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August 2014

VOLUME 30, NUMBER 8

Paint Coatings Industry

INSIDE

UV LED CuringEquipment Directory

New Elastomeric Binder

Globally Serving Liquid and Powder Formulators and Manufacturers

TRANSPORTATIONCOATINGS


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PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN: Print 0884-3848 and Digital 2328-8329) is published 12 times annually, monthly,by BNP Media, Inc., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317.No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.:$123.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $160.00 USD (includes GST & postage);all other countries: $178.00 (intl mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2014, by BNP Media. All rightsreserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher.The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additionalmailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send addr ess changes to: PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076.

Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to IMEX GlobalSolutions, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PCI- PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248)244-6499 or [email protected].

Audited by BPA Worldwide Printed in the U.S.A.

P A I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y , V O L U M E 3 0 , N U M B E R 8

August, 2014

CONTENTS

O N T H E C O V E R :

Cover photos courtesy ofwww.thinkstock.com.

FEATURES

20 Improved Hull Coatings Save Fuel, ENDURES B.V.

24 New Elastomeric Binder with Dirt PickupResistance, Multiquimica s.a.

38 No Fear of Scratches, Evonik Industries

42 Equipment Directory

44 Thin-Film Analysis Using UV-VisSpectrophotometry, ShimadzuScientific Instruments

48 UV LED Curing, Phoseon Technology

BUSINESS TOOLS

43 Equipment Showcase

54 Supplier Showcase

ONLINE FEATURESwww.pcimag.com

Glass Flake Epoxy System Protects

Historic Bridge, Sherwin-Williams

Protective & Marine Coatings

Thermal Insulating Coating System Prevents

Burn Accidents, Tnemec Company Inc.

DEPARTMENTS

6 Viewpoint

8 Industry News

12 Company News

16 Calendar of Events

18 Names in the News

52 Products

53 Classifieds

54 Advertiser Index

38 4824


6/56AUGUST 2014 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M6

VIEWPOINT

Publisher Donna Campbell and

I recently attended the grand

opening of BYK USAs expanded

facility in Wallingford, CT. The

56,000-sq-ft, three-story office

and production facility will

more than double manufactur-

ing capacity. The expansion

project represents a $50 million

investment from ALTANA (BYK

USAs parent company), the largest single

investment the Group has made outside of

Germany. In addition to increasing pro-

duction, the facility increases worldwide

supply chain security for BYKs additives.

Prior to the completion of the new facil-

ity, roughly 50% of the companys prod-

ucts were shipped from overseas. The new

plant will allow BYK to be more flexible

and not have to deal with shipping issues.

By being able to manufacture the prod-

ucts in the U.S., we save ourselves a lot of

time when it comes to freight issues. If a

customer needs a specific product or is

ramping up a new product line, we canreact quicker. We dont have to wait 8-12

weeks. It also reduces our inventory hold-

ing costs, so it gives us a lot of flexibility,

said Dirk Plas, President, BYK USA.

Edward Ogle, Senior Manager of Manu-

facturing, led our tour of the new facility,

which features 18 new bulk raw material

tanks that can each hold 12,300 gallons of

raw materials; a quality control lab, where

each raw material is tested before being

used; a control room, which includes a

four-operator station that has access to all

of the formulas and equipment in the facil-ity; a three-story, 60-foot-tall production

area; and a two-story, 30-foot-

tall support area.

Here are a few mind-boggling

numbers that relate to the con-

struction of this facility: 2,530

cubic yards of concrete was

poured enough to make a side-

walk 10.4 miles long; 648 tons

of steel was used; 26,400 feet

of stainless steel process piping

was installed, 66,000 feet of power cable

and 142,000 feet of instrumentation cable

were run throughout the building; and

269 pieces of process equipment and 1,680

process instruments were installed.

BYK USA has worked closely

with the city of Wallingford

and with the state of Connecti-

cut on this project. Last year,

the state provided the com-

pany with a $6 million loan

at a very low interest rate to

help fund the new facil ity, with

the incentive that $4 million

would be forgiven if the com-

pany retained its 97 employees

and added 37 new positions within three

years. BYK has been hiring and training

local engineers, chemists and operatorsfor this facility, and has already added

almost 20 new people, with plans to hire

approximately 35 more.

The facility, which took 18 months to

complete, was scheduled to begin pro-

duction in July.

Exciting Expansion

By Kristin Johansson, Editor |PCI


7/56

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INDUSTRY NEWS

IRVING, TX Market research

firm Lucintel has released a new

report that analyzes the global

automotive coating industry by

segments and region. The report,

Global Automotive Coating Indus-

try 2014-2019: Trend, Forecast and

Opportunity Analysis, provides an

analysis of the automotive coatings

industry including market trends,

competitive landscape, companyprofiles, mergers and acquisitions,

emerging trends, and key drivers

of industry growth. The study also

includes global forecasts for auto-

motive coatings through 2019,

segmented by application such as the

OEM and refinish markets; by product

type such as electrocoats, primer coats

basecoats and clearcoats; and by tech-

nology such as waterborne coatings and

solventborne coatings.

Lucintel forecasts that the major-

ity of segments for automotive coat-

ings will grow moderately from 2014

to 2019. Strict environmental laws in

North America and Europe will drive

the demand for waterborne coatings and

UV-cure coatings in the forecast period.

BRIC nations are forecast to be the hub of

automotive production, favored by prox-

imity to market, easy financing and low-

cost production arbitrage, which,

according to the report, will drive

the demand for automotive coatings

in BRIC nations. Continuous focus

on research and development activi-

ties by industry players will foster

new innovations in the automotive

coatings industry, which will ulti-

mately drive industry growth.

The biggest challenge faced by

the industry is the increasing costof crude oil, which raises prices of

key raw materials, impacting profit

margin. Concerns over the environ-

mental impact of VOCs and pricing

pressures from auto manufactur-

ers are other challenges for automo-

tive coatings manufacturers. Continued

innovation of products is very important

for companies to sustain their success-

ful position in the market.

For additional information about

the report, call 972/636.5056 or visit

www.lucintel.com.

Global Automotive Coatings Market

to Reach $18.2 Billion by 2019

OSHA Releases Tool to HelpIdentify Workplace HazardsWASHINGTON, DC The Occupational Safety and Health

Administration has released a new interactive training tool

to help small businesses effectively identify hazards in the

workplace. Employers and workers can virtually explore how

to identify common workplace hazards in the manufacturing

and construction industries. Users of the new training tool will

learn not only hazard identification skills but also learn about

hazard abatement and control.

Hazard identification is a critical part of creating an injury- andillness-prevention program that wil l keep workers safe and healthy

on the job, said Dr. David Michaels, Assistant Secretary of Labor for

Occupational Safety and Health. This new tool not only educates

employers about how to take control of their workplaces and protect

workers, it also demonstrates that following well-established safety

practices is also good for the bottom line.

Through the hazard identification tool, users can play from

the perspective of either a business owner or an employee as they

learn to identify realistic, common hazards and address them

with practical and effective solutions. The tool explains the key

components of the hazard identification process, which include

information collection, observation of the workplace, investiga-

tion of incidents, employee participation and prioritizing hazards.

OSHA developed the tool in conjunction with its TrainingInstitute to assist small-business owners in effectively identifying

hazards in their workplace. The hazard identification training

tool can be found on OSHAs website at www.osha.gov/hazfinder.

