Ottoman, Safavid, and Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal EmpiresMughal Empires

The Gunpowder Empires - Muslim The Gunpowder Empires - Muslim empires of the time; the empires empires of the time; the empires success is largely based on the success is largely based on the mastery of the technology of mastery of the technology of

firearms.firearms.

OttomansOttomans They started on They started on

land granted them land granted them by the Seljuk Turks.by the Seljuk Turks.

They were a They were a pastoral and pastoral and peaceful people at peaceful people at the start.the start.

As the Seljuk Turks As the Seljuk Turks began to decline, began to decline, the Osman began the Osman began to expand. The to expand. The Ottoman dynasty Ottoman dynasty began.began.

Ottoman cont.Ottoman cont.

In the 14In the 14thth century, century, the Ottomans moved the Ottomans moved into the Balkans by into the Balkans by taking control of the taking control of the Bosporus and the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

Janissary were an Janissary were an elite military guard elite military guard recruited from recruited from Christians, converted Christians, converted to Islam, and trained to Islam, and trained as foot soldiers or as foot soldiers or administrators to the administrators to the sultan.sultan.

Ottoman cont.Ottoman cont. April 6, 1453, the April 6, 1453, the

Ottoman Turks laid Ottoman Turks laid siege to the city of siege to the city of Constantinople.Constantinople.

May 29, 1453, May 29, 1453, Constantinople fell to Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmet II.led by Mehmet II.

The Turks spent 3 The Turks spent 3 days sacking the city. days sacking the city. Many people lost their Many people lost their lives inside the city.lives inside the city.

The city was later The city was later renamed Istanbul.renamed Istanbul.

Ottoman cont.Ottoman cont.

Selim I

Suleyman I

Roxelana

Ottoman Cont. Ottoman Cont.

Sultans were the Sultans were the head of the empire head of the empire – hereditary rule.– hereditary rule.

The private domain The private domain of the sultan was of the sultan was called a “harem,” or called a “harem,” or “sacred place.” “sacred place.” Here the sultan and Here the sultan and his wives lived. his wives lived. Sultans often chose Sultans often chose 4 wives as his 4 wives as his favorites.favorites.

Ottoman cont. Ottoman cont. The chief advisor to The chief advisor to

the sultan was the the sultan was the “grand vizier.”“grand vizier.”

The empire was The empire was divided into districts divided into districts and ruled by officials and ruled by officials who were helped by who were helped by bureaucrats trained at bureaucrats trained at palace schools.palace schools.

The sultan sat behind The sultan sat behind a screen and made a screen and made his wishes known to his wishes known to the grand vizier.the grand vizier.

Ottoman cont.Ottoman cont. The Ottomans were The Ottomans were

Sunni Muslims. Sultans Sunni Muslims. Sultans had claimed the title had claimed the title of caliph since the 16of caliph since the 16thth century.century. They were They were responsible for guiding responsible for guiding the flock and keeping the flock and keeping Islamic law.Islamic law.

In practice, they gave In practice, they gave their religious duties their religious duties to the “ulema”- a to the “ulema”- a group of religious group of religious advisors - advisors -

Ottoman cont.Ottoman cont.

The Ottoman were The Ottoman were tolerant of non-tolerant of non-Muslims. Non-Muslims. Non-Muslims paid a tax, Muslims paid a tax, but they were but they were allowed to practice allowed to practice their religion or to their religion or to convert to Islam.convert to Islam.

The subjects were The subjects were divided by divided by occupation.occupation.

Pashas, appointed Pashas, appointed local government local government officials, collected officials, collected taxes and taxes and maintained law and maintained law and order reported to order reported to the sultan in the sultan in Constantinople.Constantinople.

Ottoman cont.Ottoman cont.

Ottoman cont.Ottoman cont.

The problems of The problems of the Ottoman the Ottoman Empire began with Empire began with Selim II.Selim II.

Internal struggles Internal struggles in the elite class.in the elite class.

Sons of the sultan Sons of the sultan fought over who fought over who would succeed in would succeed in gaining the throne.gaining the throne.

Other problems Other problems arose.arose. The biggest The biggest

problem was the problem was the influence of influence of Western Europe.Western Europe.

Western clothes, Western clothes, Western furniture, Western furniture, tobacco and tobacco and coffee were coffee were introduced to the introduced to the Ottomans.Ottomans.

Ottoman cont.Ottoman cont.

