An#Index#for#Evaluating#the#Risk#of#Water#Contamination#by#Pesticides:#Development#&#Validation#

Henrique(Marinho(L.(ChavesEFL$School of+Technology+

University of+Brasilia$UnB

! Pesticides+&+water+contamination

! Risk+Assessment+&+Management+of+

Pesticides+(RAMP):+Development

! RAMP+validation

! Pesticide+risk+management+w/+RAMP

! Conclusions

Outline

! Pesticides+ubiquitous+in+modern+agriculture

! Surface+&+GW:+vulnerable+compartments

! Man+&+fish+threatened

! What+is+the+risk+of+water+contamination+by+

pesticides?

! Mathematical+models+vs.+indices

! How+to+effectively+manage+pesticide+risk?

Pesticides(&(Water(Contamination RAMP(Development

R((1$9) =(H (1#3) @(V (1#3)

R =+risk+of+water+contamination+by+pesticides

H =+pesticide+hazard

V+=+site+vulnerability

Risk Level

1+$ 2 Low

3+$ 4 Medium

6+$ 9 High

RAMP(Development:(Risk

H(=(max (Mi Pi Ti)

Mi =+pesticide mobility =+1+/+log10 (Koc)

Pi =+pesticide persistance =+log10 (t1/2)

Ti =+pest.+toxicity =+[4$log10(LD50)$log10(HDI)]+/2

RAMP:(Pesticide Hazard

H Level Score

0.0+– 0.83 Low 1

0.83+– 1.66 Medium 2

1.66+– 2.50 High 3

Pesticide Hazard Assessment

Pesticide Type Crop Koc(ml(g#1)

M t1/2 (d) P DL50(mg(l#1)

T1ADI

(mg(kg#1(d#1)T2 T H Score

Fomesafen Herbicida Feijão 50 0,59 86 1,93 170,00 1,77 0,00 2,52 2,15 2,45 3Ciproconazol Fungicida Soja 309 0,40 142 2,15 19,00 2,72 0,02 1,70 2,21 1,91 3Atrazina Herbicida Milho 100 0,50 29 1,46 4,50 3,35 0,02 1,70 2,52 1,84 3Hidróxido(de(Fentina Fungicida Feijão 3.104 0,29 26 1,41 0,05 5,30 0,00 3,30 4,30 1,74 3Iprodione Fungicida Pimentão 373 0,39 84 1,92 3,70 3,43 0,06 1,22 2,33 1,74 3Óxido(cuproso Fungicida Tomate 12.000 0,25 365 2,56 0,21 4,68 0,15 0,82 2,75 1,73 3Azoxistrobina Fungicida Soja 482 0,37 70 1,85 0,47 4,33 0,20 0,70 2,51 1,73 3Clorothalonil Fungicida Pimentão 850 0,34 22 1,34 0,04 5,42 0,02 1,82 3,62 1,66 3Clorpirifós Insecticida Milho 8.151 0,26 21 1,32 1,3E#4 6,89 0,01 2,00 4,44 1,50 2Paraquat Herbicida Feijão 1.000.000 0,17 3.000 3,48 19,00 2,72 0,00 2,40 2,56 1,48 2Tebuconazol Fungicida Milho 769 0,35 55 1,75 4,40 3,36 0,03 1,52 2,44 1,48 2Piraclostrobina Fungicida Soja 11.000 0,25 32 1,51 0,01 6,22 0,03 1,52 3,87 1,44 2Picoxystrobina Fungicida Soja 898 0,34 20 1,30 0,08 5,12 0,04 1,37 3,25 1,43 2Imidacloprido Insecticida Pimentão 225 0,43 174 2,24 211,00 1,68 0,06 1,22 1,45 1,38 2Metribuzin Herbicida Tomate 38 0,63 11 1,06 74,60 2,13 0,01 1,89 2,01 1,35 2Mancozebe Fungicida Pimentão 998 0,33 18 1,26 0,07 5,13 0,05 1,30 3,22 1,35 2Lambda#Cialotrina Insecticida Milho 157.000 0,19 25 1,40 2,0E#4 7,68 0,01 2,30 4,99 1,34 2Bifentrina Insecticida Soja 236.610 0,19 26 1,41 2,0E#4 7,82 0,02 1,82 4,82 1,27 2Abamectina Insecticida Pimentão 5.638 0,27 10 1,00 3,6E#4 6,44 0,00 2,60 4,52 1,21 2Permetrina Insecticida Soja 100.000 0,20 42 1,62 0,01 5,90 0,05 1,30 3,60 1,17 2Nicosulfurom Herbicida Milho 21 0,76 19 1,29 65,70 2,18 0,90 0,05 1,11 1,08 2Bentazona Herbicida Feijão 51 0,59 13 1,11 100,00 2,00 0,10 1,00 1,50 0,98 2Crorimuron(etílico Herbicida Soja 106 0,49 28 1,45 1.000.00 1,00 0,02 1,70 1,35 0,96 22,4(D Herbicida Soja 56 0,57 10 1,00 100,00 2,00 0,05 1,30 1,65 0,94 2Metalaxil#M Fungicida Pimentão 660 0,35 39 1,59 100,00 2,00 0,08 1,10 1,55 0,87 2Profenofós Insecticida Soja 2.016 0,30 7 0,85 0,08 5,10 0,03 1,52 3,31 0,85 2Fluazifope#P(butílico Herbicida Feijão 3.394 0,28 8 0,91 1,31 3,88 0,01 2,00 2,94 0,76 1Oxitetraciclina(+(estreptomicina Fungicida Pimentão 102.600 0,20 70 1,85 116,00 1,94 0,03 1,52 1,73 0,64 1

