operating systems unit objectives: identify operating system fundamentals manage directories on a...
TRANSCRIPT
Operating systems
Unit objectives: Identify operating system
fundamentals Manage directories on a Microsoft
Windows computer Manage files on a Microsoft Windows
computer Control access to files and folders on
a Microsoft Windows computer
Topic A
Topic A: Operating system fundamentals
Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions
Operating systems
Set of software instructions Control the computer Run programs Accept input Display output Examples:
– Windows– Macintosh– Linux– UNIX
Microsoft Windows
Most installed client OS First GUI: Windows 3.1 Icons and menus to perform functions Uses a mouse or other pointing device
Windows 7 Professional Edition
Macintosh (Mac) OS
Apple’s client operating system Uses a GUI Current version:
– Mac OS X (10.6)– Also known as Snow Leopard– Based on UNIX
Revised more often than Windows Applications are plentiful
Mac OS X Snow Leopard
Linux
Free client operating system Based on UNIX Latest kernel: 2.6.32 How to obtain:
– Download Linux for free– Buy a distribution version
Uses a GUI Many system admin tasks done at
command line
Ubuntu Linux
UNIX
Developed in 1969 by AT&T Trademark owned by The Open Group UNIX standards:
– UNIX 93– UNIX 95– UNIX 98– UNIX 03
www.unix.org
Windows client operating systems
Windows NT Workstation Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows Me Three Windows XP versions
– Windows XP Professional– Windows XP Home Edition – Windows XP Media Center Edition
Windows 2000 Professional
continued
Windows client OSs, continued Six Windows Vista versions
– Windows Vista Home Basic – Windows Vista Home Premium– Windows Vista Business – Windows Vista Ultimate– Windows Vista Starter – Windows Vista Enterprise
Six Windows 7 versions– Windows 7 Home Basic – Windows 7 Home Premium– Windows 7 Professional – Windows 7 Ultimate– Windows 7 Enterprise– Windows 7 Starter
Not available in Windows 7 Home Basic
Aero Glass and advanced window navigation
Easy networking and network sharing Windows Media Center and improved
media format support Multi-touch
Not available in either Win 7 Home Edition
Windows XP mode Domain Join Network backup Encrypting File System (EFS) Location-aware printing Remote Desktop Host
Available only in Win 7 Enterprise & Ultimate
BitLocker Drive Encryption Multi-Language User Interface (MUI) Direct Access links to corporate
resources without a VPN AppLocker Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) disk image
booting BranchCache
Not available in Vista Home Basic
Aero desktop GUI with Flip 3D Windows Mobility Center and Tablet
PC support Scheduled and network-based backup Windows Meeting Space PC-to-PC Sync
Not available in either Vista Home editions
Multiprocessor support Complete PC Backup and Restore Networking Center Remote Desktop Domain Join Group Policy support Windows Fax and Scan Encrypting File System (EFS) Shadow Copy P2P Meeting Place Corporate Roaming Offline Files and Folders
In Vista Home Premium & Ultimate
Windows Media Center and Media Center Extenders
Windows DVD Maker Windows HD Movie Maker Windows premium games
Available only in Windows Vista Ultimate
BitLocker Drive Encryption
Available in Ultimate and Enterprise
Multi-Language User Interface (MUI) Subsystem for UNIX-based
Applications (SUA) Single Session Virtual PC
Windows XP Professional features
Remote desktop Multiprocessor support Automated System
Recovery Dynamic disk support Fax service IIS/Personal Web server Encrypting File System File-level access control C2 certification Domain membership Group policies IntelliMirror
Remote Installation Services
Roaming profiles Multilingual support 64-bit version IPSec user interface SNMP Simple TCP/IP services SAP agent Client services for NetWare Network monitor Client-side caching Administrative tools
Windows 2000 features
Dependability:– Device driver verification– Scalable memory and processor support– Side-by-side DLLs– Windows File Protection– Windows Installer
Security:– Encrypting File System (EFS), single-
user support– IPSec– Kerberos
continued
