summary from organic chemistry packet: introduction to organic chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
Summary from Organic Chemistry Packet:
Introduction to organic chemistry
1. Nomenclature based on alkanes
• Know alkanes for C1-C10
• Recognize the formula/name of – Alkenes (double bond)– Alkynes (triple bond)– Cycloalkanes (ring structure)
Ex: Write the chemical formula and structural formula for:Octane 2- Butyne1, 3- Heptadiene
• Compounds of C and H and often a third or more additional elements
• Subgroups: – Alkanes: Containing only C-C single bonds– Alkenes: C=C double bonds as well as single bonds– Alkynes: carbon-carbon triple bonds as well as single
bonds.– Aromatic: hydrocarbons containing benzene rings.
Hydrocarbons
2. Branched alkanes and isomers• Understand the basic rules for writing &
naming branched alkanes.• Recognize and name structural isomers
Ex: Name the following molecules:
C5H12 has 3 structural isomers.C6H14 has 5C7H14 has 9And so on
Isomers of C5H12
Hydrocarbons & Structural Isomerism
How many isomers can you draw for heptane?
• Result of loss of free rotation about the C=C brings about “Geometric Isomers”
• Increase in reactivity over alkanes• X-Y addition reactions are possible• X2, H2, HX and H2O can add across the double
bond.
Alkenes: Compounds with C=C Double Bonds
Geometric (stereo) Isomers:
• Recognize the terms cis-, trans- isomers– Unsaturated molecules– Orientation around the double bond
Naming Alkenes: cis & trans
• Alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds. • C2H2: common name = acetylene
systematic name = ethyne
Preparation:
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l)
C2H2 (g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
Alkynes
• Benzene, C6H6, is a key molecule in chemistry.
• It is the simplest aromatic compound, a class of compounds so named because they have significant, and usually not unpleasant, odors.
Aromatic compounds
Functional Groups:• Recognize functional groups • Name compounds based on functional groups
Organic chemistry & reactions
• Be familiar with some basic properties of an organic reaction:– Combustion (know this for sure!)– Condensation (H2O removed)– Addition ( of a halogen to an unsaturated alkane)– Substitution (of a halide)