U.S. Demand for Solvents toApproach 11 Billion Pounds by 2018CLEVELAND According to a new study released by Cleveland-

based market research firm The Freedonia Group Inc., U.S.

demand for solvents is expected to increase at an annual pace of

1.5% through 2018 to 11 billion pounds. Growth is driven by a

robust recovery in construction spending along with a continued

rebound in manufacturing output. Strength in both nonresi-dential and residential building construction will stimulate not

only direct solvent use in construction-related activities, but also

increased solvent demand in coatings and other construction-

related materials. Solvent use in a variety of manufacturing appli-

cations, most notably in chemical processing, will be supported in

part by comparatively low natural gas prices that will help boost

the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturers. These and other trends

are presented in Solvents, a new study from The Freedonia Group.

Steadily growing environmental concerns, as well as regula-

tory pressure, will drive demand for green solvents that are

derived from renewable materials. According to analyst Ryan

Sullivan, This will contribute to growth in alcohols and glycols,

which will see the largest gains of all solvents. Other green sol-

vents such as butanediol and terpenes will see the fastest demandgrowth, albeit from much smaller bases.


9/56

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INDUSTRY

NEWS

Environmental regulations at both the

state and federal levels aimed at reducing

VOC emissions will continue to propel

the shift from conventional solvents togreen solvents. This shift has provided

a boost for glycol solvent demand in the

coatings market, where glycol-based sol-

vents have helped formulators achieve

lower VOC content. Similarly, alcohol

solvents will see increased demand from

the pharmaceuticals market in order to

help producers meet strict FDA and EPA

regulations. Shifts in demand in the siz-

able printing inks market will also be

affected by the trend toward greener

solvent products as soy- and propanol-

based solvents continue to make inroads

as replacements for hydrocarbons.The coatings market will replace the

transportation market as the largest sol-

vents consumer by 2018. Restrained by

lengthening engine coolant flush inter-

vals and increased consumer demand

for longer-lasting, less-toxic propylene

glycol antifreeze, demand for solvents in

the transportation market will grow at a

below-average pace through 2018. Addi-

tionally, solvent-recycling operations will

provide additional downward pressure on

overall solvent demand going forward.

For additional information about the

report, visit www.freedoniagroup.com.

2014 PolyurethanesTechnical ConferenceWASHINGTON, DC Registration is now

open for the 2014 Polyurethanes Techni-

cal Conference, hosted by the Center for

the Polyurethanes Industry of the Ameri-

can Chemistry Council. The conference

will take place September 22-24, 2014, at

the Gaylord Texan Resort and Convention

Center in Dallas. For additional informa-

tion about the conference, visit http://

polyurethane.americanchemistry.com.

U.S. Demand for WoodCoatings and Preservativesto Reach $4.8 BillionCLEVELAND According to a newly

released study, demand for wood pro-

tection coatings and preservatives

is expected to advance 4.5% per year

through 2018 to $4.8 billion. Growth

in the industry will primarily be driven

by a rebound in residential construc-

tion activity, which in turn benefits the

major applications in which wood coat-

ings and preservatives are used, namelyfurniture, decking and siding. These and

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11/56P A I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y 11

other trends are presented a new study

from The Freedonia Group Inc., a Cleve-

land-based market research firm.

Analyst Katherine Brink stated that,Further advances will be restrained by

the rising use of non-wood materials in

several key applications. Coatings and

preservatives will be limited in siding,

where wood is forecast to account for

a shrinking share of demand and faces

fierce competition from alternative mate-

rials. In decking applications, although

wood still dominates, plastic composite

decking continues to erode woods share,

which also puts a dent in wood-protec-

tion product sales.

Demand for coatings is projected to

rise 4.7% annually through 2018. Main-tenance end-uses account for a slightly

higher share of coatings demand, driven

by the needs of the large existing base

of wood items. Even so, demand for new

coatings in construction-related appli-

cations will be the primary impetus for

accelerating demand gains through 2018.

Demand for wood preservatives is expect-

ed to increase 2.7% annually through

2018. Gains will be supported by the ris-

ing production of pressure-treated lumber

as construction activity rebounds. Faster

advances will be restrained by the matu-

rity of a number of applications, such as

railroad products and utility poles.

Wood protection product usage var-

ies depending on the application. For

instance, paint is the dominant product

in siding, and window and door applica-

tions, but stains and sealers are more

widely used on decks, cabinets, furniture

and flooring. Similarly, oil-based pre-

servatives including creosote and penta

tend to be utilized in industrial applica-

tions such as railroad products and util-ity poles, while water-based types such

as copper azole and ACQ are used to treat

wood intended for residential and non-

industrial applications.

For additional information about the

report, Wood Protection Coatings & Pre-

servatives, visit www.freedoniagroup.com.

PPG Donates to NACEScholarshipsPITTSBURGH The PPG Industries Foun-

dation has donated $10,000 to create two

annual scholarships provided through the

NACE International Foundation, a 501(c)(3)entity affiliated with NACE International,

The Corrosion Society. Two students pursu-

ing postsecondary academic degrees related

to corrosion or coatings will each receive a

$5,000 scholarship on behalf of PPG. The

2014 winners are: Kaitlyn Martin of Bay-

town, TX, a junior majoring in mechanical

engineering at Colorado School of Mines;

and Azra Turajlic of Fort Worth, TX, a fresh-

man majoring in petroleum engineering at

Louisiana State University.

China Conference TargetsNanoscienceQINGDAO, China BITs 4th Annual

World Congress of Nano Science & Tech-

nology 2014 (NANO2014) will take place

October 29-31, 2014, in Qingdao, China.

Programmed with 10 tracks, the confer-

ence targets nanoscience and nanotech-

nology professionals, highlighting recent

breakthrough stories and successes in the

field. Over the conference period, partici-

pants will have opportunities to share infor-

mation and best practices, as well as learn

about the current research and commercial

implementation of new technologies. Foradditional information, visit www.bitcon-

gress.com/nano2014/Contactus.asp.

Color Science Forum 2014and TiO2World SummitFALMOUTH, ME Combining more than

25 years of experience in working with

the titanium dioxide supply chain and the

industrial pigments and colorants sectors,

Smithers Rapra is hosting the Pigment and

Color Science Forum 2014 and the TiO2World Summit 2014 October 7-9, 2014, at

the Le Westin Montral in Montral, Can-

ada. For more information on TiO2 2014,visit www.tio2conference.com.

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PORTAGE, IN Sherwin-Williams Scien-tist Thomas E. Tom Gosz of Portage,

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OBITUARY



COMPANY NEWS

Bayer Receives Responsible Care HonorPITTSBURGH Bayer Corp. has been named a 2014 Responsible

Care Company of the Year by the American Chemistry Council

(ACC) in recognition of its commitment to continual improvement

in environmental, health, safety and security performance.

ACCs top honor is awarded to member companies that have

enhanced and embraced the Responsible Care ethic throughout

their organizations. Each year, the ACC names Responsible Care

Company of the Year recipients in the small, medium and large

company categories. Bayer is a 2014 large company recipient.

