OpticsandPhotonicsWinterSchool&Workshop2017

OpticalSciencesOrganizingCommittee

PoulJessenR.JasonJonesDaeWookKimJohnKoshel

MasudMansuripurJudithSu

ExternalAdvisoryCommittee

JonathanFriedman,UniversidadMetropolitanaTheresaLynn,HarveyMuddCollege

JennyMagnes,VassarCollege

SpecialThankstoOurSponsors:

AlfredP.SloanFoundationDeMundFoundationGretlerFoundation

NationalScienceFoundationOSASPIETRIF

Schedule–OpticsandPhotonicsWinterSchool2017Wednesday,Jan.4,2017(AllsessionsatOpticalSciences307)

8:50 Welcome DeanTomKoch9:00 IntroductiontoOpticalEngineering Prof.JimSchwiegerling10:00 Break10:20 AstronomicalOptics Prof.DaeWookKim10:50 Break11:00 OpticsandtheHumanEye Prof.JohnGreivenkamp11:30 Lunch1:00 LabTours 3:00 IntroductiontoPhotonics DeanTomKoch4:00 Break4:20 Nanophotonics Prof.EuanMcLeod4:50 Break5:00 Optics,Photonics,andSolarEnergy Prof.RogerAngel5:30 LabTours(IncludingtheRichardF.CarisMirrorLab) 7:00 Dinner

Thursday,Jan.5,2017(AllsessionsatOpticalSciences307)

9:00 IntroductiontoImagingScience Prof.LarsFurenlid10:00 Break 10:20 Polarization Prof.RussellChipman10:50 Break11:00 OpticsinBiologyandMedicine Prof.JenniferBarton11:30 Lunch1:00 LabTours3:00 IntroductiontoOpticalPhysics Prof.R.JasonJones4:00 Break4:20 QuantumOptics Prof.TheresaLynn4:50 Break5:00 BiosensingwithOpticalResonators Dr.JudithSu5:30 LabTours/FreeTime6:00 Dinner7:00 PosterSessionandWorkshopWelcomeReception

Schedule-OpticsandPhotonicsWorkshop2017FRIDAY,JAN.6,2017(CAREERDAY)KeynoteMorningSession(ILC130)

8:15TomKoch,UniversityofArizonaWelcometotheOpticsandPhotonicsWorkshop

8:30DavidReitze,ExecutiveDirectorofLIGO,CaltechTheFinalBalletofBinaryBlackHoles:LIGOandtheDawnofGravitationalWaveAstronomy

9:45 Break

10:15 JohnHayes,co-founderof4DTechnology(UAOpticsAlumnus)Light,Passion,andGettingaLife

11:00 EugeneArthurs,SPIEHowOpticsandPhotonicsContinuestoChangeOurWorld

11:45Lunch(OpticalSciences)

(AfternoonsessionsatOpticalSciences307)

1:30DavidHagan,UniversityofCentralFlorida,CREOLProgramsinOpticsandPhotonicsatCREOL

2:00LauraCoyle,BallAerospace(UAOpticsalumnus)ObservationsofanEarlyCareerOpticalEngineer

2:20SoumaChaudhury,Intel(UAOpticsalumnus)WhatIdidwithmyPhDinOptics

2:40PanelDiscussiononCareersinOptics

3:40Break

4:00AndrewBerger,UniversityofRochester,TheInstituteofOpticsFlippingtheElectromagneticTheoryClassroom-LessonsLearned

4:30SelimUnlu,BostonUniversityNewFrontierinDiagnostics:DigitalProteinMicroarrays

5:00 PeterSmith,UniversityofArizonaTheJoyofSpaceExploration

5:30LabTours(IncludingtheRichardF.CarisMirrorLab)

7:00Banquet(SilverandSageRoom,UAcampus) BanquetSpeaker:MichaelHart,UniversityofArizona

SATURDAY,JAN.7,2017(AllsessionsatOpticalSciences307)8:30Keynote:ElizabethMcCormack,BrynMawrCollege

TheCreationandDeploymentofComputationalLearningModulesandPhys21:PreparingPhysicsStudentsfor21stCenturyCareers

9:15 JamesClemens,MiamiUniversity OpticsatMiamiUniversity

9:45 GaryBernstein,UniversityofNotreDameAModernIntroductiontoElectricalEngineeringLaboratoryCourseattheUniversityofNotreDame

10:15 Break

10:45 KatharinaGillen,CaliforniaPolytechnicStateUniversity,SanLuisObispoQuantumComputingwithAtomsandLight

11:15 StevenOlmschenk,DenisonUniversityIonsandPhotonsforQuantumInformation

11:45 MichaelaKleinert,WillametteUniversityUltracoldandUltrafast.AMOResearchatWillamette

12:15Lunch

1:30CharlesFalco,UniversityofArizonaOptics&ArtHistory

2:00AnaOprisan,CollegeofCharlestonOpticalMethodsUsedtoInvestigateNanocolloids

2:30 JennyMagnes,VassarCollegeWomenintheSciences

PanelDiscussion(LauraCoyle,EnriqueGalvez,TheresaLynn,ElizabethMcCormack,WillWilliams)

3:30Break

4:00 NathanLindquist,BethelUniversityPlasmonicNano-ImagingandNano-Tweezing

4:30 TravisGould,BatesCollegeBiologicalImagingBeyondtheDiffractionLimitUsingSTEDNanoscopy

5:00 CarolineBoudoux,PolytechniqueMontrealDedicatedFiberOpticsforBiomedicalImaging:TranslationandCommercialization

5:30 LabTours/FreeTime

7:00Dinner(Reforma,nexttoHomewoodSuites)

Sunday,JAN.8,2017(MorningsessionatOpticalSciences307)8:30Keynote:GabrielSpalding,IllinoisWesleyanUniversity

Justanotherdayattheoffice:faster-than-lightimagingandviolationsoflocalrealism

9:15 JoeShaw,MontanaStateUniversityOpticsEducationandResearchinMontana

9:45 EnriqueGalvez,ColgateUniversitySpatiallyVariablePolarization

10:15 Break

10:45 WillWilliams,SmithCollegeTestingQuantumElectrodynamicswiththeBerylliumAtom

11:15 GregoryOgin,WhitmanCollegeMeasuringtheThermo-OpticPropertiesofDielectricStackMirror

11:45 PoulJessen,UniversityofArizonaQuantumControlversusChaos

12:15 Lunch

2:00TriptoArizona-SonoraDesertMuseum

5:00DinnerattheArizona-SonoraDesertMuseum

Abstracts – Workshop Oral Presentations Friday, Jan. 6, 2017 8:30Keynote:DavidReitze,ExecutiveDirectorofLIGO,Caltech

TheFinalBalletofBinaryBlackHoles:LIGOandtheDawnofGravitationalWaveAstronomy

Inlate2015,scientistsobservedthecollisionandfusionoftwoblackholesbydirectlymeasuringthegravitationalwavesemittedduring theircollision. Thisdetection, fromtheLIGOScientificCollaboration and the Virgo Collaboration, comes 100 years after Einstein developed hisrevolutionaryGeneralTheoryofRelativity thatpredicted theexistenceofgravitationalwaves,and50yearsafterscientistsbegansearchingforthem.

