Assignment

On

Pharmacological properties of

Ginseng and it’s pharmaceutical

application.

No. Contents

Page

No.

01. Introduction …………………… 01

02. Standard And Specifications of Panax Ginseng

02

03.. Botanical Identification and Information of

Panax Ginseng ……………………

04

04. Properties of Panax Ginseng ………… 06

05. Therapeutic and Pharmacology of Panax Ginseng……… Effects on the CNS Hypolipidemic/Cardiac Effects

Growth-metabolism system and immune system Ant-oxidation Effect

Anti-aging effect Effects on Alzheimer's disease

Anti-neoplastic effect

Hemolytic Effects

Hepatic Effects Hypoglycemic Effects

Regulating endocrine

Effects on endotoxins

Effects on myocardial ischemia

Effects on protein glycosylation

07

06. Applications of Panax Ginseng ………… 10

07. Panax Ginseng Side Effects………….

08. Conclusions

Brief Introduction: The product Panax Ginseng Extract is made

from the leaves and stems of the Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.,which is a

plant of the Araliaceae(Aralia family) family.Its specification available

at concentration ratio 10:1grade with strong potency,or standardized to

the constituents Ginsenosides the herb has,and purity up to

20%,50%,80%.The manufacturing of the products followed standard

flow chart and in brief as:

Raw Herb Material-->Select&Wash-->Stoving-->Smashing--

>Extract&Reflow-->Concentration-->Double Evaporation-->Drying--

>Seving-->Mixing-->Packing-->Product

Or

Raw Herb Material-->Select&Wash-->Stoving-->Smashing--

>Extract&Reflow-->Concentration-->Double Evaporation-->Separate

Precipitation-->Absorption-->Extraction-->Drying-->Seving-->Mixing--

>Packing-->Product

It has very good fine fluidity and very nice solubility in cold and hot

water,alcohol,or solution of water alcohol,and some other inorganic or

organic solutions.

The product Panax Ginseng Extract has wide applications and may be

used in different fields including herbal teas,drinks,supplements and

cosmetics etc,there is some introduction of its brief application guide

both traditional and modern.

Standard And Specifications of Panax Ginseng

Standard And Specifications

Test/Observation Specifications/Result

Name: Panax Ginseng Extract.

Serial Number: R079.

Specification(s): Ginsenosides 20%50%HPLC.10:1TLC

Part Used: Stem Leaves of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.

INCI Name: PANAX GINSENG EXTRACT

EINECS/ELINCS No.: 283-493-7

CAS: 84650-12-4

Chem/IUPAC Name:

Panax Ginseng Extract is an extract of the roots of the

ginseng, Panax ginseng, Araliaceae

Shelf Life: 24months+ at proper storage conditions.

Appearance: Light Yellow Fine Powder.

Mesh Size: 100% Pass 80 Mesh Screen.

Color: Light Yellow.

Odor and Smell: Characteristic.

Taste Sense: Characteristic.

Bulk Density: 0.45~0.55g/ml.

Standard And Specifications

Loss On Drying: <5.0%.

Acid-Insoluble Ash: < 5.0%.

Total Heavy Metals: < 10ppm.

Total Plate Count: ≤ 3,000~5,000 Cfu/gm or ≤1,000 Cfu/gm

Mould and Yeast: ≤ 300~500 Cfu/gm or ≤100 Cfu/gm

E.Coli Negative

Salmonella Negative

Standard And Specifications

Botanical Identification and Information of Panax Ginseng.

Ginseng root (Chinese Ginseng - Panax ginseng)

Order:Apiales

Family:Araliaceae(Aralia family)

Subfamily:Aralioideae

Genus:Panax L.

Species:Panax ginseng (Meyer);Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.

Botanical Source: Panax ginseng (Meyer); Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.

Latin Name: Panax ginseng

Pharmacopeial Name: Ginseng radix

Other Names: Asian Ginseng, Chinese ginseng, true ginseng.

Synonyms:Panax schinseng(Nees),Chinese ginseng,oriental

ginseng,wonder of the world,Oriental Ginseng,Panax schinseng,Red

Ginseng,Seng,Ren shen.

Parts used: Dried root,Ginseng is cleared of the rootlets and sliced for

medicinal use. Its leaves, flowers, fibrous rootlets and seeds can all be

used as herbs.

The word ginseng is said to mean 'the wonder of the world.'

Collection:Commercially grown roots take at least seven years to reach

a weight of 60-100g at which point they can be harvested. The wild

plant achieves that weight only after 150-200 years.

Ginseng products are made from the ginseng root, and the long, thin

offshoots, called root hairs. Both Asian and American ginseng contain

ginsenosides, saponins that are ginseng's active ingredients. In addition

to ginsenosides, Asian ginseng also contains glycans (panaxans),

polysaccharide fraction DPG-3-2, peptides, maltol, B vitamins,

flavonoids, and volatile oil.

Properties:

Ginseng's genus name Panax is derived from the

Greek pan (all) akos (cure), meaning cure-all. The transliteration of the

word gin (man) seng (essence) is derived from the Chinese ideogram for

"crystallization of the essence of the earth in the form of a man".

Ginseng's therapeutic uses were recorded in the oldest comprehensive

materia medica, Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, written around two thousand

years ago. In Asian medicine, dried ginseng is used as a tonic to

revitalize and replenish vital energy (qi). The usual effect of replenishing

qi is not to give an energy boost like that of caffeine or amphetamine. It

is traditionally used as an aid during convalescence and as a prophylactic

to build resistance, reduce susceptibility to illness, and promote health

and longevity. Its activity appears to be based on whole body effects,

rather than particular organs or systems, which lends support to the

traditional view that ginseng is a tonic that can revitalize the functioning

of the organism as a whole.

