ov 6 - 1 copyright © 2013 logical operations, inc. all rights reserved. tcp/ip addressing and data...

OV 6 - 1Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.

TCP/IP Addressing and Data Delivery

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite IP Addressing Default IP Addressing Schemes Create Custom IP Addressing Schemes Implement IPv6 Addresses Delivery Techniques


TCP

TCP/IP is the native Protocol of the Internet and is required for Internet

connectivity.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Is part of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite along with another Transport-layer protocol

- User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Is a connection-oriented, guaranteed-delivery protocol used to send data

packets between computers over the Internet. Is part of the Internet protocol suite along with the Internet Protocol (IP) Is responsible for breaking up data into datagrams, reassembling them at the

other end, resending data lost in transit, and resequencing data. IP is responsible for routing individual datagrams and addressing.


IP

Internet Protocol (IP): A Network-layer protocol that is responsible for routing individual datagrams

and addressing. A connectionless protocol and acts as an intermediary between higher protocol

layers and the network. Makes no guarantees about packet delivery, corruption of data, or lost packets. Works in concert with TCP, which establishes a connection between a source

and the destination.


The IP Data Packet Delivery Process

203.175.10.25

255.255.255.0

203.175.10.50

255.255.255.0Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

TCP/IP model

11

22Passes IP address

to Internet layerPasses IP address

to Internet layer 33Uses subnet mask to determine

the network of the receiving nodeUses subnet mask to determine

the network of the receiving node

Service establishesconnection and

resolves the name

Service establishesconnection and

resolves the name


UDP

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or Universal Datagram Protocol: Is a connectionless Transport-layer protocol in the Internet Protocol suite Is a best-effort delivery protocol that is used with IP like TCP Transmits data and ensures data integrity as TCP, but lacks reliability, flow-

control, and error-recovery functions. Is less complex than TCP and because it is connectionless, provides faster

service


ARP

Address resolution in ARP is performed by the following three steps: ARP receives an IP address from IP. If ARP has the MAC address in its cache, it returns it to IP. If not, it issues a

broadcast to resolve the IP address. A target node with the corresponding IP address responds with a unicast that

includes its MAC address.


ICMP

Sending Node Receiving Node

33

2211 Data Receiving Node Buffers Fill

Source Quench Message

FloodwarningFlood

warning


IGMP

IGMP is used for multicast packet routing

IGMP is used for multicast packet routing

IGMP


The header part contains the destination and source addresses. The footer part contains an error checking code. The data part contains the actual information or data that is to be transmitted.

Data Packets

HeaderHeader FooterFooter

DataData


A network address typically includes two parts: one that identifies the

network, and the other that identifies a node on the network.

Network Addresses

192.168.100.100

Network portionNetwork portion

Node portionNode portion


Network Names

Descriptive host nameDescriptive host name

IP address mappingIP address mapping


IP Addresses

32-Bit Binary Address

10101100.00010000.00101000.00000000

Network Address (NA) portionNetwork Address (NA) portion Host Address (HA) PortionHost Address (HA) Portion


Subnets

The process of logically dividing a network into smaller subnetworks or subnets, with each subnet having a unique address.

The conventional addressing technique has IP addresses with two hierarchical levels, namely network ID and host ID.

Subnet A Subnet B

Network is divided into smaller subnetworksNetwork is divided into smaller subnetworks


Subnet Masks

1101100.00001000.00001010.01100101

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

1101100.00001000.00000000.00000000

IP address

Network address

Subnet mask differentiates the network and node portions

of the binary IP address

Subnet mask differentiates the network and node portions

of the binary IP address

Node portionNode portionNetwork portionNetwork portion

Network portionNetwork portion Subnet mask removes the node portion

Subnet mask removes the node portion


Subnet Mask Structure

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

255.255.255.0

The ones in the mask always start at bit 32, to the left of the mask. The zeros in the mask always start at bit 1, to the right of the mask. The ones in the mask must be contiguous, with no zeros interspersed between

the ones.


IP Address Assignment Rules

TCP/IP139.80.100.10255.255.0.0

139.80.100.20255.255.0.0

139.90.100.10255.255.0.0

139.90.50.20255.255.0.0


Binary and Decimal Conversion

1 1 1 1 1 11 1

2 2 2 2 2 22 2

64 32 16 8 4 2128 1

7 06 5 4 3 2 1

+ + + + + + + = 255

Binary numberBinary number

Binary place valueBinary place value

Decimal equivalentDecimal equivalent


Binary ANDing

Subnet mask in binary

10001011.01010111.10001100.01001100

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

10001011.01010111.10001100.00000000

IP address in binary

ANDing

Network ID

139.87.140.76IP address

Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

139.87.140.0

Masks the node portionof the IP address

Masks the node portionof the IP address

Network portionNetwork portion Node portionNode portion


ICANN

139.80.0.0 208.123.45.0

ICANNICANN

Companies lease IP addresses from ICANNCompanies lease IP addresses from ICANN


IP Address Classes

Address Class Description

Class A

Provides a small number of network addresses for networks with a large number of nodes per network. Address range: 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255Number of networks: 126Number of nodes per network: 16,777,214Network ID portion: First octetNode ID portion: Last three octetsDefault subnet mask: 255.0.0.0

Class B

Provides a balance between the number of network addresses and the number

of nodes per network.Address range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255Number of networks: 16,382Number of nodes per network: 65,534Network ID portion: First two octets, excluding Class A addressesNode ID portion: Last two octetsDefault subnet mask: 255.255.0.0


IP Address Classes (Cont.)

