tower offering restaurants at the top with spectacular views of Tehran, a five-star hotel, a convention center, a world trade center, and an IT park. The complex seeks to respond to the needs of business in the globalized world of the 21st century by offering facilities combining trade, information, communication, convention and accommodation all in one place. The complex features a parking area of 210000 square meters, a large computer and telecommunication unit, a cultural and scientific unit, a commercial transaction center, a temporary showroom for exhibiting products, a specialized library, an exhibition hall and an administrative unit. Milad Tower is also one of the first ten tallest free standing structures in the world, and the first considering the vast functional structure on its top and the only tower with an octagonal base, symbolizing traditional Persian architecture. The Milad Tower is predicted to replace the long-time symbol of Tehran, the Azadi tower.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_architecture

49

180. The Milad telecommunication tower: 1) is offered by 1 separate units including a five-star hotel. 2) was a part of the whole project which was predicted to be completed after 2001. 3) may be used as an recreational center by some visitors. 4) is another replace for The Tehran International Trade and Convention Center. 181. In which of the following categories, Milad Tower has uniqueness? 1) Height 2 ) The architectural form of the base 3) functionality of the whole structure 4) Its traditional Persian architecture 182. Choose the best synonym for “spectacular”. 1) Picturesque 2) Spiritual 3) Tensile 4) Charming 183. The passage implies that …………... . 1) Allocating a large area to parking space was a challenging part of the whole project. 2) The Milad Tower is the first multi-use structure with an outstanding architecture. 3) One of the main reasons for building the Milad Tower is commercial purposes.

4) Milad Tower caused traditional Persian architecture to develop in the 21st century.. 184. What is the author’s attitude about the subject of the passage? 1) Rhetorical 2) Critical 3 ) Descriptive 4 ) Cautionary

37متن

متر از پایین تا نوک 430برج میالد با یک معماری برجسته، بلندترین برج ایران است. این برج در تهران، ایران، ساخته شده، و با بلندی

متری قرار دارد. در زیر آن 310شود، و سقفی که در ارتفاع قه میطب 12ی بزرگ با آنتن قرارگرفته است. رأس برج شامل یک محفظه

یک راه پله و آسانسورهایی برای دسترسی به فضا وجود دارد. برج میالد جزیی از مرکز همایش و تجاری بین المللی تهران است. این

هایی در باال با دید تماشایی شود که رستورانل میکامل شود، و برج ارتباطی میالد را شام 2117پروژه برنامه ریزی شده که برای اواخر

کند که به کند. مجتمع طلب میرا عرضه می ITستاره، یک مرکز همایش، یک مرکز تجارت جهانی، و یک پارک 0از تهران، یک هتل

تباطات، گردهمایی، اقامت، ی ارائه تسهیالت متحد شده تجاری، اطالعات، اربوسیله 21ی قرن نیازهای تجارتی، در دنیای جهانی شده

متر مربع، یک واحد بزرگ کامپیوتری و ارتباطی، 27111همه در یک مکان، پاسخ گوید. این مجتمع، یک فضای پارکینگ به مساحت

ی تخصصی، یک تاالر یک واحد علمی و فرهنگی، یک مرکز دادوستد تجاری، یک نمایشگاه موقت برای نمایش محصوالت، یک کتابخانه

کند. برج میالد همچنین یکی از ده ساختمان بلند ساده در دنیاست، و اولین ساختمانی که به و یک واحد اداری را عرضه می نمایش

دهد. برج ی هشت ضلعی است، که معماری ایرانی باستانی را نشان میی عملکردی بزرگی در باالی آن بکر کرده، و تنها برج با پایهسازه

ی تهران، برج آزادی شود.ت جایگزین که سمبل دیرینهمیالد پیش بینی شده اس

صحیح است.« 3» . گزینه180

برج ارتباطی میالد:

شو.ستاره است، ارائه می 0واحد جداگانه که شامل یک هتل 0( به صورت 1

شود.تکمیل می 2117ی کلی بود که پیش بینی شده بود بعد از ( قسمتی از یک پروژه2

ی بازدیدکنندگان استفاده شود.ن یک مرکز تفریحی بوسیله( ممکن است به عنوا3

( جایگزین دیگری برای مرکز همایش و تجاری بین المللی4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_architecture

01


های زیر برج میالد بی همتاست؟در کدامیک از طبقه بندی

( ارتفاع1

( فرم معماری پایه2

( عملکرد کل سازه3

( معماری ایرانی سنتی آن4


را انتخاب کنید: ”Spectacular“بهترین هم معنی برای

( خوش منظره1

( معنوی2

( کششی3

( فریبا4


متن اشاره دارد به ....

