Organic Chemistry

• The chemistry of carbon compounds.• Carbon has 4 valence electrons which

gives it the ability to form complex chains, branched chains and rings.

• As a result of this property, large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be formed.

Organic compounds come in many shapes:

• Chains

• Branched chains

• Rings

Ring-shaped hydrocarbons are called cyclic hydrocarbons. To name these compounds, add “cyclo” before the name.

The molecule above is cyclohexane.

Hydrocarbon prefix # of carbon atoms name formula structure*

Meth 1 methane CH4

Eth 2 ethane C2H6

Prop 3 propane C3H8

But 4 Butane C4H10

Pent 5 pentane C5H12

Hex 6 hexane C6H14

Hept 7 heptane C7H16

Oct 8 octane C8H18

Non 9 nonane C9H20

Dec 10 decane C10H22

Functional Groups-Most organic compounds have other groups of atoms attached to the hydrocarbon.-These groups are called functional groups because they are the chemically functional part of the compound. Most of organic chemistry deals with these functional groups and their reactions.Functional Groups to memorize.Alcohols -OH C2H5OH (Ethanol)

Halocarbon (Halogen Hydrocarbon)R-Cl, F, Br CH3Cl (Chloromethane)

Alcohols

• OH is substituted for an H atom.H H H

H—C---C---C—OH Propyl Alcohol (propanol)H H H

• Same naming convention as alkanes-Prefix showing number of Carbons-End with anol or yl plus the word alcohol.e.g. ethanol or ethyl alcohol.

Polymers

A polymer is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating small molecules. The small repeating molecules are called monomers.

Formulas

• Lewis structures of alkanes look like this.• Also called structural formulas.

Practice ProblemsName Chemical Formula Type

Ethane Alkane

C8H18

Ethanol Alcohol

Fluoromethane Halocarbon

Cyclopentane

Hexanol

C7H15Br

Practice ProblemsName Chemical Formula Type

Ethane C2H6 Alkane

Octane C8H18 Alkane

Ethanol C2H5OH Alcohol

Fluoromethane CH3F Halocarbon

Cyclopentane C5H10 Cyclic Alkane

Hexanol C6H13OH Alcohol

Bromoheptane C7H15Br Halocarbon

Properties of Alkanes

What happens to the boiling point as you increase the number of carbon atoms?

Hydrocarbon prefix

# of carbon atoms

name formula Alcohol-OH Halocarbon-Cl

Meth 1 methane CH4

methanol

CH3OH

ChloromethaneCH3Cl

Eth 2 ethane C2H6

ethanolC2H5OH

ChloroethaneC2H5Cl

Prop 3 propane C3H8 propanol chloropropane

But 4 Butane C4H10 butanol Chlorobutane

Pent 5 pentane C5H12 pentanol Chloropentane

Photosynthesis Cellular RespirationFunction Energy Storage in plants Energy Release in plants, fungi,

animals and microorganismsWhere? Chloroplast of plant cells Mitochondria and cytoplasm of

animal, plant, fungi etc. cellsReactants CO2 & H2O C6H12O6 & O2

Products C6H12O6 & O2 CO2 & H2O

Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

Monomers PolymersMono = 1 Poly = many

DefinitionsMonomer - A molecule that can combine with others of the same kind to form a polymer.

Polymer - A substance that has a molecular structure built from a large number of similar units (monomers) bonded together.

Polymers

Carbohydrates

Monomer - The simple sugars Glucose, sucrose, fructose (and many

others)

Polymer - The complex carbohydrates. Starch and Cellulose are long chains of simple sugars

ProteinsMonomer - Amino acids

There are twenty amino acids that can be used to build human proteins

Proteins

Polymer - When many amino acids bond together to create long chains, the polymer is called a protein (it is also called a polypeptide because it contains many peptide bonds).

Insulin – A Human protein

DNA (a nucleic acid) is a polymer

DNA is made of monomers called nucleotides

A

G T

C

NO

O

OH

OH

OH

O

P

NH

O

O

CH3

NO

O

OH

OH

OH

O

P N

NN

NH2

NO

O

OH

OH

OH

O

P N

NHN

NH2

O

NO

O

OH

OH

OH

O

P

N

NH2

O

PlasticsPlastics are synthetic polymers

Monomer:Vinyl

chlorideC2H3Cl

Polymer:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

……[C2H3Cl]n……

Synthetic Polymers and Their Uses

Chapter 25 HW – Due 5/10Do on blank sheet of paper to be attached to flipbook.• Define: Hydrocarbons, Alkanes, Alkyl Group, Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Compounds, Structural Isomers, Cyclic Hydrocarbons, Fossil Fuels, Cracking

• Read: Pages 743 – 754 + 762 - 766• Answer:

– Questions 7, 8 and 10 on page 751– Question 11 on page 753– Draw two isomers of butane [See page 754]– Questions 24 & 26 on page 765– What are octane numbers and what do they have to do with fuel quality?

[Page 766]– What type of alkanes (straight versus branched) are more prone to causing

engine knock? [Page 766]– Compare heptane and isooctane in terms of engine knock. [Page 766]– How are fuels rated now? Use motor octane rating and research octane rating

in your answer. [Page 766]