Lactofem Herbicida Feijão 10.000 0,25 4 0,60 0,10 5,00 0,00 2,82 3,91 0,59 1Lufenuron Insecticida Soja 41.182 0,22 16 1,21 29,00 2,54 0,02 1,81 2,17 0,57 1Diflubenzurom Insecticida Soja 4.620 0,27 3 0,48 0,13 4,89 0,01 2,00 3,44 0,45 1Metiram(/(Piraclostrobina Fungicida Pimentão 500.000 0,18 7 0,85 0,33 4,48 0,03 1,52 3,00 0,45 1

Glifosato Herbicida Soja 21.699 0,23 12 1,08 38,00 2,42 0,30 0,52 1,47 0,37 1

Fenoxaprope#P(etílico Herbicida Soja 11.354 0,25 2 0,23 0,19 4,72 0,01 2,00 3,36 0,19 1Carfentrazona#etílica Herbicida Soja 866 0,34 1 0,04 1,60 3,80 0,03 1,52 2,66 0,04 1Tiofanato(metílico Fungicida Tomate 207 0,43 1 0,04 11,00 2,96 0,08 1,10 2,03 0,04 1

V =(C((L((SC =+soil clay content

L =+distance to the nearest water body

S =+type of+soil management

RAMP:(Site(Vulnerability

Parameter Definition Range Class Score

C Clay+content

>+60% Low 1

30$60% Medium 2

<+30% High 3

L

Distance to

nearest water

body

>+1,000+m Low 1

300$1,000+m Medium 2

<+300+m High 3

SType of+soil

management

No$till (NT) Low 1

Red. tillage (RT) Medium 2

Conv.+Tillage (CT) High 3

Vulnerability:(Clay(content

0.1

1

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Kfmmol+kg$1

Soil Clay((%)

Adapted from Cox-et-al.-(1997)

Vulnerability:(Distance to water body

a

water table

h

x

d

divide

Adapted from Freeze &-Cherry-(1979)

Conv.+Tillage No$till

Vulnerability:(Soil Management RAMP(Validation:(Glyphosate(in(Farm(Field(

1050

1100

1150

1200

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500

H (m)

Distance (m)

Wet

land

Crop area S1

S2

S3W

R

Riv

er

Gerlach trough Vadose(zone((SMS) River

RAMP(Validation:(Glyphosate(in(Farm(Field(

R²+=+0,99

$

0.5+

1.0+

1.5+

10 15 20 25

[Gly]

(mg+L$1)

Clay(Content((%)

R²+=+0,99

$

0.5+

1.0+

1.5+

0 500 1000 1500

[Gly]

(mg+L$1)

Distance(to(river((m)

Indic. Param. Value Score Risk Level

H

M

0.37 1

2 Low

P

T

V

C 17.5%

2L 750+m

S NT

4.35E[07

6.50E[07

0.00E+00

2.50E$07

5.00E$07

7.50E$07

River TDML

[Gly](mg+L$1)

Pesticide Risk Management(w/(RAMP

! Replace+pesticides+with+high+H+

! Change+soil+management+(CT+to+NT)

! Move+crop+area+upstream

! Risk+abatement:++Ar(%) =+100+(1$R1/R0)

! P.E.S.+proportional+to+Ar

Ar 25[50% 51[75% > 75%

P.E.S.(((

($/ha yr)100 200 300

Conclusions

! Risk+of+water+contamination+by+

pesticides+can+be+assessed+by+indices

! RAMP+is+a+simple+&+promising+tool

! RAMP+allows+for+practical+water+

contamination+risk+management

! Validation in+other settings,+countrieshchaves@unb.br

http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/graphic/