10:15 EugeneArthurs,SPIEHowOpticsandPhotonicsContinuestoChangeOurWorld

11:00 JohnHayes,Co-founderof4DTechnology(UAOpticsAlumnus)

Light,Passion,andGettingaLife

1:15DavidHagan,UniversityofCentralFlorida,CREOLProgramsinOpticsandPhotonicsatCREOL

2:00LauraCoyle,BallAerospace(UAOpticsalumnus)ObservationsofanEarlyCareerOpticalEngineer

2:20SoumaChaudhury,Intel(UAOpticsalumnus)WhatIdidwithmyPhDinOptics

4:15AndrewBerger,UniversityofRochester,TheInstituteofOpticsFlippingtheElectromagneticTheoryClassroom-LessonsLearned

4:30SelimUnlu,BostonUniversityNewFrontierinDiagnostics:DigitalProteinMicroarrays

Detectingproteins andnanobioparticlesusingmicroarray technologiesenables resolutionandsensitivitybeyondthereachofensemblemeasurements.

5:00 PeterSmith,UniversityofArizona

TheJoyofSpaceExploration

Saturday, Jan. 7, 2017 8:30Keynote:ElizabethMcCormack,BrynMawrCollege

TheCreationandDeploymentofComputationalLearningModulesandPhys21:PreparingPhysicsStudentsfor21stCenturyCareers

Ourcomputational instructionproject ismotivatedbyadesire to improvestudent learningofcomputer programming and algorithmic thinking. The approach is designed to minimize theimpact on time-to-degree and faculty staffing demands. It purposely integrates skill buildingwithcontentknowledgeandemphasizesaculturallyinclusivelearningenvironmentinanefforttoimprovethepersistenceandsuccessofallstudents.

The computational instruction is designed around a sequence of learningmodules that use acombination of online and classroom instruction. The modules incorporate computationaltechniquesinthecontextofscientificapplications.Theyincludeexercisestoprovidepracticeinapplyingthesetechniquesandassessmentsforstudentstodemonstratemastery.Inaflippedapproach,themodulesaremadeavailableonlinetobereadbeforeclass,andinclassstudentswork together to complete theexercises. Questions canbe immediately addressedandpeerlearningandcollaborationtakesplacenaturally.Firstdevelopedanddeployedinthecontextofastand-alonecourse,thesemodulesarenowembeddedincorephysicscoursesthroughoutthemajorsequence.Inthiswaystudentsprogressivelylearnandpracticeessentialcomputationalskillscontinuallywhileearningtheirdegree.

InthispresentationIwillsharewhathasworkedinusingthelearningmoduleswithembeddedexercises and assessment; our experience of usingweb-based computational notebooks on adedicatedserver;whatwe’vetriedandlearnedfromattemptingtocreateaculturallyinclusivelearning environment, for example our use of hybrid journals, student generated scientistprofiles, and student consultants for feedback; and we will report on the experiences ofstudentsusingthemodules.

Iwill alsopresent themajor findingsof the reportPhys21:PreparingPhysicsStudents for21stCenturyCareerscommissionedbytheAPSandtheAAPTandpreparedbytheJointTaskForceon Undergraduate Physics Programs (J-TUPP). The report addresses the following question:Whatskillsandknowledgeshouldthenextgenerationofundergraduatephysicsmajorspossesstobewellpreparedforadiversesetofcareers?Wewereparticularlyinterestedtounderstandbetter theneedsof studentswhodonotplan topursueacademic careers. In answering thisquestion, we developed guidelines for revising the undergraduate curriculum, addressing theneeds of an increasingly diverse population of students, providing professional skillsdevelopment,andenhancingstudentengagementthroughhighimpactteachingpractices.

9:15 JamesClemens,MiamiUniversity

OpticsatMiamiUniversity IwillattempttogiveabroadoverviewofopticsresearchgoingoninthephysicsdepartmentatMiami University. The physics department consists of fifteen full time faculty members ofwhomelevenareactive inresearch. Wehaveabout100undergraduatemajorsandabout20MSstudents.

9:45 GaryBernsteinandKerryMeyers,UniversityofNotreDameAModernIntroductiontoElectricalEngineeringLaboratoryCourseattheUniversityofNotreDameA modern Introduction to Electrical Engineering Laboratory Course has been taught for thesecond time at theUniversity ofNotreDame. The 80 students in the course come from theDepartmentsofElectricalEngineering,ComputerEngineeringandMechanicalEngineering.Thiscourseincorporatesseverallearningobjectivesforgainingknowledgeandskillsinthefollowingareas:Topicsofsocietalrelevanceinelectricalengineering;aknowledgeandskillsetintheuseofcommonelectricalbenchtestequipment;aworkingknowledgeofconceptsthatrelatetimedomainandfrequencydomain;abasicknowledgeinseveralareasthatrelatetotheirevery-dayexperiencesandthatwillpreparethemforcoursesthatappearlaterintheircurriculum.

Thecoursecomprisesninewrittenchapterscoveringvarioustopics,elevenlecturesincludinganoverviewofundergraduateresearchopportunitiesinElectricalEngineeringatNotreDame,andten 3-hour laboratory sessions. The topics of the ten week’s of labs are: 1) introduction toelectronic components, inwhich students solder anAM radio kit tobeused in a later lab; 2)introduction to basic bench equipment including function generator, power supply, digitalmultimeter and oscilloscope; 3) the power grid, power transmission, and house wiring; 4)conceptsintimeandfrequencydomains,frequencyspectra,andfilters;5)radiotransmissioninwhichstudentsbroadcastmusictotheirownAMradiosonthelabbenchandviewthesignalinbothtimeandfrequencydomains;6)semiconductors,includingbasiccircuitbread-boardingandtesting of various amplifier circuits (without analysis); 7) issues in energy conservation andrenewable energy in which students test various types of light bulbs and determine theirrelativeefficiency,andtestsolarcellsonthe labbench;8)demonstrationsofanalog-to-digital(ADC) anddigital-to-analog (DAC) conversion, including aliasing, all in the time and frequencydomains;9)asecondweekofexperimentingwithsamplingand10)experimentswithbatteriesandbuildingpowersupplies.