OMNOVA Solutions ExpandsSpecialty Resins CapacityFAIRLAWN, OH OMNOVA Solutions announced the completion

of an expansion at its Le Havre, France, manufacturing facility

that will enable the company to increase its capacity to produce

specialty acrylic resins for waterborne coatings. This multi-mil-

lion euro expansion features semi-continuous polymerization and

builds on OMNOVAs existing capabilities for acrylic water-based

chemistries in the United States in order to enhance regional

service to customers in Europe, the Middle East, A frica and Asia.

Fischer Technology Attains ISO Accreditation

WINDSOR, CT Fischer Technology has received accreditationto ISO/ IEC 17025:2005 by the American Association of Accredi-

tation Laboratories. ISO 17025 is the internationally accepted

standard for calibration laboratories; accreditation by A2LA dem-

onstrates Fischers continued pursuit of quality excellence. Fischer

can now offer ISO 17025 certifications for a variety of instruments

and standards including: film thickness instruments and stan-

dards for eddy current, magnetic induction, X-ray fluorescence,

coulometric and beta backscatter applications; electrical conduc-

tivity instruments and standards for eddy current comparison;

ferrite number instruments and standards; and nano-indentation

instruments and standards.ISO 17025 is the benchmark standard for calibration labs and

assures the competency of the laboratory staff and the accuracy of

the calibrations being performed.

U.S. Zinc Expands Relationship with KODAHOUSTON U.S. Zinc officials announced the expansion of its

relationship with KODA Distribution Group (KDG) through the

increase of Ribelins territory to include the Southeast region.

This now provides U.S. Zinc coast-to-coast coverage for the CASE

(coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers) market by KDG

companies, which include EW Kaufmann in the Northeast, GMZ

in the Midwest, PT Hutchins on the West Coast and Ribelin in the

Southwest and Southeast.

In 2013, U.S. Zinc launched a new national distributionstrategy, consolidating its distribution network to more effec-

MUTTENZ, Switzerland/MUMBAI,

India Specialty chemicals compa-

ny Clariant inaugurated enhance-

ments to its production capabilities

and customer support in Indone-

sia and Southeast Asia and Pacific

(SEA&P) at an official ceremony

at its site in Tangerang, Banten,

Indonesia. The increase in produc-

tion capacity and upgrading of

local facilities will better support

the strong growth in demand for

pigments, masterbatches, person-al care, home care and industrial

care ingredients in local and over-

seas markets.

The investments by the Indus-

trial & Consumer Specialties, Mas-

terbatches and Pigments business units

highlight Clariants commitment to

strengthen its long-term provision of

value-added services to customers in

Indonesia and SEA&P. Clariant is rep-

resented in eight locations in Indonesia.

Among Clariants expansion at the

Tangerang facility is a new pigment

preparations plant, doubling capacity to

support the growth in demand for low-

VOC pigment preparations complying

with eco-labeling schemes such as Blue

Angel and equivalent schemes in other

regions. The site has received ISO 50001

Energy Management System certifica-

tion, a benchmark certification that pro-

motes systematic energy savings and

better environmental performance.

Clariant Chemicals (India) Limit-

ed has opened its new headquarters

at Reliable Tech Park in Airoli, Navi

Mumbai, India. The new head-

quarters is designed to act as a

catalyst for growth of the com-

panys operations in India.

Dr. Hariolf Kottmann, CEO, Clari-

ant International Limited, com-

mented at the inauguration saying,

The future of Clariant is in Asia

and India is a key market for Clariant

globally. I am excited to open a new

chapter for Clariant in the country

with the new HQ in Navi Mumbai.

The new office will afford us theopportunity to broaden our custom-

er base, deliver innovative solutions

and create value that will benefit

all our stakeholders. We intend to

improve our market presence and

generate additional growth through a

sustained thrust on innovation.

The new facility covers a total area

of 140,000 square feet. It will even-

tually house around 400 employ-

ees across various service functions

as well as the Pigments, Additives,

Industrial & Consumer Specialties,

and Masterbatches businesses, along

with their technical service teams.

Clariant Inaugurates Investments in Asia

Clariant inaugurates Indonesian investments.(Photo: Clariant)



C O M P A N Y N E W S

tively and efficiently serve its customers. Under this strategy,

U.S. Zinc aligned with KDG and HB Chemical as its two nation-

al partners, in addition to key specialty distributors, to serve

the entire zinc oxide market.

Evonik Corp. Honors LintechMACON, GA Lintech International, a Georgia-based distribu-

tor of specialty chemicals, has received Evonik Corp.s 2013 Dis-

tributor of the Year Distribution Excellence Award. Lintech also

earned the award in 2012. Dennis Gillespie, Lintech President,

accepted the award at a June event in Parsippany, NJ, the location

of Evoniks North American headquarters.

Lintech has a long-standing business partnership with Evonik

and currently represents four Evonik Industries divisions: Meth-

acrylates, Coatings & Adhesives Resins, Crosslinkers, and Inor-

ganic Materials. The award was based on input from all divisions

working with Lintech.

Kelly-Moore Paints Enlarges Retail ReachSAN CARLOS, CA Paint and coatings manufacturer and

retailer Kelly-Moore Paint Co. has opened a 5,400-square-foot

store in Petaluma, CA. This is Kelly-Moores 105thretail store in

northern California.

The Petaluma location will feature the entire Kelly-Moore prod-

uct offering, including the premium Dura-Poxy+, Acry Plex and

Enviro Coat for interior projects and Acry Shield Exterior, Dura-

Poxy+ Porch and Floor, Acry Shield Stain, and Storm Stain for exte-

rior painting and staining, and for creating specialty paint finishes

both Old Masters and Modern Masters product lines are available.The new store showcases the ColorStudio Collection with

over 1,700 colors. Each color in the collection, available in paint

swatch or wet sample, was inspired by the architecture, lifestyle,

environmental conditions, and regional attributes that define the

individuality of the western United States.

Oxea Completes Specialty Esters Plant in ChinaOBERHAUSEN, Germany The chemical company Oxea has

completed its specialty esters plant in Nanjing, China after a con-

struction period of slightly more than 15 months. It is Oxeas first

production site in Asia and will complement the companys three

existing specialty esters plants in Europe, boosting Oxeas global

production capacity for specialty esters by 40%.

AkzoNobel to Invest in China Technology CenterAMSTERDAM, The Netherlands AkzoNobel is investing more

than 6.5 million in its Songjiang site near Shanghai, China,

expanding an existing research center by adding a dedicated facil-

ity for the companys Performance Coatings businesses.

Once completed in June 2015, the new development and appli-

cation center will add capability and capacity to serve growing

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COMPANY NEWS

demand throughout Asia for solutions targeted at the packaging,

coil, specialty finishes and powder coatings markets.

The extension will also double the number of people working in

R&D at Songjiang, to around 200, over the next couple of years.When fully operational, the new laboratory will be Performance

Coatings second-largest research and development base after

Felling in the UK.

Located in the greater Shanghai area, the Songjiang site was

recently expanded to create one of AkzoNobels biggest resin

plants for performance coatings.

PPG Plans Facility Expansion in BrazilPITTSBURGH PPG Industries recently announced an invest-

ment of about $40 million in its coatings manufacturing facility

located in Sumare, So Paulo, Brazil.

The expansion project will add a 65,000-square-foot plant for

on-site resin production. The resin will be used to manufacture

PPGs electrocoat products to meet growing demand among OEMsand industrial coatings customers in the region. PPG anticipates

completion of the project in 2015 and expects to add more than 30

new positions at the facility.