SafavidSafavid The Safavid The Safavid

Dynasty started Dynasty started with Shah Esma’il.with Shah Esma’il.

Under Esma’il, the Under Esma’il, the Safavid took Safavid took control of much of control of much of Iran and Iraq.Iran and Iraq.

Safavid cont.Safavid cont.

Esma’il was a Shiite Esma’il was a Shiite Muslim. His followers Muslim. His followers believed him to be a believed him to be a direct successor to direct successor to Muhammad. He sent Muhammad. He sent preachers to different preachers to different areas to convert areas to convert members of the members of the Ottoman Empire.Ottoman Empire.

This led to the This led to the massacre of Sunni massacre of Sunni Muslims when he took Muslims when he took Baghdad.Baghdad.

Shah Abbas, who Shah Abbas, who ruled from 1588 to ruled from 1588 to 1629, brought the 1629, brought the Safavids to their Safavids to their highest point of highest point of glory.glory.

He attacked the He attacked the Ottoman Turks, Ottoman Turks, with European help with European help – they saw the – they saw the Safavids as allies – Safavids as allies – to regain lost lands to regain lost lands from the Ottomans.from the Ottomans.

Safavid cont.Safavid cont.

The Safavid Empire went from Azerbaijan The Safavid Empire went from Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea east to India; along on the Caspian Sea east to India; along the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea north to the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea north to the southern border of Russia.the southern border of Russia.

Safavid cont.Safavid cont.

Safavid cont.Safavid cont. Esfahan was the Esfahan was the

Safavid capital.Safavid capital. The role of the shah The role of the shah

was that of a king.was that of a king. The social structure The social structure

was Shah, was Shah, bureaucracy and bureaucracy and landed classes, then landed classes, then the common people.the common people.

The official religion The official religion was Shia Islam was Shia Islam because the Shiites because the Shiites supported the shahs supported the shahs at first.at first.

Trade prospered due Trade prospered due to relatively safe roads to relatively safe roads through the empire.through the empire.

Safavid cont.Safavid cont.

Silk weaving flourished, Silk weaving flourished, but carpet weaving but carpet weaving flourished more – flourished more – Persian rugs are still Persian rugs are still prized today.prized today.

Riza-i-Abbasi is the Riza-i-Abbasi is the most famous artist of most famous artist of this time. He made this time. He made beautiful works about beautiful works about simple subjects such as simple subjects such as oxen plowing, hunters, oxen plowing, hunters, and lovers. They used and lovers. They used soft colors and flowing soft colors and flowing movement in painting. movement in painting.

MogulsMoguls

Babur was the Babur was the founder of the Mogul founder of the Mogul Empire and united Empire and united the Hindu and the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms of Muslim kingdoms of India.India.

He took the Khyber He took the Khyber Pass in northwest Pass in northwest India and the city of India and the city of Delhi in North India. Delhi in North India.

Mogul (Mughal)Mogul (Mughal)

Akbar placed most of Akbar placed most of India under Mogul India under Mogul control by use of control by use of artillery and artillery and negotiation.negotiation.

Zamindars were low Zamindars were low ranking officials of ranking officials of Hindu descent who Hindu descent who got paid by keeping got paid by keeping part of collected part of collected taxes.taxes.

MogulMogul

Shah Jahan ruled Shah Jahan ruled from 1628 to 1658. from 1628 to 1658.

Taj Mahal

MogulMogul

Aurangzeb took Aurangzeb took over from his over from his father, Shah Jahan. father, Shah Jahan. He had his brother He had his brother put to death. put to death.

MogulMogul

The Mogul Empire The Mogul Empire spread from the spread from the Hindu Kush Hindu Kush mountains east to mountains east to the Bay of Bengal; the Bay of Bengal; from modern-day from modern-day Afghanistan south Afghanistan south to near the to near the southern tip of southern tip of India.India.

MogulsMoguls

The British helped The British helped the decline of the the decline of the Mogul Empire in Mogul Empire in India.India.

Sir Robert CliveSir Robert Clive became the chief became the chief representative of representative of the British East the British East India Company.India Company.

MogulsMoguls

Women in the Women in the Mogul Empire had Mogul Empire had a complex life. a complex life.

MogulsMoguls

Akbar got Indian Akbar got Indian artists to use artists to use Persian and Indian Persian and Indian motifs.motifs. The “Akbar style” The “Akbar style”

included humans in included humans in action. action.