Ch. 13 Asian Empires - Qing, Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid IV. Asian Empires A. Making China an Empire 1.Qing expansion in the West (16801760) * foreign: Manchu's from North * resented by ethnic Chinese * used Confucianism, Chinese model for bureaucracy 2.Colonial? * Expanded to incorporate Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongolia * built for security purposes, NOT economic goals/ settlement 3.Economic downturn in Central Asia * Silk roads become neglected due to rise in maritime trade The Mughal Dynasty Akbar - One of the greatest leaders - Building of military/administration systems - Patronized arts - Invented universal religion Din-i-Ilahi: to unite Hindu and Muslim - Social/Religious policies: 1. Reconciliation with Hindu princes 2. Encouraged intermarriage 3. Abolished jizya (head tax) 4. Allowed building of Hindu temples 5. Ordered respect for cows The Mughal Dynasty Akbar Social/Religious reforms cont - improve calendar - established living quarters for homeless - regulated consumption of alcohol - Encouraged widow remarriage - Discouraged child marriage - Banned sati Taj Mahal Built by Shah Jahan Tomb for wife Mumtaz Mahl - died giving birth to 14 th child A symbol of his love - First massive use of white marble for entire building The Taj Struggle for Power Auran The Golden Age of the Ottomans The Ottoman Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans Social / Military Divans Heads of Individual Religious Millets Local Administrators & Military Landowners / Tax Collectors MuslimsJews Christians Mehmet II: ; (The Conqueror) -Captured Constantinople in Extended the empire into Syria and Egypt, across North Africa -Developed into a naval power The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople Golden Horn 15c map Golden Horn from space Golden Horn Sunset on the Golden Horn The Fall of Constantinople: 1453 The End of the Byzantine Empire Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia - interior Warfare Military played leading role Economy geared toward war and expansion Warrior aristocracy granted land and control over peasants Janissaries Troops Conscripted through devshirme in the Balkans Given expensive schooling and conversion to Islam Became most powerful component of military = political power Janissaries Sultans and Court Life Absolute monarchs Elaborate court rituals Administration carried out by viziers Built mansion, rest houses, schools, hospitals, and gardens, religious buildings'. Wrote in Persian and Arabic.Turkish by 17 th century Faith Mosque Suleiman the Magnificent: ( ) Suleimans Signature Blue Mosque Blue Mosque - interior Illuminated Quran Page Quran Page: The Angel Gabriel Visits Muhammad Collection of Taxes in Suleimans Court Decline of Empire -Sick man of Europe -Dynasty lasted for more than 600 years (most!) -Could not expand any more -Corruption among officials in administration = not effective any longer -Issues over successors -Kept like hostages -Produced less prepared/weak monarchs Decline of Empire -17 th century: losses multiplied rapidly -End of dominance at sea -Battle at Lepanto 1571 (Spain/Venetian) -Lost control of eastern Mediterranean -Falling behind: -Little of what happened in Europe mattered -Intense conservationism of culture/way of life -Proved to be fatal Battle of Lepanto (1571) Safavid Empire ( ) Empire of the Persians Modern day Iran Population = 68+ million people 51% Persian 89% Shia Muslim Predominant language = Farsi Map of Safavid Empire Map of Safavid Empire Shah Ismail established the Safavid Dynasty in He declared Shia Islam the new religion (over Sunni Islam). He invited all shia to move to Iran where they would be protected. Chaldiran: The Sunni Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Selim) attacked the Safavid kingdom to stop the spread of Shiaism into Ottoman dominions in Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Sultan Selim I also took Ism'il's favorite wife hostage, demanding huge concessions for her release. Ism'il refused to cede to the Ottoman demands, and is said to have died of a broken heart in 1524 at the early age of thirty-six, never having seen his beloved spouse again. Chaldirans Importance -Importance of muskets and field cannons -Defeat of Safavids by Ottomans -End of westward expansion -End of rapid spread of Shia Islam; stayed mostly in Persia Abbas the Great -Educated and converted captured Russian youth to form military -Granted provincial governorships/high offices at court -Called on European assistance on wars with Ottomans -Wanted to establish empire as a major center of international trade and Islamic culture State and Religion -Wrote in Turkish, gave way to Persian -Elaborate court rituals -Huge palace complexes -Shifts in religious impulses -Shia faith modified -Faith became major pillar of dynasty -Most of Iranian population was converted (Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, Sufi) Affluence and Artistic Splendor -Encouraged trade outside of culture -Network of roads, rest houses built to protect merchants -Devoted special attention to capital: Isfahan -Great square -Mosques, Mosques, Mosques -Colleges -Public baths Mahan Mosque, 1300s Chehel-sotoon palace, Isfahan. Iran. 1647 Masjed-e Sheikh Lotfallah, Isfahan, Iran. 1615 The Shah Mosque, Isfahan Shah Abbas Defeated Ottoman Turks 1603 Took Baghdad Respected diplomat, Cruel warrior, tolerant to Christians Safavid Decline -Abbas I grandson placed on throne (weak) -Abbas II (r ) -Could not stop the fall of the empire -March Afghani tribes laid siege to Isfahan -October Isfahan fell and ended Safavid power