ISO Certification for Custom Milling & ConsultingFLEETWOOD, PA Custom Milling & Consulting Inc. has been

granted ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System Certifica-

tion for the manufacture and provision of its complete range of

products and services.

ISO 9001:2008 is an internationally recognized certification

that provides guidelines for the implementation of standard prac-

tices to ensure products meet regulatory and customer require-

ments. The certification covers design, development, production,

sales, marketing, and servicing of wet milling machinery, includ-

ing wet mill toll processing. Also, the design, development, manu-

facture and sale of colorants for the landscape industry.

PPG Reaches Agreement to Acquire ComexPITTSBURGH PPG Industries has reached a definitive agreement

to acquire Consorcio Comex, S.A. de C.V. (Comex), an architectural

and industrial coatings company with headquarters in Mexico City,

Mexico. The transaction is valued at $2.3 billion and is subject to

regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions.

Comex manufactures coatings and related products in Mexico

and sells them in Mexico and Central America through approxi-

mately 3,600 stores that are independently owned and operated

by more than 700 concessionaires. Comex also sells its productsthrough regional retailers, wholesalers and direct sales to cus-

tomers. The company has approximately 3,900 employees, eight

manufacturing facilities and six distribution centers, and had

sales of approximately $1 billion in 2013. Comex is a privately

held company that was founded in 1952.

Charles E. Bunch, PPG Chairman and CEO, said that PPG plans

to fund the acquisition primarily using currently held cash and

short-term investments, but he indicated that the company may

fund a portion of the purchase price through the addition of debt.

Bunch added that excluding non-recurring acquisition-related

costs the deal will be immediately accretive to earnings, and that

the company anticipates acquisition-related synergies of 3-4% of

acquired sales will be achieved over a two-year period.

The companys North American architectural coatings busi-ness has also reached a definitive agreement to acquire Mas-

terwork, an independent architectural paint distributor head-

quartered in Pittsburgh. The acquisition of Masterwork, which

operates a 13-store network throughout western Pennsylvania,

Ohio and New York, will expand PPGs company-owned storesfootprint in the region.

Perstorp Acquires Chemkos Penta BusinessPERSTORP, Sweden Specialty chemicals company Perstorp

has acquired the pentaerythritol, penta and calcium formate

businesses from Chemko a.s. Strske, a chemicals producer

in Slovakia.

The sales agreement includes Chemko a.s. Strskes penta

and calcium formate businesses, related technology and certain

assets. It does not include the manufacturing plant in Strske,

Slovakia, any real estate or employees. The transaction is part of

Perstorps plan to increase polyol capacity.

The polyalcohol penta is used in applications including alkyd

resins, PVC stabilizers, synthetic lubricants, varnishes and otherproducts. Perstorp is now producing penta in three different pro-

duction plants in Germany, the United States and Sweden.

Saint Clair Systems Inc. Buys Norcross Corp.WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP, MI Saint Clair Systems Inc., Wash-

ington Township, MI, has purchased the assets of Norcross Corp.,

a Massachusetts-based viscosity-control company. Saint Clair

Systems President C. Robert Gladstone believes the combination of

technology and experience shared by the two companies provides

additional opportunities to serve existing customers and a signif i-

cant opportunity to expand into new markets.

Gladstone also noted that Saint Clair Systems will benefit from

Norcross international sales network.

RPM Acquires WaterproofingProducts ManufacturerMEDINA, OH RPM International Inc. announced that Viapol

Ltda., part of The Euclid Chemical Co. and RPMs Performance

Coatings Group, has acquired Betumat Quimica Ltda., a water-

proofing products manufacturer based in Candeias, Brazil.

Betumat offers a full line of waterproofing products, including

asphaltic membranes, cementitious grouts and modified asphalt

products, to professional contractors and builders primarily in

northern Brazil.

Datacolor Acquires Media Logic

LAWRENCEVILLE, NJ Datacolor AG announced the acquisi-tion of Media Logic SNC, a software provider for the Italian and

European retail paint market. The acquisition includes Media

Logic SNCs distribution company. The privately held company is

headquartered in Reggio Emilia, Italy, and provides customized

software solutions focused on the industrial paint market. All

seven Media Logic employees, as well as the founder Corrado Iotti,

are joining the Datacolor team.

Media Logics software, Ymity, manages the entire process of

color communication for tinting systems, from measuring to mix-

ing color at points of sale in the retail market and at laboratories.

The software offers management of multiple dispensers and seam-

less data exchange between the paint manufacturer and paint

dealers, assuring the right paint color. The company also provides

a smartphone and tablet application that allows users to simulatecolor choices for their home in 3D.



C O M P A N Y N E W S

ALTANA Group Invests in Landa Digital PrintingWESEL, Germany/REHOVOT, Israel The specialty chemicals

group ALTANA and Landa Corp. have concluded an equity

financing agreement under which ALTANA will invest 100million for a minority stake in Landa Digital Printing. Both

companies see the agreement not only as a financial invest-

ment, but also as a start ing point for a long-term strategic part-

nership to bring digital printing solutions to the commercial,

packaging and publishing markets. Other units of the Landa

Group, including Landa Labs and Landa Ventures, are not

included in the transaction.

The proceeds will be used for completing the development of

Nanography, Landas water-based digital printing process, includ-

ing engineering and production ramp-up of Landa Nanographic

Printing Presses and building of manufacturing plants for

Landa NanoInk colorants.

ALTANA is expected to be an active partner, drawing on

print industry expertise gained from its BYK Additives &Instruments, ECKART Effect Pigments, and ACTEGA Coatings

& Sealants divisions.

Protex International BuysChartwell InternationalPARIS Protex International, Paris, France, has acquired Chart-

well International Inc., Attleboro Falls, MA. Larry Cohen will

remain with the company as a consultant, and there are no

changes planned in the agent and distribution system that has

been set up by Chartwell.

The name Chartwell will continue to be used for the companysadhesion promoter family.

Protex International is a diversified, privately held company with

sales to a range of end markets including specialty chemicals, coat-

ings, textile, electronics, water pretreatment, food and perfume.

Clariant and Ashland CompleteSale of Joint VentureMUTTENZ, Switzerland/COVINGTON, KY Clariant and Ash-

land Inc. have closed the previously announced sale of their joint

venture ASK Chemicals, headquartered in Hilden, Germany, to

investment funds affiliated with Rhne, a London and New York-

based private equity investment fi rm.

The divestment of our stake in ASK Chemicals is part of our

continuous active portfolio management to reallocate capitaltowards our more profitable growth areas, said Hariolf Kott-

mann, CEO of Clariant.