Severalcustomelectronicdemonstratorsweredevelopedfortheselabs,includingalow-voltagethree-phase power supply, a custom light enclosure for simple light-bulb measurements, acustomADC/DACdemonstratorboard,andafasttimerforshort-circuitbatterytesting.

InmytalkIwillprovidedetailsofeachofthelabexperiences,showtheresultsofwhatstudentsdointhelabs,andprovideresultsofasurveythatgaugedstudentlearningandattitudes.

10:45 KatharinaGillen,CaliforniaPolytechnicStateUniversity,SanLuisObispoQuantumComputingwithAtomsandLightQuantum computers promise to be able to perform some tasks impossible on anysupercomputer, including code breaking and simulations of large quantum systems, byexploitingthequantummechanicsphenomenaofsuperpositionandentanglement.Oneofthemany approaches currently being explored, neutral atom quantum computing, uses atomstrappedandmanipulatedby lightas itsquantumbits (qubits).Theremainingchallengeofthisapproach is finding a light pattern that allows scaling up to many qubits without losing theabilitytoaddressindividualqubitswithoutdisturbingtheirneighbors.

InourworkatCalPoly,wehaveshowncomputationally that thebrightanddarkspots in thediffraction pattern immediately behind a pinhole can serve as atom traps that can bemovedtogetherandaparttofacilitatetwo-qubitgates.Thisapproachcanbescaledupbyusinga2D

array of pinholes. We will present computational results on the properties of these lightpatternsaswellasourexperimentalprogresstowardsrealizingtheminthelab,highlightingourundergraduatestudents'roleinthiswork.

11:15 StevenOlmschenk,DenisonUniversity

IonsandPhotonsforQuantumInformationTrappedatomicionsareoneoftheleadingcandidatesforapplicationsinquantuminformation,duetotheirlongtrappingtimes,goodcoherenceproperties,andprecisecontroloftheatomicquantumstates. Integratingthisquantummemorywithphotonsestablishesauniquepathtobothlong-distancequantumcommunicationandscalablequantumcomputation.

The basic operations of reading, writing, and manipulating quantum information can beimplemented in trapped atomic ions with laser and microwave radiation. We are currentlyworkingwithbariumions(producedby laserablation),whichcanbe lasercooledusingvisiblelaser light (650 nm and 494 nm). Here, the red (650 nm) light used to prevent populationtrapping in the low-lyingD-state isdirectlyproducedbyacustomextendedcavitydiode laser(ECDL). Theblue (494nm) light for lasercooling isgeneratedby frequency-doubling the lightfromanECDLoperatednear987nminacustomsecond-harmonicgenerationcavity.Theoddisotopes of barium allow for a hyperfine-encoded quantum bit that may be initialized andmeasured using this laser light, while single-qubit operations may be implemented usingresonantmicrowaves.Laser excitationof an ion combinedwith polarization selectionof an emittedphotonmaybeused to entangle the ion and photon. When two such setups are combined with Hong-Ou-Mandel interferencebetweenthephotons, it ispossibletocreateentanglementbetweentwodistant atoms. By scaling this system tomultiplenodes, it shouldbepossible to establish anarchitectureforquantumcommunicationoverlongdistances.

Whileseveralchallengestoscalabilityremaininthissystem,manymaybealleviatedbyworkingwith telecom-compatiblewavelengths. Toaccomplish this,weproposedusingdoubly-ionizedlanthanumasanatomicqubit,whichhastheadvantageoftransitionscompatiblewithtelecomfiber,butalsopresentsanewsetofchallenges.Wehavemadesignificantprogresstowardthisgoal, and aim to demonstrate laser cooling and trapping of doubly-ionized lanthanum in thefuture.

11:45 MichaelaKleinert,WillametteUniversity

UltracoldandUltrafast.AMOResearchatWillametteWillamette University is a liberal arts college located in Salem, OR. The physics departmentplaces a big emphasis on meaningful research experiences to prepare our majors for STEMcareers after they graduate fromWillamette. In this talk I will introduce you tomy researchprojectsonultracoldatomsandultrafastlasers.TheultracoldprojectfocusesontheproductionofultracoldcloudsofrubidiumandcalciumatomswiththegoalofformingthepolarmoleculeRbCa. So far, RbCa has only been formed on helium nanodroplets, but never from ultracoldconstituentatoms.BecauseRbCahastwopermanentdipolemoments,electricandmagnetic,itcanbemanipulatedincrossedelectricandmagneticfields,leadingtointerestingdynamics.Theultrafast project focuses on laser ablation with nano-second and pico-second lasers, both bystudying the crater that the laserpulse leavesbehindonametallic sample, aswell ason the

light that isemittedduringandshortlyafter theablationphase.Wearecurrently focusingonbrass,buthavealsobegunlookingintomoreexoticmaterialslikemetallicglasses.

1:30CharlesFalco,UniversityofArizona

Optics&ArtHistory InthistalkIwillshowopticalevidencefordiscoveriesmadewiththeartistDavidHockneythatconvincingly demonstrateoptical instrumentswere inuse -- by artists, not scientists -- nearly200 years earlier than commonly thought possible, and that account for the remarkabletransformationintherealityofportraitsthatoccurredearlyinthe15thcentury.

2:00AnaOprisan,CollegeofCharleston

OpticalMethodsUsedtoInvestigateNanocolloids Colloidal suspensions are ideal systems for investigating the spatio-temporal evolution ofdensity fluctuations using optical methods since they have particle sizes larger than thecharacteristicsizeofatomicormolecularsystems.Weperformeddirectimagingexperimentsinorder to investigate the non-equilibrium concentration-driven fluctuations using magneticnanoparticles. The results from direct imaging are compared to those obtained fromshadowgraphyinthesameconditions.Ourdirectexperimentalsetupinvolvedasamplecellunit(SCU)filledwithmagneticnanocolloidalsuspensionandwaterwiththeconcentrationgradientorientedagainstthegravitationalfield,asuperluminescentdiode(SLD)asthelightsource,andacollimatorlens.Fordirectimaging,weaddedamicroscopeobjectiveinfrontoftheCCDcamerawhereasfortheshadowgraphtechniqueweonlyuseanachromaticdoubletbetweentheSCUandthecamera.Adifferentialdynamicalgorithmwasusedtoextractthestructurefactorandeventually findpower lawexponents.Herewediscuss themaindifferencesbetween the twooptical methods as well as the impact of an external magnetic field on non-equilibriumconcentrationfluctuations.

