Organic Chemistry

Module 4: Organic Chemistry

All organic compounds are made with carbon

Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding in its outer energy level.

In order to become stable, carbon atoms form 4 covalent bonds.

Living things are mostly made of carbon compounds.

These compounds are called organic compounds and their study is called organic chemistry

Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms as well as with many other elements.

When carbon atoms bond with each other, they can form chains or rings.

Molecular Chains

Carbon compounds vary greatly in size. Some contain 1-2 carbon atoms, while others contain 100’s or even 1000’s of carbon atoms.

These large chains of carbons are called macromolecules

Monomers and Polymers

The cell builds macromolecules by bonding small molecules (monomers) together to form long chains (polymers).

Monomers and Polymers

Macromolecules are large molecules, or chains of molecules, found in the cell

AKA known as polymers

Monomers bond together to make polymers

Organic Molecules

Molecules that contain carbon.

4 types

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

1. Carbohydrates

Most abundant carbon compound found in nature.

Two types are monosaccarhides (sugar) and polysaccarides (starches)

Structure

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every one carbon atom.

hydrogen

carbon

oxygen

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, monomers

Monomer is glucose. (table sugar)

Major source of quick energy

Elements CHO

Monosaccharides

Test = Benedicts Positive if color changes from blue to

yellow, green, or red

Found in…

pastafruit

honey

HydrolysisHydrolysis

breaking a disaccharidebreaking a disaccharide water molecule splitswater molecule splits occurs during digestionoccurs during digestion

Polysaccharides

Starches/Cellulose (makes plants sturdy and is the fiber you eat)

A chain of monosaccharides makes a polysaccharide.

CondensationCondensation

making a disaccharidemaking a disaccharide chemical reaction linking 2 chemical reaction linking 2

monosaccharidesmonosaccharides

Function Starch - Store

energy for later use (last longer)

Test = Iodine Positive if color changes purple or black

Found in…

potatoespasta

fruit

honeycorn

2. Lipids

Fats Oils Waxes

NOT Soluble IN WATER

(They don’t mix)

Monomers

Glycerol and fatty acids are the monomers of lipids.

Structure

Composed of long chains of carbons and hydrogen (fatty acids) and glycerol.Fatty acids contain a carboxyl

functional group.

2 classes of lipids

SaturatedUnsaturated

Saturated

Have a carbon chain in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single.

Hard to break down. Usually exist as

solids. Found in animal fat.

Found in…

ButterAnimal fatsWaxesMembranes

Lipid bilayer of cell membrane

Candle wax

Unsaturated

Have a carbon chain in which 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present.

Easier to break down. Usually exist as

liquids. Found in vegetable

oils.

Found in…

Vegetable oilMembranes

Lipid bilayer of cell membrane

Function

Insulation Protection Long term energy storage Help make up biological membranes

(cell membranes)

3. Proteins

Essential to all life. Composed of amino acids (monomer)

There are 20 different amino acids found in living organisms.

Composed of…

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Amino acids are held together by a peptide bond.

Found in…

muscle

enzymes and antibodies

hairskin

Functions

Give structure (bone and muscle) Transport nutrients in and out of cell Allow muscles to contract (chemical

messengers) Speed up chemical reactions

Test = Biurets Positive violet Pink means peptides present

Enzymes

Speeds up reactions – biological catalyst Help organisms maintain an internal

balance - homeostasis Are proteins Enzyme activity is affected by

pH Temperature Concentration

40

EnzymesEnzymes

41

What Are What Are Enzymes?Enzymes?

Most enzymes are ProteinsProteins

Act as CatalystCatalyst to accelerate a reaction

Not permanentlyNot permanently changed in the process

42

EnzymesEnzymes Are specific for

the reaction they will catalyzecatalyze

Are ReusableReusable

End in –asease-Sucrase-Sucrase-Lactase-Lactase-Maltase-Maltase

43

How do enzymes How do enzymes Work?Work?

Enzymes work by weakening weakening bondsbonds which which lowers lowers activation activation energyenergy

44

EnzymesEnzymes

FreeEnergy

Progress of the reaction

Reactants

Products

Free energy of activationFree energy of activation

Without Enzyme

With Enzyme

45

46

Enzyme-Substrate Enzyme-Substrate ComplexComplex

The substancesubstance (reactant) an enzymeenzyme acts on is the substratesubstrate

EnzymeSubstrate Joins

Enzyme-substrate complex = when the substrate joins the enzyme

47

Active SiteActive Site

A restricted regionrestricted region of an enzymeenzyme molecule which bindsbinds to the substratesubstrate.

EnzymeSubstrate

Active Site

48

What Affects Enzyme What Affects Enzyme Activity?Activity?

49

1. Environmental 1. Environmental ConditionsConditions

a. Extremea. Extreme Temperature Temperature are the most are the most dangerousdangerous

- - high tempshigh temps may denature (unfold) denature (unfold) the enzyme.enzyme.

b.b. pHpH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral)

c.c. Ionic concentrationIonic concentration (salt ions) (salt ions)

50

2. Cofactors and 2. Cofactors and CoenzymesCoenzymes

Inorganic substances Inorganic substances (zinc, iron)(zinc, iron) and vitaminsvitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activityenzymatic activity.

Example:Example:

IronIron must be present in the quaternary quaternary structurestructure -- hemoglobinhemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.pick up oxygen.

51

3. Two examples of 3. Two examples of Enzyme InhibitorsEnzyme Inhibitors

a. a. Competitive inhibitorsCompetitive inhibitors:: are chemicals that resembleresemble an enzyme’s enzyme’s normal substratenormal substrate and competecompete with it for the active siteactive site.

Enzyme

Competitive inhibitor

Substrate

52

InhibitorsInhibitors

b.b. Noncompetitive inhibitorsNoncompetitive inhibitors::Inhibitors that do not enter thedo not enter the active active

sitesite, but bind tobind to another partanother part of the enzymeenzyme causing the enzymeenzyme to change its change its shapeshape, which in turn alters the alters the active siteactive site.

Enzymeactive site altered

NoncompetitiveInhibitor

Substrate

4. Nucleic Acids

Made of nucleotides (monomers).Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen

base.

Nitrogen

Composed of…

Long strings of nucleotides held together that make up DNA and RNA.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

Found in…

All living things!Even found in viruses, which

are classified as “nonliving,” but that is controversial.

Functions

Store, transmit, and transfer the genetic code.

Responsible for making and coding for all proteins.

57

Types of Carbon Compounds

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,