ASK Chemicals is a leading foundry chemicals manufacturer

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AUG.19-22ResonantAcoustic Industrial

Mixing ForumButte, MTwww.resodynmixers.com

SEPT.3-5Asia-Pacific Coatings Show

Jakarta, Indonesiawww.coatings-group.com

11-12

Coatings Trends& Technologies

Lincolnshire, ILwww.coatingsconference.com

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SCAA Annual Conference

St Kilda, Australiawww.scaa.asn.au

22-24

Latex Film [email protected]

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Polyurethanes Technical ConferenceDallaswww.americanchemistry.com

22-26

Basic Composition of CoatingsRolla, MOhttp://coatings.mst.edu

25Intermediate Inkjet FormulationRuncorn, [email protected]

OCT.7-9Pigment & Color Science Forum and TiO2

World SummitMontreal, Canadawww.pigmentmarkets.com

14-16

Print & Ink TechnologyHampton, UKwww.pra-world.com

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North African Coatings CongressCasablanca, Moroccowww.coatings-group.com

20-21

Waterborne Adhesives Short CourseGreenville, SCwww.ascouncil.org

20-22

ASC Fall Convention & EXPOGreenville, SCwww.ascouncil.org

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Introduction to Paint FormulationRolla, MOhttp://coatings.mst.edu

21-22

Professional Paint FormulationHampton, UKwww.pra-world.com

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Paintistanbul 2014Istanbul, Turkeyhttp://en.paintistanbul.com

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NAMES IN THE NEWS

Colin Andersonjoined American Chemet Corp.steam as Director of Research and Development.

Hoover Container Solutions promoted Gabriela

Blancoto International Client Services Manager.

AkzoNobels protective coatings business

has appointed Scott Doering and FernandoMacedo as Vice Presidents overseeing the Inter-nationaland Devoeprotective coatings brands within the North

America East and West regions.

Sartomer Americas has named Chris Halvorsen and BruceBradley Senior Account Managers with sales responsibility forcustomers in the Midwest territory. Christian Petrangeli hasbeen promoted to Americas Sales Manager.

Steven Mills, former Chief Financial Officer at Amyris Inc., isjoining Elevance Renewable Sciences Inc.sBoard of Directors.

Dr. Brij Mohalhas been appointed Vice President and ManagingDirector, Americas, for Chromaflo Technologies. Larry Hainesnow serves as Coatings Business Director, Americas.

I.C.T.C. Holdings Corp.has appointed two new Vice Presidents to

work from HEROsheadquarters in Vancouver, BC. Terry Newton

is the new Senior VP Global Sales, Key Accounts, and

Carlos de Melois the new VP and General Manager,HERO Products Group, North American Operations.

Maroon Inc. has launched an Inside Sales

Department at the companys Ohio headquarters

with Inside Sales Specialists Christie Parker andValerie Bokar.

Gustavo Pintohas been promoted to Sales Director, Latam Spe-cialty Carbon Blacks, at Orion Engineered Carbons.

Collin G. Quallshas joined National Coatings Corp.as the newDistrict Sales Manager serving the Gulf, Southeast region.

J. Lawrence (Larry) Robinsonhas retired as President of theColor Pigments Manufacturers Association Inc. (CPMA) . David J.

Waweris the new CPMA Executive Director.

Brian Savulis, owner and President of Yeagle Technology Inc.,received the Ashford Business of the Year Award, an annual award

presented to an Ashford, CT, business.

Alberdingk Boley Inc. has named Andrew Starling SoutheastSales Representative. He is taking over the territory for Steve Coo-per, who is retiring.

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Paint Coatings Industry



F rictional resistance contributes up to80-90% of the total resistance for com-mercial vessels. An increase in resistanceresults in higher fuel consumption, harm-ful greenhouse gas emissions and higher(engine) maintenance ultimately higher cost for ship

owners and operators.

Therefore, much attention has always been paid tounderstanding and predicting frictional resistance of

a ship in the design phase. To make such predictions,

detailed knowledge of the frictional resistance coeffi-

cient of the wetted surface area of the ship is required.

This frictional resistance coefficient depends largely

on the roughness and texture of the wetted surface

area. Effects of physical roughness parameters on the

friction coefficient were established long ago in towing

tank experiments and are well documented.1 There-

after, other studies were published on the relationship

between surface roughness of non-fouled hull coatings

and friction drag performance. At that time, so-called

self-polishing antifouling paints ( based on TBT) gained

a strong market position due to their advanced binder

technology, resulting in a smooth surface on which

minimal fouling could settle. Further investigations

into friction drag consequences of changes in hull

roughness due to paint polishi ng have been reported byTownsin et al.1and Grigson.2

Seaweed, barnacles, mussels and tubeworms are all

attracted to ship hulls. Substantial fouling growth on

a ship hull may easily give 50-80% extra friction drag.

In the case of hard fouling (such as barnacles, tube-

worms and oysters), added drag effects were quantified

by Kempf,3 cited in Schultz4 and later on by Townsin.5

For soft fouling, such as seaweed and slime fouling from

diatoms and bacterial biofilms, quantified added drag

effects have been reported varying from 9-29%.6 So for

both hard and soft fouling, the drag penalty can be signifi-

cant, although the magnitude of the increase will strongly

depend on the type of fouling and percent coverage.

Currently available hull coatings can be divided into

two major groups: so-called self-polishing coatings (SPCs)

with biocides that leach into the environment and thereby

kill fouling organisms; and biocide-free fouling release

coatings (FRCs) on which organisms can only weakly

adhere, and fouling is readily removed at certain ship

speed and activity.

Worldwide, SPCs still have major market share

between 80-90%. FRCs are usually higher in cost, require

more attention during application and are more vulner-

able to mechanical damage. On the positive side, there

are claims from coating producers that FRCs provide fuel

savings, at least in newly applied conditions.

ByJob Klijnstra, Senior Scientist Antifouling |ENDURES B.V. (strategic partner of Exova), Den Helder, The Netherlands

Improved Hull

Coatings Save Fuel

FIGURE 1Overview of FDM (lef t) and detailed picture of disk in seawa-

ter container (right).



In practice, total friction resistance of a ship is influenced

by changes in hull surface conditions, such as polishing or

weathering of the coating, and by fouling that has settled

on top. The hydrodynamic roughness resulting from foul-

ing onto a weathered coating system is hard to define.

Next to physical roughness parameters characterizing the

coating surface, there is what could be called biological

roughness that, together and in interaction with the coat-

ing surface, will give a total drag penalty. When comparing

hull coatings on friction drag performance, this total added

drag effect is the main parameter that counts.

The biological roughness thus far cannot be described

in existing physical roughness terms. Until now, the

lack of suitable experimental methods to determine such

effects has prevented reliable determination of this param-

eter. Towing test facilities are not suitable for this purpose,

especially not for making replicate measurements, and

also such experiments are far too expensive to investigate

all relevant variables.

Measuring Friction Drag PropertiesA small-scale laboratory test set-up, such as the Friction

Disk Machine (FDM) available at ENDURES, has signifi-

cant advantages in this respect. The set-up replicates an

example from the U.S. Navy6and is used for differential

measurements of the same disks with different surface

conditions. Such comparative measurements establish

the added drag effects of specific surface conditions such

as roughness or fouling patterns. At 23 cm diameter, the

small disk size also simplifies the process of getting suf-

ficient replicates of experimental samples with the same

coating or with similar fouling patterns.

The FDM (Figure 1) consists of a variable-speed motorthat drives a shaft onto which disks are mounted. The

coated disk rotates in a cylindrical Perspex container (32

cm height and 30 cm diameter), completely filled with

filtered natural seawater. A torque sensor installed on

the shaft measures the torque produced during the entire

rotation protocol.

Torque on the motor shaft is recorded as the disks are

spun at increasing angular velocities from 500 rpm to

1500 rpm (in incremental steps of 200 rpm). Different

rotation protocols are used, depending on the specific

purpose of the test. An example of a commonly used pro-

tocol is shown in Figure 2. Torque data used in analysis of

results are the last 60 seconds of each speed step.