2:30 JennyMagnes,VassarCollege

WomenintheSciences

4:00 NathanLindquist,BethelUniversityPlasmonicnano-imagingandnano-tweezing The basic components of cells, viruses, and nano-devices are too small to individually probe,manipulate,andimagewithlightduetodiffraction.Asonesolution,theinterdisciplinaryfieldofmetallic nano-plasmonics allows manipulating light with sub-wavelength precision: localizedplasmonssqueezeopticalenergyinto~10nmhotspotswhilepropagatingplasmonsonlyextend~100 nm into their surrounding environment and have shorter wavelengths than free-spacelight.Becauseofthese“near-field”effects,plasmonshavebeenexploredformanyapplications.Inparticular,plasmonicnano-imagingandnano-tweezinghavegenerated immense interest totrap, probe, manipulate, and image nano-sized objects such as viruses, nanoparticles, andindividualmolecules.ThistalkwillcoversomeofthebackgroundandcurrentresearchatBethelUniversityintheseareas.Inparticular,plasmonresonancesinnano-structuredsilverfilmshaveshownpromiseas super-resolution imaging substrates. Since the localized fields arealso veryintense, surface enhanced chemical spectroscopy is performed at the same time, allowingsuper-resolution chemical imaging of biological structures, surfaces of cells, and other nano-structures. These intense fields are also capable of trapping and manipulating these nano-objects,givingresearchersaccesstoawiderangeofnovelexperiments.

4:30 TravisGould,BatesCollegeBiologicalImagingBeyondtheDiffractionLimitUsingSTEDNanoscopy Fluorescencemicroscopyisnolongerlimitedinspatialresolutionbydiffraction.Anewclassofmicroscopy techniques now provides diffraction-unlimited resolution in the far-field byexploiting the photophysical properties of fluorescent molecules. For example, in stimulatedemissiondepletion(STED)microscopy,fluorescentmoleculeslocatedneartheperipheryoftheexcitation volume are quenched through stimulated emission. Using this targeted switchingapproach to engineer sub-diffraction focal volumes, it has been possible to image biologicalstructureswithresolutionontheorderofafewtensofnanometers.

Here we review the principles of STED nanoscopy and present recent work on developingadaptiveopticsinSTEDforthree-dimensionalimagingofthickspecimensandtheapplicationofSTEDtoresolvethenanoscaleorganizationofchromatininHL-60/S4(humanmyeloidleukemic)cells.Wealsohighlighttheinvolvementofundergraduateresearchassistants indevelopinganadvancedfluorescenceimaginglaboratoryatBatesCollege.

5:00 CarolineBoudoux,PolytechniqueMontreal

DedicatedFiberOpticsforBiomedicalImaging:TranslationandCommercializationSunday, Jan. 8, 2017

8:30Keynote:GabrielSpalding,IllinoisWesleyanUniversityJustanotherdayattheoffice:faster-than-lightimagingandviolationsoflocalrealismWe are entering the ‘3rd Age’ of high-speed imaging. The first age was limited bytheinertialresponse of a mechanical shutter. The second age bypassed that limitviaelectronicshuttering (turning circuitry on and off). The new era is demarked byessentiallyopticalshuttering techniques, which allows— surprisingly— for ‘faster-than-light’(FTL) imaging.We have experimentally produced [1]amovie of something that is, in a basicsense,travelingbackwardsintime.While,thereareclearphysicallimitationsofsuchmethods,we believe that the new age of photonic imaging promises to open entirely new worlds ofpossibilities for inquiry and explanation. —As time allows, we may introduce our ongoingexperimental exploration of the Arrow of Time(and the emergence of the Second Law ofThermodynamics).

In a separate experiment, mostly using the same equipment, we demonstrate what Einsteintermed‘spookyactionatadistance.’[2]—Supposethatasinglephotonisfoundtodeposititsenergywithinaparticular,micrometer-scalepixelofaverysensitive, low-noisecamera(whichweaccomplishbyusingthesameadvancedimaginganddetectiontechnologiesthatwe’veusedforFTLimaging).Wemightthenaskwherethatphotonwasjustbeforethatmeasurementwasmade.Itseems,atfirst,averysimplequestion,buttherearethreepossiblekindsofanswers:

a)Therealistsaysthattheparticlewasat,orverynear,thelocationofthatpixel.b) The orthodox physicist says the particlewasn’t really anywhere, because ofwave-particleduality:afundamentalphysicalparticle,suchasaphoton,canbesaidtodepositenergy likeaspatially localizedparticle,butpropagates likeaspatiallyextendedwave.Thus,beforedetection,theparticlehadnowell-definedposition.c) The agnostic says that asking such a questionmakes no sense, as the onlyway todeterminetheanswerseemstobetoperformthemeasurement,atwhichpointyouarenolongerdeterminingthestateofthingsbeforethemeasurementwasmade!

Inspiteoftheinitialappealofagnosticism,itturnsoutthatthisisanexperimentallyaddressableissue....Day in, day out, we find ourselves extracting fundamental lessons from advanced imagingexperiments.

Citations:[1]"Observationofimagepaircreationandannihilationfromsuperluminalscatteringsources,"M.Clerici,G.C.Spalding,R.Warburton,A.Lyons,C.Aniculaesei,J.M.Richards,J.Leach,R.Henderson,D.Faccio,ScienceAdvances2,e1501691(2016);arXiv:1512.02622[2]"VideoRecordingtruesingle-photondouble-slitinterference,"R.S.Aspden,M.J.Padgett,G.C.Spalding,AmericanJournalofPhysics84,671(2016);http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/84/9/10.1119/1.495517[3]“GhostImaging,"M.Padgett,R.Aspden,G.Gibson,M.EdgarandG.C.Spalding,Optics&PhotonicsNews27(10)38-45(2016);http://www.osa-opn.org/home/articles/volume_27/october_2016/features/ghost_imaging/

9:15 JoeShaw,MontanaStateUniversity

OpticsEducationandResearchinMontanaOneofthehighestper-capitaconcentrationsofopticsandphotonicscompaniesisinthesmalltown of Bozeman,Montana, the home ofmore than thirty optics and photonics companies.Manyof these companiesare spin-offs from researchatMontanaStateUniversity, andmanywerefoundedbyourgraduateswhochosetostayandcreatetheirown jobratherthan leavethe area. We train optics students at all levels, from associate-degree technicians to Ph.D.researchers. This talk will summarize the current Montana optics activities in academia andindustry and review the things we are doing to create and nurture this dynamic optics andphotonicscluster.

