pesticide pollution
DESCRIPTION
pollution due to usage of pesticides on human health and environment alternatives, and effectiveness of alternatives are discussed in this presentationTRANSCRIPT
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 1
Pesticide Pollution
-Govardhan .S (RC/11-08)B.Sc.,(Commercial Agriculture and Business management)
College of Agriculture , RajendranagarProf. Jaishankar Telangana State Agriculture University
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 2
What Is A Pesticide
Definition: “Substances meant for attracting,
seducing, destroying, or mitigating any pest”They are a class of biocide. The most common use
of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, plant diseases or insects.
term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 3
What Is A Pesticide
• Term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, Insect growth regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, Piscicideavicide
rodenticide, predacide, bactericide,Insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant(
antimicrobial),sanitizer
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 4
• According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are
organochlorine pesticides
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 5
Negative Role Of Pesticides
• A fundamental contributor to the Green Revolution has been the development and application of pesticides for the control of a wide variety of insectivorous and herbaceous pests that would otherwise diminish the quantity and quality of food produce. The use of pesticides coincides with the "chemical age" which has transformed society since the 1950s. In areas where intensive monoculture is practised, pesticides were used as a standard method for pest control. Unfortunately, with the benefits of chemistry have also come disbenefits, some so serious that they now threaten the long-term survival of major ecosystems by disruption of predator-prey relationships and loss of biodiversity. Also, pesticides can have significant human health consequences.
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 6
Negative Role Of Pesticides
• While agricultural use of chemicals is restricted to a limited number of compounds, agriculture is one of the few activities where chemicals are intentionally released into the environment because they kill things.
• Agricultural use of pesticides is a subset of the larger spectrum of industrial chemicals used in modern society. The American Chemical Society database indicates that there were some 13 million chemicals identified in 1993 with some 500 000 new compounds being added annually. In the Great Lakes of North America, for example, the International Joint Commission has estimated that there are more than 200 chemicals of concern in water and sediments of the Great Lakes ecosystem..
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 7
Negative Role Of Pesticides
• Because the environmental burden of toxic chemicals includes both agriculture and non-agricultural compounds, it is difficult to separate the ecological and human health effects of pesticides from those of industrial compounds that are intentionally or accidentally released into the environment. However, there is overwhelming evidence that agricultural use of pesticides has a major impact on water quality and leads to serious environmental consequences
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 8
• The impact on water quality by pesticides is associated with the following factors:– · Active ingredient in the pesticide formulation.·– Contaminants that exist as impurities in the active
ingredient.– · Additives that are mixed with the active ingredient
(wetting agents, diluents or solvents, extenders, adhesives, buffers, preservatives and emulsifiers).
– · Degradate that is formed during chemical, microbial or photochemical degradation of the active ingredient.
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 9
Health effects of pesticides
• Acute effects– Acute health problems may occur in workers that
handle pesticides, such as abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye problems
– In China, an estimated half million people are poisoned by pesticides each year, 500 of whom die.
– Pyrethrins, insecticides commonly used in common bug killers, can cause a potentially deadly condition if breathed in
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 10
Health effects of pesticides
• Long term effects– Cancer• Many studies have examined the effects of pesticide
exposure on the risk of cancer. Associations have been found with: leukemia, lymphoma, brain, kidney, breast, prostate,pancreas, liver, lung, and skin cancers.• Increased rates of cancer have been found among farm
workers who apply these chemicals• A mother's occupational exposure to pesticides during
pregnancy is associated with an increases in her child's risk of leukemia, Wilms' tumor, and brain cancer.