To verify the test accuracy, friction drag tests were

done with aluminum disks with four different roughness

grades (Rt values of 51, 55, 80 and 97 m, respectively)

in comparison to a smooth titanium disk (Rt 2 m). The

graph in Figure 3 shows the results of these tests. Friction

drag increases with surface roughness even very small

differences in Rt were found to give different drag. This

follows general hydrodynamic theory, and the FDM test

set-up is able to generate reliable and consistent data on

friction drag properties of specif ic surface conditions.

Friction Drag Measurementson Different Types of Coatings

Three different, commercially available hull coatings two types of fouling release coatings (FRC) and one

self-polishing coating (SPC) were subjected to friction

drag tests in the FDM, first in pristine condition and sub-

sequently after a period of 11 weeks raft exposure with

natural fouling on their surfaces. The difference in drag

between the two measurements demonstrates for each

coating the added friction resistance caused by the fouling

pattern present on the surface.

Figure 4 shows the coated disks prior to and after the

raft exposure period. Each coating was tested in fourfold.

Torque(Nm)

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Time (sec)

Torque

Speed

1700

1500

1300

1100

900

700

500

300

100

-100

Speed(RPM)

FIGURE 2Rotation protocol used in friction drag measurementsin the FDM.

Coating I Coating II Coating III

FIGURE 4Coated disks with three different antifouling coatings (fourreplicates) prior to (left) and af ter 11 weeks (right) raft exposure.

Torque(Nm)

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Speed (RPM)

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Smooth51 m55 m80 m97 m

FIGURE 3Friction drag of grit-blasted aluminum disks with various

roughness (Rt values).


22/56

Improved Hull Coatings Save Fuel

AUGUST 2014 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M22

I n Fig ure 5, average f riction r esi sta nce va lues of

coatings in pris tine condition are given. Data measured

at 500 rpm were not correctly logged in this test and

therefore discarded. Both FRCs were almost equal in

friction resistance at al l rotation speeds, whereas Coat-

ing III, the SPC, gave the highest friction drag over the

entire speed range. In comparison to Coating I, the SPC

showed 10-15% more friction resistance at speeds from

900 rpm onwards. The relative difference between both

FRCs was very small with 2-5% in favour of Coating I.

Variation between the four replicates was very low. In

this particular case the newly applied fouling release

coatings showed better drag performance than the self-

polishing antifouling paint.

Figure 4 (right) gives an overview of the fouling condi-

tion after 11 weeks. Despite being exposed at the same

location and for the same time, the different coatings

showed differences in rate and type of fouling on their sur-

face. Fouled disks were returned to the lab under immer-

sion in seawater, and they were kept immersed until drag

measurements were completed. Photographs that were

taken of coated disks prior to and after completion of the

drag test are shown in Figure 6.

The graph in Figure 7 shows the results of drag mea-

surements with fouled disk in a relative sense. This means

that the torque value measured in fouled condition is

expressed as a percentage of the torque in clean condition.

This way the percent added drag as shown on the vertical

axis in Figure 7 can be seen as the drag penalty that can

be ascribed to the presence of the mixed biofilm.

The three coatings show clearly different drag proper-ties. Coating I actually does not give any added drag with

the fouling pattern, as shown in Figure 6. After comple-

tion of the test, the disk surface was visually almost clean.

The other FRC, Coating II, in fouled condition gives

around 10% added drag at all rotation speeds. Visually,

the fouling pattern prior to testing on Coating II does not

differ greatly from the one observed on Coating I. How-

ever, this fouling apparently has stronger adhesion to the

surface, which means that the fouling release properties

of Coating II are less than those of Coating I. The surface

condition of Coating II after the test shows an irregularly

distributed thin biofilm of diatomaceous slime; apparently

this slime layer is still able to evoke a drag penalty of 10%.

The SPC coating (Coating III) shows a very different foul-ing pattern initially (Figure 6) with quite a lot of slime and

sand patches regularly distributed over the coating surface.

These patches partly contained small sand-burrowing

tubeworms, a type of fouling not very common on anti-

fouling coatings. After rotation in the FDM all patches had

disappeared, leaving a biofilm behind, mainly consisting of

diatom slime. The added drag effect of this slime layer was

found to be around 35% over the entire speed range.

The raft test has clearly shown that, under the same

exposure conditions, fouling settlement on fouling

release coatings is different than that on self-polishing

coatings. The subsequent friction tests demonstrate

that, as a result, friction drag properties of hull coatings

may differ considerably.

Comparing both of the fouling release coatings, two

similar commercially available products, the type and

rate of fouling development during the period of static raft

exposure was not very different. Despite this, the friction

drag test in the FDM indicated better fouling release prop-

erties with one of the FRCs, making this product a better

choice from a friction resistance perspective.

Determination of Long-TermDrag PropertiesIn another test set-up (Figure 8) we applied rotation aging

of coated disks in natural seawater at various speeds in

order to simulate a ship sailing at cruising speed. Combin-ing this with intermittent short periods of static raft expo-

Coating I Coating II Coating III

FIGURE 6Coated disks in the condition prior to (top row) and af tercompletion (bottom row) of the drag test.

DragPenalty(%)

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10Rotation Speed (RPM)

700 900 1100 1300 1500

nCoating I (FRC) nCoating II (FRC) nCoating III (SPC)

FIGURE 7Friction drag of coatings with a mixed biofilm after 11 weeksraft exposure. Vertical bars give STD of four replicates.

Torque(Nm)

3.0

2.5

2.01.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Speed (RPM) 700 900 1100 1300 1500

nCoating I (FRC) nCoating II (FRC) nCoating III (SPC)

FIGURE 5Friction drag of coatings in pristine condition. Vertical barsgive STD of four replicates.



sure, full operational schedules of a ship can be simulated,

including idle time spent in harbour.

Determination of the friction d rag propert ies of self-

polishing hull coatings over longer periods of time is

possible by measuring the friction resistance of coated

disks at specific intervals. This way, in conjunction with

raft exposure, quantitative data is obtained on fouling

development on aged hull coatings and associated added

drag. Custom-made aging and exposure protocols can be

applied, depending on client needs.

ConclusionResults demonstrate that in essence, the FDM methodol-

ogy has good potential and value for use in screening

or selection of suitable hull coatings. Using a key perfor-

mance parameter of hull coatings the ability to keep

friction resistance of a ship hull as low as possible experi-

ments in the FDM can help to find suitable products for

specif ic ships or operational profiles, or to select the mostefficient products with best long-term friction drag perfor-

mance. This will increase cost eff iciency in both ship oper-

ations and maintenance. The differential measurements

in the FDM set-up generate drag penalty data that need

further transformation before appropriate statements can

be made on consequences for added friction resistance

of ships. Such transformation can be done following the

approach described in Granville.7

References1 Townsin, R.L.; Byrne, D.; Svensen, T.E.; Milne, A. Trans

SNAME 89. 1981, 295-318.2 Grigson, C.W.B.J. Ship Res.1992, 36: 182-196.3

Kempf, G. Trans INA. 1937, 79: 109- 119.4 Schultz M.P.; Bendick, J.A.; Holm, E.R.; Hertel, W.M. Biofoul-

ing2011, 27: 87- 98.5 Townsin, R.L. Biofouling 2003, 19 (suppl.): 9- 16.6 Holm, E.R.; Schultz, M.P.; Haslbeck, E.G.; Talbott, W.J.; Field,

A.J. Biofouling2004, 20: 219- 226.7 Granvil le, P.S. J. Fluids Eng. 1982, 104: 373- 377.