( اختصاص دادن یک مساحت زیاد به فضای پارکینگ یک قسمت چالشی از کل پروژه بود.1

اختمان چند کاربری با یک معماری برجسته است.( برج میالد اولین س2

( یکی از دالیل اصلی برای ساخت برج میالد اهداف تجاری است.3

پیشرفت کند. 21( برج میالد سبب شد معماری ایرانی سنتی در قرن 4


ی موضوع متن چیست؟نگرش نویسنده درباره

( لفاظی1

( انتقادی2

( توصیفی3

( اخطار آمیز4

Passage 38The most common approximate method of analyzing building frames for internal load is the portal method. This method which was presented by Albert Smith in the journal of the western society of engineers in April, 1111, is said to be satisfactory for most building up to twenty five stories in height. At least three assumptions must be made for each individual portal or for each girder. First that the columns bend in such a manner that there is a point of inflection at mid-depth also the girders have a point of inflection at their centerlines. Finally the horizontal shears on each level are arbitrarily distributed between the columns. One commonly used distribution is to assume the shear divides among the columns in the ratio of one part to exterior columns and two parts to interior columns. Another common distribution is to assume that the shear taken by each column is in the proportion to the floor area it supports. Consider a frame with 21 redundants; a 3-story frame with three bays. One assumption as the location of the inflection point has been made for each of 21 columns and girders. Three assumptions are made on each level as to the shear split in each individual portal, or the number of shear assumptions equals one less

01

than the number of columns on each level. For the frame, 1 assumptions are necessary for shear, giving a total of 30 assumptions and only 21 redundants. 185. The point of inflection of moments in the girders is assumed to be at: 1) ¼ distance from the end of the girder. 2) ½ distance from the end of the girder. 3) ¾ distance from the end of the girder. 4) any point on the girder. 186. The recommended ratio for horizontal shear force distribution among interior and exterior columns is: 1) ½ 2) 2 3) ¼ 4) 4 187. The three shear assumptions for the example frame comes from the number of: 1) stories 2) joints in the frame 3) columns minus one 4) girders in each floor 188. If the columns are supported by small footings with little resistance to rotation, the inflection point will be at: 1) trusses 2) bases 3) girders 4) joints 189. Which of the following statements can be the best title for the passage? 1) “An introduction to portal method” 2) “What are approximate methods?” 3) “A comparison between analytical approximate methods” 4) “The most important structural members in portal method”

38متن

وش که توسط آلبرت اسمیت در است. این ر portalهای ساختمان برای بارهای داخلی روش ترین روش تقریبی تحلیل قابمتداول

طبقه ارتفاع رضایتبخش است. 20ها تا ارائه شد، گفته شده که برای بیشتر ساختمان 1910مجله جامعه مهندسان غرب در آوریل

ی طهها در حالتی خم شوند که یک نقفرضیه برای هر درگاه به طور جداگانه و برای هر تیر باید ایجاد شود. اول اینکه، ستون 3حداقل

های افقی در هر ی عطف در مرکز خود داشته باشند. در آخر برشعطف در وسط عمق وجود داشته باشد و همچنین تیرها یک نقطه

ها ها بین ستونشود این است که فرض شود برششوند. یک توزیع معمول که استفاده میها پخش میسطح به طور قراردادی بین ستون

شوند. توزیع معمول دیگراین است که فرض شود های داخلی تقسیم میهای بیرونی و دو قسمت به ستونبا نسبت یک قسمت به ستون

3طبقه با 3تایی را در نظر بگیرید. یک قاب 27دارد. یک قاب گیرد به نسبت مساحتی از کف است که نگه میبرشی که هر ستون می

شود به این فرض برروی هر سطح گرفته می 3تون و تیر ایجاد شده است. س 21ی عطف برای هر دهانه. یک فرض به عنوان محل نقطه

ها در هر سطح. های فرضی برابر است با یکی کمتر از تعداد ستونشود، یا تعداد برشعنوان که برش در هر درگاه جداگانه تقسیم می

دهد.اضافی می عضو 27فرض و تنها 31فرض برای برش ضروری است، در حالی که در کل 9برای قاب،


فاصله از انتهای تیر ¼ ( 1

فاصله از انتهای تیر ½( 2

فاصله از انتهای تیر ¾( 3

ای بر روی تیر( هر نقطه4

02


ند:کهای داخلی و بیرونی تحمیل مینسبت پیشنهاد شده برای برش افقی که توزیع را در بین ستون

1 ) ⁄

2 )2

3 ) ⁄

4 )4


آید:فرض برش برای مثال قاب از تعداد چه می

( طبقات1

ها در قاب( مفصل2

ها منهای یک( ستون3

( تیرها در هر طبقه4


اند، نقطه عطف در کجا خواهد بود:اشته شدههای کوچکی با مقاومت کم در برابر چرخش نگه دی پیاگر ستونها بوسیله

