PALESTINE TO ISRAELPALESTINE TO ISRAEL

Palestine in HistoryPalestine in HistoryLand between the Land between the Mediterranean and the Mediterranean and the Jordan RiverJordan RiverHistoric homeland of Historic homeland of the Hebrews, the Hebrews, kingdoms of Israel and kingdoms of Israel and Judah in 1200 B.C.Judah in 1200 B.C.Romans disperse the Romans disperse the population. A small population. A small Jewish community Jewish community remains.remains.Arabs conquer region Arabs conquer region in 600s.in 600s.

Palestine in 1800sPalestine in 1800sNot a distinct province of Not a distinct province of Ottoman empire – three Ottoman empire – three administrative regions.administrative regions.

Small population; Small population; some Jewish, mainly in some Jewish, mainly in Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

Most inhabitants of Most inhabitants of the region consider the region consider themselves simply as themselves simply as Arabs and Muslims.Arabs and Muslims.

DAVID’S KINGDOMDAVID’S KINGDOM

THE DIVIDED KINGDOMTHE DIVIDED KINGDOM

DIASPORA - DISPERSALDIASPORA - DISPERSAL

MORE DIASPORAMORE DIASPORA

ZIONISMZIONISMJews in nineteenth century Europe:Jews in nineteenth century Europe:

liberated by Napoleonliberated by Napoleon Assimilated in GermanyAssimilated in Germany Persecuted in Russian EmpirePersecuted in Russian EmpireBACKDROP:BACKDROP:

Pogroms in RussiaPogroms in Russia Dreyfuss AffairDreyfuss Affair

Theodore HerzlTheodore HerzlBorn in Budapest.Born in Budapest.

First Zionist First Zionist CongressCongress

Dreyfuss Affair Dreyfuss Affair shows him Jews shows him Jews can never be safe can never be safe without their own without their own country.country.

Dreyfuss AffairDreyfuss AffairA Jewish captain in A Jewish captain in the French army the French army convicted of spying convicted of spying on false on false informationinformation

New evidence New evidence created a crisis in created a crisis in France over France over accusations of anti-accusations of anti-SemitismSemitism

Where to locate?Where to locate?

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JerusalemJerusalemHas a Jewish Has a Jewish majority by 1900majority by 1900

Small city, about Small city, about 60,000 people.60,000 people.

JEWISH NATIONAL FUNDJEWISH NATIONAL FUNDCollects funds from Collects funds from Jews worldwide for Jews worldwide for a Jewish homeland a Jewish homeland in Palestine.in Palestine.

Starts making Starts making purchases early purchases early 1900s, mostly 1900s, mostly along along Mediterranean Mediterranean coast.coast.

OTTOMAN LAND LAWSOTTOMAN LAND LAWSIn 1858, all land required to be registered In 1858, all land required to be registered by owners.by owners.Lots of fraud, other problemsLots of fraud, other problemsPeasants avoided registering to avoid Peasants avoided registering to avoid taxes, other reasonstaxes, other reasonsMany parcels of land in title of large Many parcels of land in title of large landowners who didn’t live there.landowners who didn’t live there.Zionists buy up waste lands (swamps) as Zionists buy up waste lands (swamps) as well as parcels from large landowners.well as parcels from large landowners.Peasants are often evicted by former Peasants are often evicted by former landowners, become bitter.landowners, become bitter.

KIBBUTZIMKIBBUTZIMFirst one started in First one started in 1909.1909.Jewish communal Jewish communal settlements settlements clustered together clustered together mainly for self-mainly for self-defense.defense.Socialist-style Socialist-style living. Shared living. Shared tasks, everyone tasks, everyone defends it. defends it.

JEWISH SUCCESSJEWISH SUCCESSJewish agricultural settlements are hugely Jewish agricultural settlements are hugely successful.successful.

But they only use Jewish labor.But they only use Jewish labor.

Jewish immigration increases throughout Jewish immigration increases throughout 1920s.1920s.

Accelerates after Hitler comes to power.Accelerates after Hitler comes to power.

Arabs from region also drawn to Palestine Arabs from region also drawn to Palestine because of thriving economy. The two because of thriving economy. The two communities are virtually equal in size.communities are virtually equal in size.

BRITISH MANDATEBRITISH MANDATE

British awarded mandate, or British awarded mandate, or temporary control, over Palestine by temporary control, over Palestine by League of Nations after World War I.League of Nations after World War I.