For more information, e-mail Dr. Klijnstra at [email protected].

FIGURE 8Test set-up for rotation aging of hull coatings applied ontodisks suitable for drag measurements.



Developing a coating with improved dirtpickup resistance continues to be an

important goal in the coatings indus-

try. Reasons for this include growth

in softer elastomeric wall and roof

coatings; demand for low-VOC formulations, which tra-

ditionally result in tackier coatings due to reduced glass

transition temperatures (Tgs); and the planned construc-

tion of high-rise commercial buildings, most notably in

Asia, which is driving the need for coatings that are easier

to clean and maintain.

One approach to improving dirt pickup resistance has

been to create a harder finish by raising the Tg of the

coating. There are, however, downsides to this approach.

First, it is nonviable in elastomeric applications, such aselastomeric roof coatings that require elongation and flex-

ibility, since the increased Tg can decrease the flexibility of

the coating. Such a decrease in flexibility can lead to the

formation of cracks in the coating. Second, increasing the

Tg of a coating can require the use of coalescing solvents,

which typically have a high VOC content. The increased

VOC is in direct opposition to the need to decrease VOCs in

coatings due to government regulations.

Other approaches included using highly crosslinked

polymers, which try to provide a low-tack surface that

impedes dirt penetration. While this method can provide

an effective solution for automotive coating applications,

architectural and elastomeric coatings provide unique

challenges due to the need to retain elongation, making

crosslinked polymers a less viable approach.

A New OptionMulti-staged polymers represent fairly new technology

that involves a mixture of polymers with different Tg

ranges, resulting in a mix of hard and soft segments. This

technology, however, has yet to overcome many of the

same issues discussed above, specifically elongation prop-

erties. The aqueous binder composition of the multi-staged

polymers includes (a) polymer particles of average particle

diameter with a Tg of -30 C or lower, and (b) polymer

particles of average diameter with a Tg of 50 C, or higher,

where the average diameter ratio between particles of thefirst polymer and particles of the second polymer must be

at least 4:1. To avoid sedimentation, the particle diameter

ratio between particles of the first polymer and particles of

the second polymer must be no greater than 6:1.

The first and second polymer particles both have a par-

ticle size distribution and an average molecular weight that

are each in a predetermined value range. The average par-

ticle diameter of the first polymer particle ranges from 0.33

to 0.60 micrometers; the average particle diameter of the

second polymer particle ranges from 0.06 to 0.09 microm-

eters. For the various embodiments, the first polymer

particle and the second polymer particle each have a high

average molecular weight and a polydispersity index (PDI)

of no greater than 1.11. Particle size ratio, high molecularweight (MW) and narrow molecular weight distribution

are important to assure high dirt pickup resistance.

The combination of the average particle diameter and

particle diameter ratio of the first and second polymer

particles allows for a percolation threshold volume (Vp) to

be obtained when the aqueous coating composition has at

least 75 volume percent of the first polymer particle on a

dry basis of the aqueous coating composition. It is believed

that for the various embodiments, achieving the perco-

lation threshold volume for the particle diameter ratio

allows for the second polymer particles (the smaller of the

two particles) to preferentially percolate through the first

polymer particles to an outer surface of the elastomeric

coating where they can help to form a hard and rough

skin layer that improves dirt pickup resistance.

The fi rst polymer part icle and the second polymer

particle each include a hydrophobic branched monomer

in polymerized form; particles were synthesized by a free

radical polymerization process prepared with a hydropho-

bic branched monomer. For the various embodiments, the

hydrophobic branched monomer in the first polymer par-

ticle is a NEO monomer with a Tg of -40 C. For the second

polymer particle the hydrophobic branched monomer is a

NEO monomer with Tg of +70 C.

The aqueous binder composition does not require addi-

tional components, such as solvents and/or coalescents to

By Hugo De Notta, Ph.D., R&D Director |Multiquimica s.a., Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

New

ElastomericBinder

with Dirt Pickup Resistance



form a film. For the various embodiments, the elastomeric

binder formed can provide an elongation value of 850-

1000%, determined according to ASTM D2370. Likewise,

the elastomeric binder gives the possibility of formulating

elastomeric wall paints with a vapor transmission of 5

to 9 g/m2/day determined according to ASTM F1249 or

TAPPI 448, and a water absorption (after 96 h soaking in

tap water) of 9.0% or less. For the various embodiments,

the elastomeric coating formed with the aqueous coating

composition can provide a contact angle of at least 128

determined according to ASTM D7334.

The binder synthesized according to this technology also

shows high dirt pickup resistance, which is a consequence

of several technical facts such as the high reactivity of

the branched hydrophobic monomers used (which gives

a high-MW polymer with low polydispersity), the ratio of

particle size between the two binders, the low polydispersity

of each polymer to be blended, the relative binder composi-

tion, and the usage of a UV-reactive monomer to synthesizethe low-particle-size hard polymer. These properties allow

the formulation of elastomeric coatings that are particu-

larly well suited for use on masonry, concrete surfaces and

stone surfaces, among others.

As has been mentioned, the first and the second poly-

mer in the aqueous binder composition have an average

particle size distribution that is very narrow. In other

words, both polymers to be blended have very small poly-

dispersity (standard deviation of the average particle size

distribution). For example, the polydispersity for the first

polymer particle can be 5% or less, while the polydisper-

sity for the second polymer particle can be 7% or less.

As a result, the aqueous coating composition can have

essentially a bimodal particle size distr ibution, or a binarymixture, of the f irst and second polymer particles.

The bimodal distribution and the particle diameter ratio

of the first and second polymer particles have an influence

on how the polymer particles segregate during the forma-

tion of the elastomeric coating. As appreciated, a system

of particles in motion (such as the first and second poly-

mer particles in the aqueous coating composition as the

elastomeric coating is forming) distributes itself through

a variety of mechanisms, including what is known as per-

colation. During percolation, different-sized particles of the

system can migrate in different directions depending upon

a number of dif ferent factors. These factors can include the

relative size and weight of the particles as well as the tem-

perature at which the percolation is occurring. As a result

of this migration, the different-sized particles can segregate

themselves to different parts of the elastomeric coating.

A Hard and Rough LayerFor the various embodiments, the particle diameter ratio

(with its bimodal distribution) and the weight average

molecular weight of the first and second polymer par-

ticles, among other things, are believed to affect the segre-

gation of the polymer particles as the elastomeric coating

forms. In particular, a Vp has been identified from these

parameters that provides a volume percentage of the sec-

ond polymer particle (the relatively smaller hard polymer

particle as compared to the first polymer particle) neededto cause the second polymer particles to preferentially seg-

regate to an outer surface of the elastomeric coating dur-

ing the drying process. In this relative position, the second

polymer particles can help to form a hard and rough layer

that is hydrophobic and that helps to improve dirt pickup

resistance, while the first polymer particle helps to bal-

ance and control the elastomeric behavior of the elasto-

meric coating. For the various embodiments, the Vp can

be obtained with aqueous coating compositions having at

least 75 volume percent of the first polymer particle on a

dry basis of the aqueous coating composition; the remain-

ing volume percent of the aqueous coating composition

can be the second polymer particle.

