organic chemistry -...
TRANSCRIPT
Organic Chemistry
• The chemistry of carbon compounds. • Carbon has 4 valence electrons which
gives it the ability to form complex chains, branched chains and rings.
• As a result of this property, large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be formed.
Organic compounds come in many shapes:
• Chains
• Branched chains
• Rings Ring-shaped hydrocarbons are called cyclic hydrocarbons. To name these compounds, add “cyclo” before the name.
The molecule above is cyclohexane.
Hydrocarbon prefix # of carbon atoms name formula structure*
Meth 1 methane CH4
Eth 2 ethane C2H6
Prop 3 propane C3H8
But 4 Butane C4H10
Pent 5 pentane C5H12
Hex 6 hexane C6H14
Hept 7 heptane C7H16
Oct 8 octane C8H18
Non 9 nonane C9H20
Dec 10 decane C10H22
Functional Groups -Most organic compounds have other groups of atoms
attached to the hydrocarbon. -These groups are called functional groups because
they are the chemically functional part of the compound. Most of organic chemistry deals with these functional groups and their reactions.
Functional Groups to memorize. Alcohols -OH C2H5OH (Ethanol) Halocarbon (Halogen Hydrocarbon) R-Cl, F, I, Br CH3Cl (Chloromethane)
Alcohols
• OH is substituted for an H atom. H H H H—C---C---C—OH Propyl Alcohol (propanol) H H H • Same naming convention as alkanes -Prefix showing number of Carbons -End with anol or yl plus the word alcohol. e.g. ethanol or ethyl alcohol.
Polymers
A polymer is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating small molecules. The small repeating molecules are called monomers.
Formulas
• Lewis structures of alkanes look like this. • Also called structural formulas.
Properties of Alkanes
What happens to the boiling point as you increase the number of carbon atoms?
Hydrocarbon prefix
# of carbon atoms
name formula Alcohol-OH Halocarbon-Cl
Meth 1 methane CH4 methanol CH3OH
Chloromethane CH3Cl
Eth 2 ethane C2H6 ethanol C2H5OH
Chloroethane C2H5Cl
Prop 3 propane C3H8 propanol
chloropropane
But 4 Butane C4H10 butanol
Chlorobutane
Pent 5 pentane C5H12 pentanol Chloropentane
Practice Problems
Name Chemical Formula Type
Ethane Alkane
C8H18
Ethanol Alcohol
Fluoromethane Halocarbon
Cyclopentane
Hexanol
Practice Problems
Name Chemical Formula Type
Ethane C2H6 Alkane
Octane C8H18 Alkane
Ethanol C2H5OH Alcohol
Fluoromethane CH3F Halocarbon
Cyclopentane C5H10 Cyclic Alkane
Hexanol C6H13OH Alcohol
Monomers Polymers Mono = 1 Poly = many
Chapter 25 HW – Du 5/23 Do on blank sheet of paper to be attached to flipbook. • Define: Hydrocarbons, Alkanes, Alkyl Group, Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Compounds, Structural Isomers, Cyclic Hydrocarbons, Fossil Fuels, Cracking
• Read: Pages 743 – 754 + 762 - 766 • Answer:
– Questions 7, 8 and 10 on page 751 – Question 11 on page 753 – Draw two isomers of butane [See page 754] – Questions 24 & 26 on page 765 – What are octane numbers and what do they have to do with fuel quality?
[Page 766] – What type of alkanes (straight versus branched) are more prone to causing
engine knock? [Page 766] – Compare heptane and isooctane in terms of engine knock. [Page 766] – How are fuels rated now? Use motor octane rating and research octane rating
in your answer. [Page 766]