Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Digestive systemDigestive system

OrgansOrgans

EsophagusEsophagus LiverLiver Gall bladderGall bladder StomachStomach Large intestineLarge intestine Small intestineSmall intestine PancreasPancreas AppendixAppendix

Why is it important?Why is it important?

Our food and drink must be Our food and drink must be changed into smaller changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before molecules of nutrients before they can be absorbed into the they can be absorbed into the blood and carried to cells blood and carried to cells throughout the body. throughout the body.

Function:Function:

Digestion is the process by Digestion is the process by which food and drink are which food and drink are broken down into their broken down into their smallest parts so that the smallest parts so that the body can use them to build body can use them to build and nourish cells and to and nourish cells and to provide energy. provide energy.

Movement of food through Movement of food through the systemthe system

The large, hollow organs of the The large, hollow organs of the digestive system contain muscle digestive system contain muscle that enables their walls to move, that enables their walls to move, like a like a wavewave

These waves of narrowing push the These waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ. through each hollow organ.

The first major muscle The first major muscle movement occurs when movement occurs when food or liquid is chewed up food or liquid is chewed up (mastication) and (mastication) and swallowed. Initially we swallowed. Initially we start swallowing by choice, start swallowing by choice, once the swallow begins, it once the swallow begins, it becomes involuntary and becomes involuntary and proceeds under the control proceeds under the control of the nerves (peristalsis).of the nerves (peristalsis).

The steps of the The steps of the digestive system are:digestive system are:

1.1. Food travels down the Food travels down the esophagusesophagus..

2.2. Food enters the Food enters the stomachstomach where it where it stores food and water, mixes up stores food and water, mixes up the food, liquid, and digestive juice the food, liquid, and digestive juice produced by the stomach, and produced by the stomach, and finally it needs to empty its finally it needs to empty its contents slowly into the contents slowly into the small small intestineintestine. .

33. As the food is digested in the . As the food is digested in the small small intestineintestine and dissolved into the juices and dissolved into the juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, the contents of the intestine are mixed the contents of the intestine are mixed and pushed forward to allow further and pushed forward to allow further digestion. digestion.

44. Finally, all of the . Finally, all of the digesteddigested nutrients are nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls. absorbed through the intestinal walls. The waste products of this process The waste products of this process include include undigestedundigested parts of the food, parts of the food, known as fiber, and older cells that have known as fiber, and older cells that have been shed from the mucosa. These been shed from the mucosa. These materials are propelled into the colon, materials are propelled into the colon, where they remain, usually for a day or where they remain, usually for a day or two, until the feces are expelled by a two, until the feces are expelled by a bowel movement.bowel movement.

Chicken vs. HorseChicken vs. Horse

Digestive juices are Digestive juices are crucial!crucial!

1.1. Saliva-begins the digestion process Saliva-begins the digestion process (produced by salivary glands)(produced by salivary glands)

2.2. Stomach acid Stomach acid

3.3. Once the food is in the small Once the food is in the small intestine it secretes juices to help intestine it secretes juices to help digest the food digest the food

4.4. The liver produces yet another digestive The liver produces yet another digestive juice—bile. juice—bile.

How is the digestive How is the digestive process controlled?process controlled?

Hormone and Nerve Hormone and Nerve regulatorsregulators..

If you body needs more If you body needs more digestive enzymes to help digestive enzymes to help

breakdown your dinner then breakdown your dinner then your nerve and hormone your nerve and hormone

regulators send out a message regulators send out a message to the liver or gallbladder to to the liver or gallbladder to make or secrete enzymesmake or secrete enzymes. .

Cracker Lab: Food vs. Cracker Lab: Food vs. LiquidLiquid

Directions: With your lab Directions: With your lab partner you need to determine partner you need to determine how long it takes for food to how long it takes for food to travel down the esophagus vs. travel down the esophagus vs. water. Analyze your data by water. Analyze your data by making a line graph.making a line graph.

VS. VS.

