Carbon and Organic Chemistry– Carbon is a versatile atom.– Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules

necessary for life’s functions.– Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules.

Structuralformula

Ball-and-stickmodel

Space-fillingmodel

• Variations in Carbon skeletons Carbon skeletons vary in length

Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched

Carbon skeletons may have double bonds,which can vary in location

Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings

Carbon and Organic Chemistry

– Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines.– Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.

Hydrocarbons

*structural isomers

*geometric isomers

*enantiomers

Example of enantiomers:

Chemical Components of Cells

• The unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton– These atoms are called functional groups– Some common functional groups include:

Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Amino group Carboxyl group

Found in alcoholsand sugars Found in sugars Found in amino acids

and urea in urine (fromprotein breakdown)

Found in amino acids,fatty acids, and somevitamins

Carbon and Organic Chemistry

*most macromolecules are polymerspolymermonomer

The making and breaking of polymers:Dehydration reaction: Hydrolysis:

Macromolecules

Proteins• Proteins perform most of the tasks the body

needs to function– They are the most elaborate of life’s molecules

MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINSStructural Proteins Storage Proteins Contractile Proteins Transport Proteins Enzymes

Carboxylgroup

Aminogroup

Sidegroup

Sidegroup

Amino acid Amino acid

Dehydrationsynthesis

Sidegroup

Sidegroup

Peptide bond

• Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis

Proteins as Polymers

– The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond

Amino Acids

• Primary structure– The specific

sequence of amino acids in a protein

1 510 15

20253035

4045

5055

6065

70

75 80 85

9095

100

105110 115

120125

129

Amino acid

– The arrangement of amino acids makes each protein different

Protein Structure

• A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function– The substitution of one amino acid for another in

hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease

(a) Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin

1 2 34 5

6 7. . . 146

(b) Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin

2 314 5

6 7. . . 146

Protein Structure

Tertiary structure

Secondary structureMacromolecules

Quaternary structure

How does this all happen?●Spontaneously ●Chaperonins

Macromolecules