9:45 EnriqueGalvez,ColgateUniversity

SpatiallyVariablePolarization 10:45 WillWilliams,SmithCollege

TestingQuantumElectrodynamicswiththeBerylliumAtom

The fundamental goal of atomic physics is to understand the complex interactions and innerworkings of the atom.Our knowledge of atomic systems is driven by both experimental andtheoretical results. Theoretical calculations generally become more difficult as the neutron,proton, andelectronnumber increases.During the last 80 years, researchon theheliumandlithium atoms have served to calibrate various quantum mechanical methods. For helium,numerical methods have more than 40 digits accuracy and are more precise than the bestexperiments.Forlithium,theaccuracyachievedisupto14-15digits.

Theberylliumatomistheoreticallydifficultbecausewehavetoconsidertheinteractionsoffourelectrons simultaneously. Four-electron integrals are difficult to solve and computationallyexpensive. While the theoretical precision for beryllium still lags behind the other lightelements, recent improvements in theoretical methods has resulted in more accuratetheoreticalpredictions(9digits)thancurrentexperimentalresultsforseveralenergylevels.

Themostprecisemeasurementsofberylliumoccurredover50yearsagoformostoftheenergy

levelswithaprecisionof6-7digits.Forcomparison,experimentalenergylevelsforthelighterelementsareknownupto15digits.

TheSmithCollegeatomicphysicslabhasbegunperforminghighprecisionspectroscopyonthesingletstatesforthestableisotopeberyllium-9,whichwillsignificantlyimprovetheuncertaintyover previousmeasurements by factors of 500 - 1800. In this talk, I will tell you about ourcurrent experimental setup and the progress we have made in improving the experimentalaccuracyonthelowestsingletstateinberyllium.

11:15 GregoryOgin,WhitmanCollegeMeasuringtheThermo-OpticPropertiesofDielectricStackMirror

Thermo-opticnoise (apparentmotionof thesurfaceofadielectric stackmirrordue toopticaleffectsgeneratedbyrandomtemperature fluctuations)waspredictedtobewithina factorof10ofAdvancedLIGO’snoisefloor.Sincetherewassignificantuncertainty inthevaluesofthecoefficientofexpansionanddn/dT(changeinindexofrefractionwithtemperature)forthethin-filmmaterialsusedtomakethemirrors,wesetupanexperimenttomeasurethemin-situ,andverify technical details of the thermo-optic effect. In this talk Iwill describe the experiment,results,andcontinuedwork.

11:45 PoulJessen,UniversityofArizona

QuantumControlversusChaos

Quantummechanicshasbeenthe"theoryofeverything"foraboutacentury,accountingforthebehavior of light andmatter at all scales from themicroscopic to themacroscopic. Modernphysics is now increasingly focused on a new challenge: how dowemake quantum systemsbehave thewaywewant, rather thanhaving themdowhat comesnaturally to them?This isopeningupanentirelynewfieldof"quantumengineering”,inwhichquantummechanicsitselfbecomesthefoundationfornewtechnology.

This presentation touches on three main themes of importance for the budding quantumengineer.Thefirstistheideaof“Control”asascientificdiscipline,awayofdevelopingagenerictoolbox for controlof classicaland/orquantumsystems.The second is the ideaof “Chaos”,aphenomenonthatoccursinmostcomplexsystemsandwhichmanifestsitselfashypersensitivitytothetiniestperturbations(the“butterflyeffect”).Andthethirdistheideaof“Simulation”,inwhich a “well controlled” quantum system is used to simulate another, an idea that is nowwidely pursued as ameans tomodel and understand quantum solids. The discussionwill beillustratedthroughoutwithresultsfromexperimentsthatuseindividualCesiumatomsasatestbedforquantumcontrolandquantumsimulation.

PosterSession

7:00pm.Thursday,Jan.5,2017Poster1–LindaGong,UniversityofNotreDameDigitally-ControlledFrequencyGenerationUsingVariableLengthRingOscillators

A simple variable-length ring oscillator (VLRO) in which a selectable number of inverters isshunted using bypass transistors is introduced. A range of frequencies can be selected byactivating or de-activating the bypass circuitry. LTspice simulations demonstrating theperformancearepresented.BSIM4transistormodelsusing50nmgatelengthsareusedinthedesignof the invertersandbypass transistors. The fundamental frequencygeneratedbyeachVLROisdeterminedviaFouriertransformsoftheoutputsquarewave.ThedatashowthattheVLROcaneffectivelygenerateawiderangeoffrequenciesinalargenumberofstepsbasedonthe selection of bypass transistors that are activated. The prototypical circuit presented hereuses 45CMOS inverters to generate a rangeof frequencies betweenabout 0.56GHz and1.4GHz. Four different VLROs that demonstrate the ability to synthesize frequencies based onexternalinputsarepresented.BasedonthechosenVLROdesign,anywherefrom6to16uniquefrequenciescanbeselectedoverthefrequencyrange.

Poster2-AnthonyYoung,MiamiUniversityQuantitativeassessmentofreactivehyperemiausinglaserspecklecontrastimagingatmultiplewavelengths

Reactivehyperemiareferstoanincreaseofbloodflowintissuepostreleaseofanocclusioninthelocalvasculature.Measuringthetemporalresponseofreactivehyperemia,post-occlusioninpatients has thepotential to shed information aboutmicrovascular diseases such as systemicsclerosisanddiabetes.Laserspecklecontrastimaging(LSCI)isanimagingtechniquecapableofsensing superficial blood flow in tissue which can be used to quantitatively assess reactivehyperemia. Here, we employ LSCI using coherent sources in the blue, green and redwavelengths to evaluate reactive hyperemia in healthy human volunteers. Blood flow in theforearmsofsubjectsweremeasuredusingLSCItoassessthetime-courseofreactivehyperemiathatwastriggeredbyapressurecuffappliedtothebicepsofthesubjects.Rawspeckleimageswereacquiredandprocessedtoyieldblood-flowparameters fromaregionof interestbefore,duringandafterapplicationofocclusion.Reactivehyperemiawasquantifiedviatwomeasures-(1)bycalculatingthedifferencebetweenthepeakLSCIflowduringthehyperemiaandbaselineflow, and (2) by measuring the amount of time that elapsed between the release of theocclusion and peak flow. These measurements were acquired in three healthy humanparticipants,underthethreelaserwavelengthsemployed.ThestudiesshedlightontheutilityofinvivoLSCI-basedflowsensingfornon-invasiveassessmentofreactivehyperemiaresponsesandhowtheyvariedwiththechoicesourcewavelengthinfluencesthemeasuredparameters.