YOU NEEDYOU NEED

1.1. StethoscopeStethoscope

2.2. 6 saltine crackers (3 for you 6 saltine crackers (3 for you and 3 for your lab partner)and 3 for your lab partner)

3.3. Cup of water or liquid (1 for Cup of water or liquid (1 for you and your lab partner)you and your lab partner)

FIRST:FIRST:

Make a hypothesis: Which Make a hypothesis: Which one will take longer? How one will take longer? How long will each one take to long will each one take to travel down your esophagus travel down your esophagus and dump into your stomach? and dump into your stomach?

NEXT:NEXT:

Collect Data: You will eat 3 Collect Data: You will eat 3 crackers and time all three. crackers and time all three. Then make a bar graph Then make a bar graph shoeing the three different shoeing the three different data points. Repeat the same data points. Repeat the same procedure for water, drink 3 procedure for water, drink 3 times and make a bar graph. times and make a bar graph.

FINALLY:FINALLY:

Write what actually took Write what actually took place. Which one was longer place. Which one was longer and what were the average and what were the average times for both. times for both.

When finished bring it up for When finished bring it up for a STAMP!! a STAMP!!

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Major Major Organs:Organs: Bones, Bones, cartilage, cartilage, tendons and tendons and ligaments. ligaments.

Major RoleMajor Role

To provide support To provide support for the body, to for the body, to protect delicate protect delicate internal organs internal organs and to provide and to provide attachment sites attachment sites for the organs. for the organs.

Label Label the the skeletoskeleton found n found on page on page 9 9

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Major Major Organs:Organs: Heart, blood Heart, blood vessels and vessels and bloodblood

Major RoleMajor Role

TThe main role of the he main role of the circulatory system is circulatory system is to transport to transport nutrients, gases nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and CO2), hormones and wastes through the wastes through the body.  body. 

This is the first system that This is the first system that develops in the body! develops in the body! Embryo can’t grow with out Embryo can’t grow with out it’s own system transporting it’s own system transporting materials to the new parts of materials to the new parts of the body. the body.

Muscular SystemMuscular System

Major Major Organs:Organs: Skeletal Skeletal muscles and muscles and smooth smooth muscles muscles throughout throughout the bodythe body. .

Major RoleMajor Role

The main role of the The main role of the muscular system is to muscular system is to provide movement. provide movement. 

Muscle: front and back Muscle: front and back viewview

Muscles work in pairs to Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the move limbs and provide the organism with mobility.  organism with mobility.  Muscles also control the Muscles also control the movement of materials movement of materials through some organs, such through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory and the heart and circulatory system. system. 

Label Label the the musclmuscle man e man found found on on page page 9.9.

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Major Organs:Major Organs: Many glands exist in Many glands exist in the body that the body that secrete endocrine secrete endocrine hormones.  Among hormones.  Among these are the these are the hypothalamus, hypothalamus, pituitarypituitary, thyroid, , thyroid, pancreas and pancreas and adrenaladrenal glands. glands.

Major RoleMajor Role

The main role of the The main role of the endocrine system is to endocrine system is to relay chemical relay chemical messagesmessages through the through the body.  In conjunction body.  In conjunction with the nervous with the nervous system, these chemical system, these chemical messages help control messages help control physiological processes physiological processes such as nutrient such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc. absorption, growth, etc.

The The hypothalamushypothalamus is located in the is located in the brain, at the base of the optic chiasm. It brain, at the base of the optic chiasm. It secretes hormones that stimulate or secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland, in addition to controlling pituitary gland, in addition to controlling water balance, sleep, temperature, water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure. appetite, and blood pressure.

Thyroid and parathyroidsThyroid and parathyroids: : The thyroid The thyroid gland and parathyroid glands are located gland and parathyroid glands are located in front of the neck, below the larynx in front of the neck, below the larynx (voice box). The thyroid plays an (voice box). The thyroid plays an important role in the body's metabolism. important role in the body's metabolism. Both the thyroid and parathyroid glands Both the thyroid and parathyroid glands also play a role in the regulation of the also play a role in the regulation of the body's calcium balance.body's calcium balance.

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Major Major Organs:Organs: Lymph, lymph Lymph, lymph nodes and nodes and vessels, white vessels, white blood cells, T- blood cells, T- and B- cells and B- cells

Major Role:Major Role: The main role of The main role of the the immune immune systemsystem is to is to destroy and destroy and removeremove invading invading microbes and microbes and viruses from the viruses from the body.  The body.  The lymphatic system lymphatic system also removes also removes fatfat and excess fluids and excess fluids from the blood.  from the blood. 