ARAB RESISTANCEARAB RESISTANCEMinor clashes as early as 1908.Minor clashes as early as 1908.Arab leaders denounce Jewish Arab leaders denounce Jewish settlers as colonists and warn of settlers as colonists and warn of Jewish intentions to take over all of Jewish intentions to take over all of Palestine and push them out.Palestine and push them out.Arab riots in 1929.Arab riots in 1929.Arab Revolt, 1936-39.Arab Revolt, 1936-39.Some Palestinians later join the Some Palestinians later join the Nazis.Nazis.

BRITISH RESPONSEBRITISH RESPONSE

Restrictions on immigration and on Restrictions on immigration and on land sales to Jews.land sales to Jews.

Peel Commission (1937) Peel Commission (1937) recommendation of a future recommendation of a future partition.partition.

Later rejected in McDonald White Later rejected in McDonald White Paper (1940) after Arab objections.Paper (1940) after Arab objections.

AFTER THE HOLOCAUSTAFTER THE HOLOCAUST

British continue to restrict Jewish British continue to restrict Jewish immigration to appease Arabs.immigration to appease Arabs.

Turn back ships carrying Holocaust Turn back ships carrying Holocaust survivors.survivors.

JEWISH EXTREMISTSJEWISH EXTREMISTS

Take on BritishTake on British

Haganah (militia), Irgun, Stern GangHaganah (militia), Irgun, Stern Gang

Irgun blows up King David Hotel in Irgun blows up King David Hotel in Jerusalem, full of British soldiers.Jerusalem, full of British soldiers.

KING DAVID HOTEL KING DAVID HOTEL BOMBINGBOMBING

BRITISH MANDATE ENDSBRITISH MANDATE ENDS

PROBLEM TURNED OVER TO UNITED PROBLEM TURNED OVER TO UNITED NATIONS.NATIONS.

U.N. Votes for PartitionU.N. Votes for Partition

General Assembly General Assembly Resolution # 181: Resolution # 181:

(Nov. 29, 1947)(Nov. 29, 1947)

Partition of Partition of Palestine (British Palestine (British mandate)mandate)– Jewish stateJewish state– Arab stateArab state

VOTE:VOTE:– 33 votes in 33 votes in

favorfavor– 13 against13 against– 10 10

abstentionsabstentions– 1 absent1 absent

U.N. PARTITION PLANU.N. PARTITION PLAN

State of Israel EstablishedState of Israel Established

May 14, May 14, 1948:1948:– in Tel Avivin Tel Aviv

(5th of Iyar, (5th of Iyar, 5708) 5708)

ISRAEL ATTACKEDISRAEL ATTACKED

May, 1948, by:May, 1948, by:– EgyptEgypt– TransjordanTransjordan

(Jordan: 1949)(Jordan: 1949)

– SyriaSyria– LebanonLebanon– IraqIraq– PalestiniansPalestinians

PALESTINIANSPALESTINIANSApproximately 800,000 Palestinian Arabs Approximately 800,000 Palestinian Arabs flee to neighboring countries:flee to neighboring countries:Jordan’s population becomes half-Jordan’s population becomes half-Palestinian.Palestinian.Many locate in refugee camps, remain Many locate in refugee camps, remain there for generations, train to attack there for generations, train to attack Israel. Israel. Rely on other Arab countries, esp. Egypt, Rely on other Arab countries, esp. Egypt, to defeat Israel and help them regain their to defeat Israel and help them regain their homes.homes.Other Arabs remain in Israel.Other Arabs remain in Israel.

ISRAEL ISRAEL

The CasesThe CasesMany Palestinian Many Palestinian Arabs simply fledArabs simply fledMany Arabs have Many Arabs have refused to recognize refused to recognize Israel’s right to exist.Israel’s right to exist.Ongoing problems Ongoing problems with terrorism, suicide with terrorism, suicide bombing, attacks on bombing, attacks on Israeli civilians.Israeli civilians.The situation has de-The situation has de-stabilized countries stabilized countries throughout the Middle throughout the Middle East.East.

Some were forced Some were forced from their homesfrom their homesIsrael is a Jewish state; Israel is a Jewish state; Arabs are considered Arabs are considered second-class citizens second-class citizens and distrusted.and distrusted.Some Jewish Some Jewish extremists want to extremists want to extend Israel’s extend Israel’s boundaries to include boundaries to include the West Bank and the West Bank and Gaza.Gaza.