Poster3-WarrenFoster,MontanaStateUniversityCharacterizationofshapecontrolofaBostonMicromachinesCorp.deformablemirror

Adaptive optics attempts to improve imaging systems by correcting aberrations of incomingwavefronts towards diffraction-limited performance. This enables the imaging of notoriouslydifficult objects, including light passing through atmospheric turbulence and scattering tissue.Ourteamisinvestigatingtheperformanceofanadaptiveoptics-contriveddeformablemirrorbyBostonMicromachinesCorp.toevaluatetheprospectofuseinareal-timein-vivotwophotonscanning system. Themirror's aberration correction in this system can only be optimized bymeasuring the brightness or sharpness of the output image. As a result, closed loop controltechniques like wavefront measurement are not available. Characterization has shown thatoutput image training does not produce mirror shapes as accurately as wavefrontmeasurement,butthatitcanstillbeusedtoachievediffraction-limitedperformance.Thoroughunderstandingofindustry-leadingmirrorsisrequisitetoeffectivereal-timeadaptiveopticsthatmayleadtousefulmedicalimaginginstruments.

Poster4-ToanLe,IllinoisWesleyanUniversityImagingthroughScatteringEnvironments

Lightscatteringisaprimaryobstacletoimaginginmanydifferentscenarios.Onsmallscalesinbiomedicalmicroscopyanddiffuse tomography scenarios static scattering is causedby tissue.Onlargerscales,dynamicscatteringfromdustandfogprovidechallengestovisionsystemsforself-driving cars and remote-imaging systems. We are developing models for scatteringenvironments and investigationmethods for improved imaging by exploiting both spatial andtemporalinformationofphotonsthattravelthroughthoseenvironments.WiththeemergenceofSinglePhotonAvalancheDiodedetectorsandfastsemiconductorlasers,illumination and capture on picosecond timescales are becoming possible in inexpensive,compact, and robust devices. This opens up opportunities for new computational imagingtechniquesthatmakeuseofphotontimeofflight.Timeofflightorrangeinformationisusedinremoteimagingscenariosingatedviewingandinbiomedical imaging intime-resolveddiffusetomography. Inadditionspatial filtering ispopularinbiomedicalscenarioswithstructuredilluminationorstructureddetection.Wearepresentinga combination analytical, computational, and experimentalmodels that allowus develop andtest imagingmethods across scattering scenarios and scales. This frameworkwill be used forproof of concept through experiments with fog as well as tissue phantoms to evaluate newcomputationalimagingmethods.

Poster5-PrestonHuft,BethelUniversityPlasmonicTweezingwithSilverNano-Pillars.

Wedemonstrateplasmonicnano-tweezingon isolatedsilvernano-pillarswitha660nm laser.Due to thestrongoptical resonancesof thenano-pillars,efficient trappingwasshownon200

nm fluorescent polystyrene beads, overcoming Brownian motion for these sub-wavelengthparticles.Wefabricatedthenano-pillarsusingahomemadeelectronbeamlithographysystem,thermaldepositionofsilver,andlift-off.

Poster6-DylanPalo,MiamiUniversityNADHConformationAssessedUsingSpectralPhasorAnalysis:IllustratingConceptsFromMolecularFoldingToMetabolicMonitoring

Thewideapplicabilityof spectroscopymakes fluorescencemeasurementsonbiomoleculesanattractive modality for introducing biophysical topics into undergraduate physics laboratorycourses. Here we show how the spectroscopic assessment of reduced nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide (NADH) conformation is useful for conveying concepts spanning multiple sizescales.WhileadvancedsourcesofopticalcontrastforNADHconformationincludefluorescenceexcitation transfer efficiency, excited--state lifetime, and anisotropy decay rate, our recentlypublishedstudieshaveshownhowthequantificationofautofluorescencespectrumshapeusingspectral phasor analysis is useful for monitoring NADH conformations during metabolictransitions.HerewepresentthepedagogicaluseofspectralphasorapproachestoassessNADHconformation,witheducationalmodulesillustratingconceptsrangingfrommolecularfoldingtoproteinbinding,inadditiontocellularmetabolicmonitoring.

Poster7-MaxTrostelandArjenduPattanayak,CarletonCollegeChaosinthetransitionfromclassicaltoquantumsystems

Thedampeddrivendouble-wellDuffingoscillatormodelsthechaoticbehaviorofvarioussimplemechanical devices. The question of how this system's behavior changes as quantum effectsincrease is of fundamental interest and has important practical implications for buildingmicroscale devices in the laboratory. We vary the effective Planck constant β (a normalizedvalue defining the quantumness of the system) and three other system parameters, drivingstrength,driving frequency, anddamping, andquantify the levelof chaos foreach simulationusingLyapunovexponents.Wefindthatincreasingthelevelofquantumnessfromtheclassicallimit β→0 causes some classically periodic regions in parameter space to become chaoticsemiclassically. Increasingβfurther intothequantumregime,however,reversesthistrend,sothattrajectoriesareperiodicacrossallparametersnearthefullyquantumsystemβ→1.

Poster8-JosephGreene,BostonUniversityRapidBacterialMutationIdentificationusingInterferometricReflectance

PeptideNucleicAcid, or PNA, has oftenbeenused as amethodof identifyingDNA for PNA’schemicalstructureallowsittostronglybondwithauniqueDNAsequence.Subsequentresearchin PNA-DNA bonding has also noted that PNA molecules may open DNA double helix in abondingevent,andcanbemanufacturedtoformnewshapeswiththeselectedDNAsegment.TheresultingPNA-DNAduplexescontainboththePNAstrain,andtheunboundcomplementtothetargetDNAstrain,whichallowstheduplextocapturereplicasofthetargetDNAwithinits

shape.Using this technique, our lab is attempting to create a cost-effective, rapid, diagnostictestthatcanidentifyhazardousmutationorspecificsubpopulationsinabacterialsample.Inthisexperiment,wewill takevariousconcentrationsofcircularPNA-DNAduplexes,hybridizethemto a silicon/silicon oxide substrate, and bind them with gold nanorods, which have beenconjugatedwithatargetDNAsequence.ThiswillallowustousetheInterferometricReflectanceImagingSensor(IRIS),arapid,biological imaginginstrumentdesignedbytheBostonUniversityÜnlügroup,toimagetheboundnanorodsanddeterminethelowestconcentrationofduplexesourlabcandetect.Therecentadditionofpassiveliquidcartridgesinourexperimentsprovidesatotally liquidenvironment forbinding tooccurandallowsus to identifyconcentrationsbelowourpreviouslimitofdetectionof100picomolar.Initialexperimentshaveshownwecandetectbelow100 femtomolar concentrationofPNA-DNAduplexes ina liquidenvironment. In futureexperiments,webelievewecan lowerour limitofdetection to1 femtomolarusingPNA-DNAduplexes and also search for bacterial mutations phenotypically through identifying certainmRNA.