( خرپاها1

ها( پایه2

( تیرها3

ها( مفصل4


های زیر بهترین عنوان برای متن است؟کدامیک از بیان

portalای بر روش ( مقدمه1

های تقریبی چه هستند( روش2

ها تقریبی تحلیلای بین روش( مقایسه3

portalای در روش ن اعضای سازه( مهمتری4

Passage 39 When a contractor submits a bid to complete a construction project, what is contractor proposing to provide? The contractor’s bid is based upon the pricing of items identified during a detailed quantity takeoff conducted after an analysis of the plans and specifications prepared by the designer. Overhead and profit are added to this amount to determine the bid price. Does this mean that what the contractor provides to the client is the physical -----(11)----- of the design or the construction product? The answer to this question is “Yes. But …”. In addition to the construction product, the contractor also provides a set of construction services that range from meeting periodically with the owner’s representative to customer satisfaction. This relationship is important because construction purchasers do not base their selection decision solely on the construction product to be provided.

03

190. A bid is: 1) the end phase of completing a particular project. 2) a bill that the contractor gives to the client for claiming his money. 3) a proposal given to the client by a contractor and shows that the contractor intends to construct the project. 4) is a document for identifying the pricing of items. 191. What is the basis for a contractor's proposal? 1) Pricing of items 2) Submitting a bid 3) Dealing with the designer 4) Having a detailed quantity take off 192. Which one is TRUE? 1) Construction Purchasers base their selection decision only on the construction product. 2) The contractor’s bid is based only on the pricing of items to be constructed. 3) Overhead is a kind of profit that must be added to the amount of bid price. 4) Providing construction products along with its related services si the most important task of the contractor. 193. Fill in the blank with appropriate word: 1) manifestation 2) manifestor 3) manifest 4) manifestative 194. The passage implies that …………….. . 1) constructing a project is a time-consuming job 2) contractors must interfere in preparing the plan 3) the contractor's only task is providing the construction product 4) there are inevitable relationships between the contractor and others

39متن

ی ساخت و ساز را تکمیل کند، پیمانکار چه چیزی را پیشنهاد یک پروژهدهد تا ای را ارائه میوقتی که یک پیمانکار پیشنهاد مناقصه

ی پیمانکار براساس قیمت گذاری مواردی که در طول یک جهش کمی و با جزییات تعیین شده کند تا تهیه شود؟ پیشنهاد مناقصهمی

د به این مقدار اضافه شده تا قیمت پیشنهاد ی طراح آماده شده، است. مخارج کلی و سوها و مشخصاتی که بوسیلهبعد از تحلیل پالن

کند برای مشتری بیان فیزیکی طرح یا ساخت دهد که چیزی یک پیمانکار تهیه میمناقصه مشخص شود. آیا این، این معنی را می

و ساز را محصول است؟ پاسخ به این سؤال بله است. اما .... به اضافه ساخت محصول، پیمانکار همچنین یک سری از خدمات ساخت

ی مالک گرفته تا رضایت مشتری است. این رابطه مهم است چون که خریداران ای با نمایندههای دورهکند که از مالقاتفراهم می

پذارند.ساختمان انتخاب تصمیم خود را تنها براساس ساخت محصولی که فراهم شده نمی


پیشنهاد مناقصه چیست؟

ی تکمیل یک پروژه خاص است.ن مرحله( آخری1

دهد.( سند مالی است که پیمانکار به مشتری برای طلب پول خود می2

دهد که پیمانکار قصد دارد پروژه را بسازد.شود و نشان می( طرح پیشنهادی است که به مشتری توسط پیمانکار داده می3

( یک مدرک است برای تعیین کردن قیمت اقالم4

04

صحیح است.« 1»ه . گزین191

اساس طرح پیشنهادی پیمانکار چیست؟

( قیمت گذاری اقالم1

( ارائه پیشنهاد مناقصه2

( تعامل با طراح3

( داشتن طرح کمی و با جزییات4


کدام درست است؟

گذارند.-( خریداران ساختمان انتخاب تصمیم خود را تنها براساس ساخت محصول می1

شود.ی پیمانکار تنها براساس قیمت گذاری مواردی است که ساخته میپیشنهاد مناقصه( 2

( مخارج کلی نوعی سود است که باید به مقدار قیمت پیشنهاد مناقصه اضافه شود.3

( تهیه محصوالت ساختمانی در راستای خدمات مرتبطش مهمترین وظیفه پیمانکار است.4


ی مناسب پر کنید:خالی را با کلمهجای

( بیان1

( بیان کننده2

( بیانیه3

( اثبات کننده4


متن اشاره دارد به .....

( ساخت یک پروژه یک کار وقت گیر است.1

( پیمانکار باید در آماده کردن برنامه دخالت کند.2

ساخت است. ی پیمانکار فراهم کردن محصول( تنها وظیفه3

( روابط غیر قابل اجتنابی بین پیمانکار و دیگران وجود دارد.4

passage 1memarico.com/cms_ui/documents/downloadmanager/ارشد... · 2014-01-20 · tensile...

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