Nervous SystemNervous System

Major Major Organs:Organs: Brain, spinal Brain, spinal cord and cord and peripheral peripheral nerves. nerves.

Major Role:Major Role:

The main role of the The main role of the nervous system is to nervous system is to relay electrical signals relay electrical signals through the body.  through the body.  The nervous system The nervous system directs directs behaviourbehaviour and movement and, and movement and, along with the along with the endocrine system, endocrine system, controls physiological controls physiological processesprocesses such as such as digestion, circulation, digestion, circulation, etc. etc. 

How Good is Your Reaction How Good is Your Reaction Time?Time?

Visual reaction time:Visual reaction time:Between you and your lab partner Between you and your lab partner you need one ruler. Place the ruler you need one ruler. Place the ruler at the edge of your desk on the 100 at the edge of your desk on the 100 mm mark. Your lab partner will be mm mark. Your lab partner will be holding the ruler and the subject holding the ruler and the subject will place thumb and forefinger on will place thumb and forefinger on either side of ruler, near, but not either side of ruler, near, but not touching it. The experimenter asks touching it. The experimenter asks the subject if they are ready, then the subject if they are ready, then within a few seconds releases the within a few seconds releases the ruler as cleanly as possible. ruler as cleanly as possible.

Subject grasps ruler as soon as Subject grasps ruler as soon as possible after it’s release and holds possible after it’s release and holds it against the side of the desk. The it against the side of the desk. The experimenter will then read the experimenter will then read the position of the line the ruler position of the line the ruler reached by the side of the desk to reached by the side of the desk to the nearest whole number and the nearest whole number and records the results in their lab records the results in their lab partners lab book. Make sure you partners lab book. Make sure you subtract the original 10 mm. You subtract the original 10 mm. You repeat 10 times. repeat 10 times.

When finished you need to When finished you need to calculate the time of reflex by calculate the time of reflex by using the formula above the using the formula above the table in your lab book. table in your lab book.

If the ruler dropped 16.0 cm I would If the ruler dropped 16.0 cm I would then use the following steps:then use the following steps:

1. 2 x 16cm = 32cm1. 2 x 16cm = 32cm

2. 32cm / 980cm/sec² = 0.03265 2. 32cm / 980cm/sec² = 0.03265 sec²sec²

3. the square root of 0.03265 sec² = 3. the square root of 0.03265 sec² = 0.18070.1807

4. 0.1807sec x 1000msec/sec = 4. 0.1807sec x 1000msec/sec = 180milliseconds visual reaction time 180milliseconds visual reaction time

Respiratory systemRespiratory system

Major Major Organs:Organs: Nose, Nose, trachea trachea and lungsand lungs. .

Major RoleMajor Role The main role of the The main role of the

respiratory system is to respiratory system is to provide gas exchange provide gas exchange between the blood and between the blood and the environment.  the environment.  Primarily, oxygen is Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the absorbed from the atmosphere into the body atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. expelled from the body.

Male & Female Male & Female reproductive Systemreproductive System

Major Organs:Major Organs:

Female (top): ovaries, Female (top): ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands.  and mammary glands.  Male (bottom): testes, Male (bottom): testes, seminal vesicles and penis.  seminal vesicles and penis. 

Major RoleMajor Role The main role of the The main role of the

reproductive system reproductive system is to manufacture is to manufacture cells that allow cells that allow reproduction.  In the reproduction.  In the male, sperm are male, sperm are created to created to inseminate egg cells inseminate egg cells produced in the produced in the female. female.

Urinary/Excretory SystemUrinary/Excretory System

Major Major Organs:Organs: Kidneys, Kidneys, ureters, ureters, bladder and bladder and urethra urethra

Major RoleMajor Role

The main role of The main role of the excretory the excretory system is to filter system is to filter out cellular out cellular wastes, toxins wastes, toxins and excess water and excess water or nutrients from or nutrients from the circulatory the circulatory system. system.