Poster9-JessicaHankes,DenisonUniversityOptogalvanicSpectroscopyofLaIHyperfineStructure

Preciseknowledgeoftheatomicenergylevelstructureoftheelementsisusedinawiderangeof fields, from quantum information and observational astronomy to archaeology, amongothers. Here we present select energy level data for neutral lanthanum. We measured thehyperfine structure of four lines near 800 nm, and analyzed this data to predict hyperfinecoefficientsandcomparethemtoliterature.Applyingthisprocesstocurrentlyunknownlinesindoubly-ionizedlanthanumwillaidusinfuturelasercooling.

Poster10-JacksonKock,UniversityofWisconsin-RiverFallsImprovingSizeMeasurementsofOpticallyTrappedAerosolDroplets

Iworkedondesigningadifferentlenssystemthatwouldyieldabetterilluminationofatrappedaerosol droplet in our optical trap. Improved illumination is critical for a more precisemeasurementofthedroplet'ssize.Inordertodoso,variouslenssystemsweremodeledintheray-tracingprogramOSLOEDU.Themodelwasthenbuiltforexperimentaltestsontheimage'ssize and intensity. Once the right design was built, it was thenimplemented into the opticaltrap.Iwas able to catchdroplets and confirmthat all of theequipmentwasproperly aligned.Dataof the lightscatteredoff thedropletwasmeasuredandused todetermine thedroplet'ssize.

Poster11-GuyGeva,HarveyMuddCollegeSouthPoleTelescopeDetectorDebugging

ThepurposeofthisresearchistousetheSouthPoleTelescope(SPT)tostudyandanalyzethecosmicmicrowavebackground(CMB)andhowitispolarized,whichwillhelpshedlightontheorigins of the universe and how it has grown. SPT is a 10-meter telescope that can detect

extremelysmallchanges inmicrowaveradiationand itspolarization,allowing it tocreate low-noise,high-resolutionmapsoftheCMB.Despitethis,therearestillmanysourcesofnoiseandsystematicerrorsthatmakeitdifficulttocreateaccuratemapsoftheCMB.Theseincludeerrorsintroduced by magnetic fields acting on the telescope as well as those from imperfectmeasurementmethods.Toaddressthis,weanalyzeddatafromseveralofSPT'sobservationstobetterunderstandwhatcausestheseerrorsandhowtoreducethem.

Poster12-DerekGalvin,WilliamsCollegeProductionofTungstenNanoemittersforUltrafastElectronDiffraction

This labwill research thedynamics of atoms in crystals during structural transformations. Toobserve the processes, we will probe solids with ~100 femtosecond duration pulses ofelectrons.Theresultingdiffractionpatternswillevincehowmacroscopicpropertiesofmaterialsarise from their atomic scale properties; these techniques could advance understanding ofstronglycorrelatedmaterialsorleadtothedevelopmentofnovelelectronicdevices.Ourrecentgoals aim at designing an electron gun able to produce the thinnest possible beam ofelectrons.Onelimitingfactoristhediameterofthephotocathode;smallerdiametersproducethinner beams. Using a combination of oxidation-reduction chemistry, high speed sensingcircuitry, and mechanical parts, we designed an etching station able to produce tungstennanoemitters with tip diameters on the order 10-100nm. Future work will include theconstructionofthestationandstatisticalanalysesofitsefficacy.

Poster13-DaganHathaway,UniversityofWisconsin-RiverFallsAStudyofQuantumOptics

Pairs of single photons produced by spontaneous parametric down conversion were used toexplore the wave-particle duality of light and perform the which-way experiment. The testsshowedthatsinglephotonsarecapableofbeingbothlikeawaveandaparticledependingonhowonechoosestomeasurethem.Thetestusedforthewave-likenatureoflightusedaMach-Zehnder interferometer,whichwasalsoused in thewhich-wayexperiment,andgavea fringevisibility of ~0.25 with single photons. The which-way experiment results followed thoseexpectedbythequantummechanicsexplanationofthephenomena.

Poster14-C.Baumbauer,B.Moon,A.Hohne,E.Keeler,M.Stevenson,D.Dickensheets,W.Nakagawa,MontanaStateUniversityPhase-ResolvedCharacterizationofReflectiveInfraredNanostructuredHalf-andQuarter-WavePlates

Wepresentfabricationandcharacterizationofbothhalf-andquarter-waveplatesoperatinginreflectionatinfraredwavelengths.Thewaveplatesaresub-wavelengthperiodgratingsofsilicondirectionally coated with a thin layer of gold, and were fabricated using standard siliconmicrofabrication techniques. They were characterized using an interferometer to measure

phasedelaybetweenTEandTMpolarizationcomponents,anditwasfoundthatthegratingfillfactorcontrolsthephasedelay.

Poster15-BradShaw,CaliforniaPolytechnicUniversitySanLuisObispoDiffusingWaveSpectroscopyofColloidalSystems

Diffusingwavespectroscopy(DWS)isanevolutionofDynamicLightScatteringthatisusefulformuchmoreturbidsolutions.DWSinvolvesshiningalaserbeamontoasample,thenanalyzingeitherthebackscatteredortransmittedlight.Anintensityautocorrelationfunctionisretrievedfrom the scattered light, and behaviors of the system can be inferred from these functions.Solutions analyzedwith thismethod included latex or polystyrene spheres inwater, andwasappliedtoprobethedynamicsofindustriallyimportantcolloidalsuspensions.DWSisimportantas it permits rheological measurements to bemade at very short time scales, beyond thoseaccessiblebymechanicalmeans.

Poster16-BenjaminMoon,CarolBaumbauer,SeanNicolaysen,MarquetteStevenson,JamesDilts,DavidL.Dickensheets,andWataruNakagawa,MontanaStateUniversityNanostructuredLinearPolarizerArraysforInfraredWavelengths

Nanostructured linearpolarization filters for infraredwavelengths around1.55μmhavebeendesigned and fabricated. Filters have been realized by fabricating sub-wavelength gratingstructures on silicon using establishednanofabrication techniques.Gold-coated silicon gratingstructuresexhibit form-birefringence,whichresults inpolarizationselectivityfor incident light.Gratings with varying physical parameters have been fabricated and characterized in acontrolled testing environment. Optical characterizations show high levels of polarizationselectivitywithtypicalextinctionratiosgreaterthan200andtransmissionofthedesiredlinearstate through the grating that exceeds transmission through bare silicon. Varying gratingorientation in a repeating array pattern allows for adjacent gratings to filter different linearstates. Individual polarizer performance was determined through optical characterizations ofthegratingsinordertoassesstheeffectivenessofthepolarizerarraydevices.