There is not necessarily a complete segregation of the

first and second polymer particles as the elastomeric coat-

ing forms. For the various embodiments, the hard and

rough layer of the elastomeric coating can include a blend

of the first and second polymer particles. Such blends, how-

ever, will typically include a majority of the second polymer

particle when the volume percentage of the second polymerparticle is within the Vp. In other words, the Vp of the pres-

ent disclosure can be used to better ensure that the bimodal

system of the first and second polymer particles will pref-

erentially segregate so that the majority of the hard and

rough layer is formed with the second polymer particles. It

mostly depends on the particle size polydispersity.

Even more surprisingly, it has also been found that

when the volume percentage of the second polymer par-

ticle is within the percolation threshold volume, the aque-

ous coating composition does not require a coalescing

agent in order to form the elastomeric coating.

For the various embodiments, the morphological struc-

ture of the hard and rough layer also contributes to the elas-

tomeric coatings ability to provide dirt pickup resistance.

As illustrated in the following sections, the hard and rough

layer of the elastomeric coating includes a topography hav-

ing projections or bumps that provide for a rough surface.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that the presence of a

relatively high degree of surface roughness can provide for

at least two important contact effects between the rough

surface and materials that can come into contact with the

rough surface. First, the existence of a high degree of sur-

face roughness can provide for a very small contact area

between the surface and a contaminant (e.g., a particulate

or an aqueous liquid droplet) that can come into contact

with the surface. As such, adhesion between the contami-

nant and the surface can be minimized due to the minimal

contact area between the two. Second, the surface rough-

ness can facilitate the trapping of air beneath a portion of

the contaminant. For instance, when considering a liquiddroplet coming into contact with the rough surface, an air

Multi-staged polymers represent fairly

new technology that involves a mixture of

polymers with different Tg ranges, resulting

in a mix of hard and soft segments.


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New Elastomeric Binder with Dirt Pickup Resistance

AUGUST 2014 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M26

boundary layer can form between portions of the droplet

and the surface; this air boundary layer can increase the

contact angle between the droplet and the surface.

Although surface roughness can provide a surface with

some degree of hydrophobicity, hydrophobicity can be fur-

ther enhanced when combined with a surface chemistry

providing a low surface energy. The hard and rough layer of

the elastomeric coating also displays a low surface energy,

which, coupled with the rough surface, leads to a high

contact angle that resists wetting and adherence of dirt and

contaminants. Thus, when a solid particulate or a liquid

droplet, (e.g., a water droplet) contacts the coating, it can roll

down or slide off of the surface due to the combined effects of

surface roughness and low surface energy. Also, when con-

sidering a liquid droplet, as the droplet rolls down the surface

and encounters a solid particle on the surface, the particle

can adhere to the passing droplet and can simultaneously

be removed from the surface with the liquid, as adhesion

between the surface and the particle has been minimized.Thus, the particle can preferentially adhere to the liquid and

be cleaned from the surface of the elastomeric coating.

It has been discovered that if a coalescing agent is used,

the resulting hard and rough layer structure is a ltered to

a smoother surface relative to the hard and rough surface

formed without the use of the coalescing agent. Therefore,

the use of coalescent aids is not recommended.

Forming the Polymer ParticlesFor the various embodiments, elastomeric coatings

formed with the aqueous coating composition of the pres-

ent disclosure can have contact angles of 128 minimum.

Known synthesis techniques have been used to control

the polymer particle size. Surfactant type and the polymer-ization process, among other things, have a great inf luence

on the polymer particle size. The size and polydispersity of

the polymer particles have been controlled by the choice of

polymerization starting materials and conditions for the

first and second polymer, such as seed size and concentra-

tion, polymerization rate, catalyst or initiator concentra-

tion, reaction temperature, surfactant concentration, etc.

The first polymer and the second polymer can each be

prepared by an emulsion polymerization process using at

least one hydrophobic ethylenically unsaturated mono-

mer and several hydrophilic ones.

These hydrophil ic functional monomers that are use-

ful in forming the first and second polymer particles can

include, but are not limited to, hydrophilic functional

monomers that contain ethylenically unsaturated double

bonds for free radical reaction with the hydrophobic ethyl-

enically unsaturated monomer or other monomers during

polymerization. Examples of such hydrophilic functional

monomers can include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid,

n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacry-

late, acrylamide, and mixtures thereof.

Monomers used in forming the fi rst polymer particle

can include mixtures of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and/or

n-butyl acrylate, NEO monomer with Tg of -40 C, acrylic

or methacrylic acid, and/or acrylamide, and methyl meth-

acrylate that contains more than 40% by weight of NEO

monomer. The remaining monomer is mostly 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate or combination thereof.

Monomers used in forming the second polymer particle

can include mixtures of NEO monomer with Tg of +70 C

and several hydrophilic ones such as 2-ethylhexyl acry-

late and/or butyl acrylate, acrylic or methacrylic acid,

acrylamide and methyl methacrylate that contains more

than 40% by weight of NEO monomer, no more than 5%

by weight of methyl methacrylate, and less than 3% of

4-(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone, with

the remaining monomer being 2-ethylhexyl acrylate,

n-butyl acrylate or a combination thereof.

Suitable polymerization conditions must be used. Typi-

cally, the reaction temperature is 70-80 C. The polymer-

ization can be conducted using polymerization initiators.

Suitable free radical polymerization initiators are known

to promote emulsion polymerization and can include

water-soluble oxidizing agents, such as organic perox-

ides (e.g., t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide,

etc.), inorganic oxidizing agents (e.g., hydrogen perox-

ide, potassium persulfate, sodium persul fate, ammoniumpersulfate, etc.), and those initiators that are activated in

the water phase by a water-soluble reducing agent. Such

initiators are employed in an amount sufficient to cause

polymerization. The amount of such free radical initiators

used can be in the range of 0.05-0.20% by weight based

on the weight of all monomers present.

Redox initiators may be employed, especially when

polymerization is carried out at lower temperatures. For

example, reducing agents may be used in addition to

the persulfate and peroxide initiators mentioned above.

Typical reducing agents can include, but are not limited

to, alkali metal salts of hydrosulfites, sulfoxylates, thio-

sulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, etc. In general, the reducing

agents are used in the range of 0.01-0.20% by weightbased on the weight of all monomers present.

Various additives can be added before, during or after

polymerization. These include surfactants, reactive surfac-

tants, radical chelating agents, buffering agents, neutral-

izing agents, defoamers and polymeric stabilizers, among

others. Suitable surfactants can include, but are not limited

to, those having a low critical micelle concentration (CMC).

For the various embodiments, suitable surfactants have

a CMC of less than 0.009 g/100 g in 0.1 M NaCl at 25 C.

So, for the various embodiments the first polymer and the

second polymer include surfactant having a critical micelle

concentration of less than 0.009 g/100 g in 0.1 M NaCl at

25 C combined with reactive surfactants.

Examples of suitable surfactants can include alkyldi-

phenyloxide disulfonate, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether

phosphate, ammonium salt, and polyoxyethylene alkyl-

phenyl ether ammonium sulfate. For the various embodi-

ments, the amount of the surfactant can be in the range of

0-2.8% by weight.

Study 1: Percolation ThresholdIn this example, the percolation threshold volume, Vp,

as a function of the particle diameter ratio was studi

paint & coatings industry august 2014

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