Organic / BiochemistryChemistry of Life!

Biology

Chapter 2

Carbon Compounds in Cells!

Subatomic parts

• PROTONS – Positive charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

• NEUTRONS – neutral charge (no charge) particles found in the nucleus.

• ELECTRONS – Negative charged particles found outside the nucleus of the atom.– These determine which elements interact with each

other!

ELEMENTS

• Pure substance made of the same type atoms.

• Periodic Table of the Elements – over 100 “pure” substances found in the universe

• Hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 electron.

BONDS• Ionic Bonds – When two ions are attracted

by opposite charges (they either DONATE or TAKE an electron)….. Ex Salt

• Sodium ion Na+ -----Chlorine ions Cl-• NaCl

Bonds Cont.• Covalent Bonds – When electrons are shared between

atoms (These are called COMPOUNDS!)• Compounds are 2 different atoms that are bonded

together• Ex –Sugar/Glucose – Molecular compound C6H12O6

Bonds Cont.• Hydrogen Bonds: “Opposites Attract”

(positives and negatives)

COMPOUNDS / MIXTURES

• COMPOUNDS – 2 or more different elements bonded together.

• MIXTURE –Two or more substances NOT bonded together.

• SOLUTION – A mixture of two or more substances evenly distributed throughout.

POLAR MOLECULES

• A molecule that has a positive / negative side. Ex – water

» H H

» O

Thus ions and other polar molecules dissolve easilyin water and non-polar molecules like oils float on the surface.

ACIDS AND BASES

• ACID – A solution with many hydrogen ions …PH 0-6

• BASE – A solution with many hydroxide ions ….. PH 8-14

2- Divisions within Chemistry

• 1. Organic Chemistry - The study of the chemical reactions involving the carbon atom! Ex - plastics, petroleum, synthetics

• 2. Inorganic Chemistry- non - carbon chemical reactions….Ex- Salts, metals

Why is the Carbon Atom so reactive??

• Carbon has an atomic number of 6….. – 6-protons

– 6-neutrons

– 6-electrons

– 2 electrons in the first energy level and 4 in the outer energy level!

– Thus it can bond with up to 4 other atoms!

• Carbon can bond with itself into long chains or into ring

Hydrocarbons…..H~C

• Methane - CH4………….

• Ethane - C2H6………….

• Propane - C3H8………..

• Butane - C4H10……..

• Octane - C8H18……..

• Long chains of hydrocarbons provide fuel for our bar-b-ques, lighters, automobiles, and trucks, as well as many are found in living substances!!

Biochemistry

• The carbon compounds relating to life……..

• Many carbon chains fold back upon itself to form flexible rings!

• The arrangement of these rings can encourage various types of bonding!

Functional Groups found in Biological Compounds-

• . Methyl-(CH3)… found in fats oils, waxes

• . Hydroxyl- (-OH)…sugars and alcohol

• .Carboxyl- ( HOC=O) ..sugars, fats, amino acids

• Amino- (-NH2)…Amino acids and proteins

• Phosphate- (-PO4)…phospholipids, DNA,RNA

4 - Molecules of Life!!

• 1. Carbohydrates- sugars and starches!

• 2. Lipids- fats, oils and waxes!

• 3. Proteins - meat, poultry, eggs, soy

• 4. Nucleic Acids- building blocks for DNA-”your genes!!”

CARBOHYDRATES- “the watered carbons”

• Composed of C, H, and O…..with a 2:1 ratio of H to O!

• 3-types of Carbohydrates

• 1.Monosaccharides

– These are the buildimg blocks for larger carbohydrates!

• Formula C6H12O6

• Ex-glucose, fructose, galactose

Carbohydrates continued…….

• 2. Disaccharides– A short chain of a few monosaccarides

bonded together !!

– Formula: C12H22O11

– Only two bonded together makes up a disaccharide!

– Ex: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Carbohydrates….cont…...

• 3. Polysaccharides-– Many “monos”

bonded together forming a very long chain!

– Ex- starch, cellulose, and glycogen

Condensation / Hydrolysis

• Condensation - When two molecules bond together releasing one molecule of water during the process!

• C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 • ------------->C12H22O11 + H2O

• Hydrolysis - When a long chain of molecules are broken apart requiring water to separate !

• C18H32O16 + 2H2O --------> • C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

PROTEINS……..

• The most diverse biological molecule of life! -– Examples - muscles, feathers, cartilage, enzymes,

steroids, hormones.

• The basic structural unit of protein is the Amino Acid!

• These are bonded by condensation forming long chains of polypeptides! ( proteins)

How are proteins structurally different??

• There are 20 different common amino acids needed for good health!

• The Basic structure of the Amino Acid is:

• H– Amino Carboxyl

– Group C Group

– – R- Group

LIPIDS…….

• LIPIDS- serve as the main reservoir of stored energy!

• Also a major component of cell membranes!

• The basic Building Block of a lipid is the “Fatty Acid”- usually a nonpolar molecule!

Fatty Acid Structure

• A Fatty Acid molecule is a long chain of ----CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3

• Attached to the front end is a CARBOXYL• H-O

• |

• C=O

• |

• H-C-H ( beginning of fatty acid chain)

Lipids cont……….

• Saturated fats - Long chain of fatty acids with only single bonds!

• Unsaturated fats- long chains of fatty acids with a few double bonds on the hydrocarbon chain!

• Polyunsaturated fats- Many double bonds on the hydrocarbon chain!

Neutral Fats - TRIGLYCERIDES

• Butter, lard and oils are examples !

• Three fatty acid chains bonded to a GLYCEROL molecule!

• H – H - C - OH + fatty acid chain– H - C - OH + fatty acid chain– H - C - OH + fatty acid chain

» H» ** Just under the skin, adipose tissue

stores lipids for energy and insulation!

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Two fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol and a phosphate group!

• This causes the molecule to have a polar head and two non-polar tails!

• This is the main component of the cell membrane!!!!

• • • O H O • O -P-O ---- C - OH- HO-C - CH2- CH2- CH3

– O O

– H - C - OH- HO-C - CH2- CH2- CH3

– – H - C - OH-

– – H

NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids!

• Two important nucleic acids are

• DNA – 2 strands twisted together

• RNA – 1 strand of nucleotides

DNA and RNA

• These two molecules are essential for survival!

• DNA forms into genes and chromosomes directing the entire chemistry of the cell!

• RNA produced from DNA directs the making of proteins within the cell!

ATP….

• ATP - adenosine phosphate is the main energy transfer molecule within the cell!

Nucleotide structure

• NH2

• C• HC N• HC C=O• N

• O• HO-P-O-CH2 C

• O C C• C C• OH H • ….el fin….