Poster17-BenjaminCvarch,ColgateUniversityCreatingMonstarSingularitieswithSymmetric&AsymmetricQ-Plates

Iinvestigatedanunexploredmethodforcreatingvectorbeamswithmonstarsingularitiesusingq-plates.Thismethodconsistsof sendingabeamof light in thenear field througha seriesofsymmetric and asymmetric q-plates. And one variety of Ic=0 monstar was found using twoq=1/2q-plates.

Poster18-B.Plimmer,V.Pepel,J.Chen,A.Douglas,S.Prahl,OregonInstituteofTechnology.J.Kerr,KerrAvionics.ImprovingRunwayVisualRangeinFogusingPulsedSynchronousDetection

Improvingtherunwayvisualrangecanallowaircrafttolandinpoorervisibilityconditionsthanwould normally be possible. In collaboration with Kerr Avionics, we are using pulsedsynchronousdetectionofLEDrunwaylightsto implementaninstrumentqualifiedvisualrange(IQVR)system.ThesystemusesGPSsignalstosynchronizethelightwiththecamera,enablingus to apply correlated double sampling to the entire image to discover differences betweenvideo frames with the LEDs on and those with the LEDs off. This project will explore thepotential of using both visual and shortwave infrared wavelengths to increase runway visualrange in controlled conditions in the fog chamber at Sandia National Labs. Digital imagestabilizationalgorithmswillbeevaluatedinMATLABandthemostpromisingalgorithmswillbeimplementedonaFPGA.

Poster19-AshayPatel1,PaulLett2,KevinJones1,BrianAnderson,BonnieSchmittberger,1)WilliamsCollege,2)UniversityofMarylandJointQuantumInstituteInvestigationofLossesinFour-WaveMixingSqueezedLightExperiments

Squeezed states are nonclassical states of light with noise in either their intensity or phasebelow the standard quantum limit of those of a coherent state. The noise properties ofsqueezedstatescanbeusedto improvethesensitivityofthefinest interferometers likeLIGO,whichhasthecapacitytodetectgravitationalwaveactivity.Furthermore,squeezedstatesaretestbedstostudybasicquestionsaboutquantumentanglementandquantuminformation.Ourlabproducesintensity-differencesqueezed,entangledtwinbeamsthroughfour-wavemixingina hot rubidium vapor cell. Since any loss in this system leads to the introduction of randomvacuumfluctuationsthatreducethemeasuredsqueezing,ourexperimentsareverysensitivetominorlosses.Thisprojectisaninvestigationoflossesinthefour-wavemixingsetupinordertoeliminate them and optimize the measured squeezing. I devised an improved, easilyimplementedschemetoheattherubidiumvaporcell topreventmetallicrubidiumplatingoutonto the cell windows, causing loss. Furthermore, I designed, built, and tested a low noise,balancedphotodetectorforuseinthesqueezedlightexperiments.Thegrouptestedpotentiallyhigher quantum efficiency photodiodes, which show promise to improve the measuredsqueezinginthefour-wavemixingexperiments.

Poster20-AlishaVira,SmithCollegePrecisionSpectroscopyoftheNeutralBerylliumAtom

The goal of our research is to perform high precision spectroscopy on neutral beryllium.Currently, theprecisionofexperimentalmeasurementsofseveralberylliumenergystates lagsbehind that of theoretical estimates by more than an order of magnitude. Improvedexperimental measurements will provide critical feedback about theoretical predictions andhelptotestquantumelectrodynamics.Wehavealreadybegunperformingspectroscopyonthe

235nmsingletlineandaresettinguptoperformspectroscopyonthe457nmsingletlineandthe455nmtriplet line.Tomeasure theenergy levels,weneed toknowthe frequencyof thelasertoashighofaprecisionaspossible.Wearecurrentlyworkingonimprovingtheprecisionof our measurements by stabilizing our laser to an ultra low expansion (ULE) cavity using aPound-Drever-Halllock.WewillthenusetelluriumasafrequencyreferencetocharacterizetheULE cavity and determine the frequency of our laser in order to perform high-precision sub-Dopplerspectroscopyonberyllium.

Poster 21- Alexander Rosner1, Korok Chatterjee2, Sayeef Salahuddin2, 1) University of NotreDame,2)UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleyTerahertzSwitchinginFerroelectricHfO2

HafniumOxide’s(HfO2)compatibilitywiththeCMOSprocessanditsferroelectricphasemakeita desirablematerial for the gateof a transistor.However, its response timewhile it switchespolarizationcould limit itsapplications in certainhigh-performancedevices.By introducinganinductiontermintheLandau-Khalatnikovequation,whichdescribesthedynamicmotionoftheferroelectricpolarization,wehopetobetterunderstandthefrequencyresponseofHfO2anditslimitations.Theclassicaldampedoscillatormodelalsocanmodelpolarizationandbe fittedtooptical data todetermine its coefficients. Together, these twomodels canpredict an internalresistivitythatdeterminesthefastestswitchingtimeofHfO2.

Poster22-AlexanderFrenett,AmherstCollegePrecisionTimingControlUsingaModifiedConsumerMicrocontrollerBoardPoster23-AeliOlson,BethelUniversitySuper-resolutionSnapshotChemicalImagingwithPlasmonicSubstrates

Weshowsuper-resolutionchemical imagingwithplasmonicnanoholesthroughthecombineduse of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Stochastic Optical ReconstructionMicroscopy (STORM). Spectral and spatial content are obtained simultaneously by imagingthroughfiltersorgratings.DifferingchemicalsignaturescanbeobservedintheimagingofTypeICollagefromabackground layerofmethylbenzenethiolaswellasbacteriacelladhesionpointanalysisofgram-positiveandgram-negativebacteria.

Poster24-AashuJhaandNiccoloBigagli,BatesCollegeNonlinearDynamicsofVertical-CavitySurface-EmittingLasersSubjecttoOpticalInjection

Wehavebeen studying thedynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) underdifferentoptical injectionschemes.Controlparameters includefrequencydetuningandpower

of the injectedbeams.Weexplored thebehaviorofVCSEL in its singleanddouble transverseregimes. The injection schemes include single anddoublebeam injection in bothparallel andorthogonal polarizations. By observing the optical and power spectra of the VCSEL, weconstructeddynamicsmapsfortheobservedbehaviors.Observedfeaturesincludepolarizationswitching,frequencylocking,aswellasfluctuationssuchasperiodone,periodtwoandirregulardynamics.OurfinalgoalistoidentifythemostchaoticdynamicalregimeoftheVCSELwhichcanbeusefulinapplicationslikesecuredatacommunicationandrandomnumbergeneration.