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 11
Health effects of pesticides
– Neurological• The risk of developing Parkinson's disease is 70%
greater in those exposed to even low levels of pesticides• People with Parkinson's were 61% more likely to report
direct pesticide application• long term exposures may increase the risk of dementia.• The United States Environmental Protection Agency
finished a 10-year review of the organophosphate pesticides following the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act, but did little to account for developmental neurotoxic effects
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 12
Health effects of pesticides
– Reproductive effects• Strong evidence links pesticide exposure to
birth defects, fetal death and altered fetal growth• It was also found that offspring that were at some point
exposed to pesticides had a low birth weight and had developmental defects
– Fertility• A number of pesticides including dibromochlorophane
and 2,4-D has been associated with impaired fertility in males
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 13
Health effects of pesticides
– Other• studies have found increased risks of dermatitis in
those exposed• According to researchers from the
National Institutes of Health (NIH), licensed pesticide applicators who used chlorinated pesticides on more than 100 days in their lifetime were at greater risk of diabetes.
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 14
Environmental Effects Of Pesticides
• Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil.
• Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 15
Environmental Effects Of Pesticides
• Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination.
• Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in fats and are not excreted, organisms tend to retain them almost indefinitely. Biological magnification is the process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons (pesticides) are more concentrated at each level of the food chain. Among marine animals, pesticide concentrations are higher in carnivorous fishes, and even more so in the fish-eating birds and mammals at the top of the ecological pyramid.
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 16
Environmental Effects Of Pesticides
• Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth, in particular the Poles and mountain tops. Pesticides that evaporate into the atmosphere at relatively high temperature can be carried considerable distances (thousands of kilometers) by the wind to an area of lower temperature, where they condense and are carried back to the ground in rain or snow
• Economics– Human health and environmental cost from pesticides in the
United States is estimated at $9.6 billion
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 17
Residues of Pesticides
• Residues in human blood:– Organochlro insecticides found in samples of blood serum in
rural areas of ahmedabad showed an average of 200.3ppb– Among all HCH (Hexaclorciclohexan) and DDT(Dichloro
Diphenyl Trichloroethane) were chief contaminents • Residues in human milk:
– Potential risk to infants – Toxilogical implecation cannot be assessed presicely – Hexaclorobenzens a fungiside is found in human milk and fat
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 18
Residues of Pesticides
• Residues in human fat:– In absece of a sutable animal tissue culture or human biomarker
model to provide an objective evaluation it is not possible for pharmological interpetention of such small amounts of pesticides
• Residues in food commodities and average daily intake– Concentration of pesticides varies greatly – DDT and HCH are found in ground nut and sesamum oils in Tamil Nadu
• Residues in environmental samples– Residues in aerosols in ahmedabad ranges from 2.06-18.96ng/m3 of
BHC and DDT – DDT and HCH in drinking water samples 47.4-256.9ng/L
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 19
Reasons for conditional utilization
• Allow agricultural producers to improve the quality, quantity, and diversity of our food supply.
• Used in timber, turf, horticulture, aquatic, and structural pest control industries.
• Homeowners and home gardeners often use pesticides in their homes, yards, and on pets.
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 20
What Happens after Application?
• When pesticides are applied the goal is that they will remain in the target area long enough to control a specific pest and then degrade into harmless compounds without contaminating the environment.
• Once applied, many pesticides are mobile in the environment (air, soil, water).
• This movement can be beneficial (moving pesticide to target area, such as roots) but can also reduce the effect on the target pest and injure nontarget plants and animals.
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 21
Pathways of pesticide movement
• Runoff• Chemical degradation• Volatilize (gas vapor)• Leaching and breakdown in soil• Leaching and degradation by microbes• Photo degradation (sun)
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 22
Alternatives• use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and
microbial pesticides)• genetic engineering, and methods of interfering with insect
breeding.• Application of composted yard waste• Cultivation practices include polyculture (growing multiple types
of plants)• crop rotation• use of trap crops• natural predators or parasites of the pests• Biological pesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria
and viruses cause disease in the pest species can also be used
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 23
Alternatives
• Interfering with insects' reproduction can be accomplished by sterilizing males
• Soil steaming kills pest and increases soil health.
• In India, traditional pest control methods include using Panchakavya
• integrated pest management (IPM).
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 24
Effectiveness• alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of
chemicals• For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly
any reduction in crops.• In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by
65% and experienced a 15% crop increase• A study ofMaize fields in northern Florida found that the
application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not appearing until the third season of the study
04/12/2023 ©[email protected] 25
04/12/2023 26©[email protected]