organic chemistry (chapter 3) organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. biochemistry...
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Organic Chemistry
(Chapter 3)
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.
Carbon• Carbon’s 4 valence e- make if
ideal for bonds: endless combinations of proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids
• Carbon forms the skeleton of most organic molecules
• Forms stable bonds! • Diverse: Carbon chains vary in length and
shape; can form chains or rings
Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living thingsInorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)
Some organic molecules
Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - the area that participates in chemical reactions
• Functional group is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way
• R = the remainder of the molecule, the carbon skeleton
Pg 39
alcohols
acids
bases
The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right
One carbon chain, single bonds; 2 functional groups
Functional groups help determine function by determining bonds and therefore shapes of molecule.
You should know their base names:
ALKANE consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds
C- C- C -C -C
ALKENE consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond
C = C - C
ALKYNEconsists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond
They are alphabetical: a, e, y 1, 2, 3 bonds
ISOMERS – molecules with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms
Careful, those words are so similar!
Isotopes: atoms with same protons but different neutronsex: Carbon-12 and Carbon-13
Ion: charges atom- lost or gained an electron
Isomer: same molecular formula, different structure
What do these words mean?
BiologicalMacromolecule
All biological macro-molecule are made up of a small number of elements:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur
Next Word…..
Polygons
Polygamy
Polyester
What does “Mono” mean?
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN THE CARS
A NECKLACE EACH PEARL
A PolymerHere are some analogies to better
understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN
A NECKLACE
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?
Reaction Types
•Hydrolysis - break down compounds by adding water
•Dehydration - two components brought together, produces H2O
•Redox Rxn– electron transfer reactions
Oxidation Involves LossReduction Involves Gain
OIL RIG
MACROMOLECULES - Monomers link together to form polymersone unit many units
Dehydration reaction – water is removed, joins monomers together
Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into smaller units
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM Pg 40 in textbook
• Dehydration- requires energy, releases water
• Hydrolysis- releases energy, requires water
1.Why is carbon so important to organic molecules?
2.What is the significance of functional groups?
3.Name the 4 macromolecules.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY
Bozeman
Some Molecules
MACROMOLECULES important to life
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
This is bozeman, he knows stuff about biology and makes podcasts. He has podcasts for every topic we cover. It's amazing!
http://www.educreations.com/lesson/view/identifying-macromolecules/1251981/?ref=link
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY
1. CARBOHYDRATES CHO•monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose fructose, galactose C6H12O6
•disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose, lactose, maltose
•polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides
- starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) are energy storage polymers- cellulose & chitin are structural polymers
Daily energy supply!
pasta, potatoes, cereal, grains
animal
plant
2. Lipids C, H, OHydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)*
Fats* & Oils are made of subunits (monomers) – glycerol and fatty acids
Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection
Phospholipids - Important structural component of the cell membrane
Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings
Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature;Unsaturated fats have double bonds that “kink” the molecule, liquid at room temperature
Fats are the most concentrated energy source available to the body. • Saturated fats: meats, cheese, somewhat
unhealthy• Unsaturated fats: healthy, found in plants• Trans fats: very unhealthy fats
Fats
Lipids and Fatty Acids
3. Proteins C, H, O, N Monomer: amino acids
Two amino acids make a dipeptidePolymers: polypeptides which are joined by peptide bonds
Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue
Support, Enzymes, Transport, Defense, Hormones, Motion
Proteins have four shapes1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet)3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous)4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits
Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality (More on enzymes later)
- all but primary structure is easily destroyed There are 20 known amino acids
Proteinshttps://www.youtube.com/v/w-ctkPUUpUc
Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P
•Monomer: nucleotide•Polymers: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Each nucleotide consists of:
1. A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)2. A phosphate3. A nitrogen base
- adenine - thymine - guanine - cytosine - uracil (in RNA)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains two phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)
MATCHINGa. carbohydrate b. lipidsc. protein d. nucleic acids
1. contains adenine and thymine2. lactose3. chains of amino acids4. long term energy storage5. cholesterol6. chains of fatty acids and glycerol7. plant cell walls