Address Class Description

Class C

Provide a large number of network addresses for networks with a small number of nodes per network.Address range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255Number of networks: 2,097,150Number of nodes per network: 254Network ID portion: First three octets, excluding Class A and Class B addressesNode ID portion: Last octetDefault subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Class D

Addresses are set aside to support multicast transmissions. Any network can use them, regardless of the base network ID.Address range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Example of a Class D address: 230.43.160.48

Class EAddresses that are set aside for research and experimentation.Address range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

Example of a Class E address: 250.217.39.190


Private IP Addresses

Private IP addresses are addresses that organizations use for nodes requiring IP connectivity within enterprise networks, but not requiring external connections to the Internet.

IP addresses in each of the Classes A, B, and C are reserved as private IP addresses.


The Local and Remote Addressing Process

Node uses a subnet mask to determine the destination of packet

Node applies subnet mask to its own IP address

Node applies the subnet mask to the packet's destination address

The node compares the two network IDs

Are they the same?

Two nodes are on the same subnet

Two nodes are remote to each other

Yes No


Default Gateways

139.87.10.9

139.87.10.10

139.115.30.0

Gateway

Default gateway is the address of the router

connected to the Internet

Default gateway is the address of the router

connected to the Internet


203.175.10.1 - 62

255.255.255.192

203.175.10.65 - 126

255.255.255.192

203.175.10.128 - 190

255.255.255.192

203.175.10.193 - 254

255.255.255.192

Custom TCP/IP Subnets

203.175.10.0

Custom subnet maskCustom subnet mask

Routes traffic between subnets

Routes traffic between subnets

A class of leased addresses that are divided into smaller groups

A class of leased addresses that are divided into smaller groups


Custom Subnet Masks

203.175.10.0

11001011.10101111.00001010.00000000

255.255.255.192

11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

Class C networkaddress

Class C networkaddress

Custom subnetmask

Custom subnetmask

Borrowed bits fromthe left side of the node

Borrowed bits fromthe left side of the node


Variable Length Subnet Masks

203.175.10.0

255.255.255.254

Subnet 1

6 addresses

Subnet 2

14 addresses

Subnet 3

30 addresses

5 nodes

255.255.255.248

12 nodes

255.255.255.240

28 nodes

255.255.248.0


Classless Inter Domain Routing

192.168.12.0

255.255.255.0

192.168.13.0

255.255.255.0

192.168.12.0

255.255.254.0192.168.12.0/23

CIDR notation combines a network address with a number to represent the number of one bits in the mask.

CIDR combines the network address with a number

CIDR combines the network address with a number


IPv4 Address Space Limitations

Limitations of the IPv4 address space include: The 32-bit IP address space itself, which provides only a theoretical maximum

of 232, or approximately 4,295 billion, separate addresses. The division of the address space into fixed classes; addresses falling either

between classes or between subnets are unavailable for assignment. IP address classes provide a small number of node addresses, leading to

difficulty matching IP address leases to a company's needs. The depletion of Class A and Class B IP address assignments. Unassigned and unused address ranges within existing Class A and Class B

blocks.


IPv6

IPv6: Is the successor to IPv4, an addressing scheme that increases the available

pool of IP addresses by implementing a 128-bit binary address space. Includes new efficiency features. Is incompatible with IPv4.


IPv6 Addresses

An IPv6 address is a 128-bit binary number assigned to a computer on a TCP/IP network.

Some of the bits in the address represent the network segment; the other bits represent the host.

For readability, the IPv6 address is usually separated by colons into eight groups of four hexadecimal digits.


Connections

A connection: Is a virtual link between two nodes established for the duration of a

communication session. Provides flow control, packet sequencing, and error recovery functions to

ensure reliable communications between nodes.


Flow Control

The following are common flow-control techniques: Buffering Data windows

Fixed and sliding windows


Buffering

A flow control technique in which data received is stored on a buffer. Is used when reading information from the disk or RAM.


Data Windows

10

1

Without data windows

With data windows

Packet

ACK

Defines how much data can be sent without waiting for an acknowledgment

Defines how much data can be sent without waiting for an acknowledgment


Error Detection

Data sent with EDC in footer

Receiver generates an EDC and compares it with the one

sent in the footer

Do they match?

Process data

Yes No

Request data be retransmitted


Parity Check

Compare bytes with parity bits

Compare bytes with parity bits

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

Parity bitParity bit Parity bitParity bit

11

Sender Receiver

Sender adds one bit to each word of dataSender adds one bit to each word of data 22

Receiver compares the transmitted and received bytes

Receiver compares the transmitted and received bytes

33If there is a mismatch, the

receiver requests retransmissionIf there is a mismatch, the

receiver requests retransmission


CRC

Cyclic Redundancy Check

Compare CRCs for errorCompare CRCs for error

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 CRC 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

11Sender attaches

CRC to dataSender attaches

CRC to data 22Receiver calculates CRC for

received blockReceiver calculates CRC for

received block

33Values match and data is unaltered

Values match and data is unaltered


Reflective Questions

1. In your opinion, which class of IP address will suit your organization?

2. Which delivery techniques will you implement most often on your network?

ov 6 - 1 copyright © 2013 logical operations, inc. all rights reserved. tcp/ip addressing and data...

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