In the TCM system,the herb Panax Ginseng taste Sweet and slightly

bitter in flavor, slightly warm in nature, and related to the heart, spleen

and lung channels.

Pharmacology of Ginseng:

Ginseng leaf-stem extracts exhibit multifaceted pharmacological actions

in the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular system, growth-

metabolism system and immune system. Ginseng leaf-stem extracts also

possess anti-fatigue, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-

oxidant and anti-aging activities as described below.

Effects on the central nervous system:

Depending on which active component of Ginseng is exerting the

predominant pharmacological action, Ginseng can have an excitatory or

an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system.

Hypolipidemic/Cardiac Effects:

The herbal classics CCHM noted the herb ginseng show cardiac and

vascular effect:the direct effects usually in a small dose of

excitement,inhibit large doses. 10% ginseng infusions 1 ml/kg cat(or

rabbit) orally,cardiac muscle weakness have some improvement.There is

a considerable degree of recovery during rewarming.Anti-anaphylactic

shock and also the role of strong heart. Ginseng rat myocardial cell

membrane ATP activity was inhibited.

Effects on growth and intermediary metabolism:

Ginsenosides from Chinese ginseng leaf-stem significantly increased the

protein and RNA contents of muscles and liver in rats and that

ginsenosides accelerated the growth of young pigs. It was suggested that

ginsenosides may have direct influence on RNA and protein synthesis

Antioxidation Effect:

Ginseng enhances the body's immunity and adaptability, and

counteracts lipid peroxidation.

Anti-aging effect:

Ginseng inhibits plasma cyclic nucleoside-phosphate.The water

decoction of Ginseng can significantly enhance the activity of liver cell

DNA methylase in mice of physiological renal deficiency.

Effects on Alzheimer's disease:

Administered to patients of Alzheimer's disease, Ginseng can regulate

their central cholinergy level and the change in the monoamine nerve

transmitter.

Anti-neoplastic effect:

Ginseng significantly inhibits S180 and H22 sarcomas with an average

inhibition rate of 24.88% and 41.10%, respectively.

Hemolytic Effects:

Hemolytic Effects:Ginseng as a whole has shown hemostatic action.The

saponin part of Ginseng has no specific action on blood,but individual

ginsenosides do.The number of sugars in the ginsenosides,and their

sterochemical positions,seems to affect the specific activity.

Hepatic Effects:

Hepatoprotective effects have been observed for various

ginsenosides.Hepatotoxicity was reduced oin cultured rat hepatocytes by

administration of ginsenosides.

Hypoglycemic Effects:

The herbal classics CCHM noted the herb ginseng show hyperglycemic

effect:hyperglycemic animal adrenaline-induced blood glucose lowering

effect; in addition to consciously improve symptoms, there is a slight

hypoglycemic effect for diabetic patients with insulin have a synergistic

effect.

Increase Body Weight:

The herbal classics CCHM noted the herb ginseng show increase body

weight effects:In appropriate doses, can also increase the weight of the

rabbit, so the ratio of albumin and globulin increased.

Promoting Intelligence and Cognitive function:

Research on central nervous transmitter, protein and cerebral nucleic

acid synthesis, and the second messenger system shows that Ginseng

promotes intelligence.

Regulating endocrine:

As rats age, their plasma T3, T4 cortisol levels decrease; Ginseng is

observed to be able to reverse this trend.

Lowering blood sugar:

Administered at the dosage of 30g/kg, Ginseng can significantly lower

the blood sugar level in mice of alloxan-induced diabetes. The same

effect is not observed in healthy mice.

Effects on endotoxins:

Although Ginseng extract is not known to be capable of destroying

directly the structure of endotoxins, it does counteract induced heat,

decrease in white blood cell count, and shock.

Effects on myocardial ischemia:

Ginseng can lower the cAMP level ischemic cardiac muscles.

Effects on protein glycosylation:

Ginseng inhibits both human serum albumin and rat crystalline.

Applications:

Adaptogen.Immune System.

Alcohol Intoxication.

Alzheimer's Diseases.

Cardiovascular Health.

Central nervous system.Depression.Stress.Mental Performance and

Mood Enhancement.Memory and thinking processes.

Diabetes,Type 2.Lowering blood sugar.

Fertility/Sexual Performance/Nitric Oxide,Reproductive Activity.

Menopausal Symptoms.

Physical Endurance.Promoting intelligence.

Respiratory Disease.

Anti-oxidation effect.Anti-aging effect.

Anti-neoplastic effect.Cancer.

Regulating endocrine.

Endotoxins.

Myocardial ischemia.

Protein glycosylation.

Reinforce vital energy(invigorating primodial qi),greatly tonify

Qi(reinforce vital energy,invigorating primodial qi),

Restore the pulse and relieving depletion,

Replenish spleen and benefit lung,

Engender liquid(promote the secretion of saliva or body fluid),

Calm the nerves(relieve uneasiness of mind and body tranquilization),

Boost intelligence,etc.

Side Effects

• Ginseng is a Stimulant!!

• Hypertension

• Insomnia

• Irritability

• Decreased sexual function

• Euphoria

• Headaches

• Menstrual abnormalities

• Palpitations

• Skin eruptions

• Tremors

Conclusion

Extracts from ginseng root and leaf-stem have similar multifaceted

pharmacological activities (e.g. CNS and cardiovascular system). In

terms of costs and source availability, ginseng leaf-stem has advantages

over its root. Further research will facilitate a wider use of ginseng leaf-

stem.

Reference

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