Windows 2000 features, continued
Management and deployment:– User State Migration Tool – Hardware standards support – System Preparation Tool– Remote OS Installation– Multilingual support– Group Policy support– Microsoft Management Console (MMC) – Recovery console– Safe Mode startup options– Internet Connection Sharing– Troubleshooters
Windows 2000 mobile support
Offline file and folder support Offline viewing Laptop power management features Hot docking Advanced Configuration and Power
Interface (ACPI)
32-bit versus 64-bit
Refers to how the CPU accesses and processes information
64-bit system – Access larger amounts of memory– Different internal command set– Provides additional features and functionality– Hardware drivers must be 64-bit compatible – Operating system must be written as 64-bit
Microsoft’s 32-bit version referred to as x86 Microsoft’s 64-bit version referred to as x64
Activity A-1
Selecting an appropriate Windows operating system
The Windows 7 desktop
Desktop shortcuts
Taskbar
Start menu
Notification area
Sidebar with gadgets
Pinned applications
The Windows Vista desktop
Notification area
Recycle Bin
Desktop
Start menu
Taskbar
Sidebar with gadgets
Windows XP Professional desktop
Recycle Bin
Desktop
Start menu
Taskbar Notification
area
Windows 2000 Professional desktop
My Computer
System tray
Start menu
Taskbar
My Network Places
Recycle Bin
Windows Aero features
Introduced with Windows Vista UI for:
– Windows Vista Home Premium– Windows Vista Business– Windows Vista Enterprise– Windows Vista Ultimate
Features:– Windows Sidebar – Translucent windows, taskbar, and Start menu – Taskbar thumbnails – Three-dimensional Windows Flip
Windows Aero
3D Windows Flip
Windows 7 Aero features
Aero Peek Aero Shake Aero Snap Jump lists
Aero system requirements
1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor
1 GB system memory 128 MB graphics card DirectX 9-compatible graphics
processor that supports:– A Windows Display Driver Model
(WDDM) driver– Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware– 32 bits per pixel
Windows Explorer in Vista Professional
Files
Date created or modified
File type File size Menu bar
Drive
Toolbar
Folders/ directories
Windows Explorer in XP
Menu bar Files
Drive
Toolbar
Folders/ directories
File size File type
Date created or modified
Drive
Libraries
A library’s included locations
Activity A-2
Locating Windows 7 interface components
Control Panel in Classic View on Vista
Control Panel in Category View
Control Panel Search
Computer Management console
Network folder in Windows Vista
Command-line utility
Task Manager
Microsoft Management Console
Activity A-3
Observing Windows 7 system tools
Topic B
Topic A: Operating system fundamentals
Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions
Directory structure
Windows default file structure
File type Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows 7/Vista
User files Documents and Settings Documents and Settings
Users
System files Winnt Windows Windows
32-bit system files* Winnt\System32 Windows\System32
Windows\SysWOW64 for 32-bit on 64-bit Windows
Windows\System32
Windows\SysWOW64 for 32-bit on 64-bit Windows
64-bit system files N/A Windows\System32 Windows\System32
Fonts Winnt\Fonts Windows\Fonts Windows\Fonts
Temporary files Winnt\Temp Windows\Temp Windows\Temp
Program files** Program Files Program Files Program Files
Offline files and folders
Winnt\CSC Windows\CSC Windows\CSC
Navigating directories using the GUI
1. Open Windows Explorer
2. 7/Vista: In Folders pane, click arrow next to drive or folder to expand it
XP/2000: In navigation pane, click + next to drive or folder to expand it
3. Select drive or subfolder in the Folders or navigation pane to view its contents in the details pane
Activity B-1
Navigating a directory tree using the Windows GUI
Navigating using the command prompt
MS-DOS navigation commands – cmd (32-bit)– command (16-bit)– dir – chdir or cd
Cmd (command)
Dir
Wildcard characters
Use to display a subset of directories and files:– *– ?
Examples:– dir *.txt – dir 200?.txt
Chdir (cd)
Displays the name of the current drive and directory
Help
General help:help
Command-specific help:cmd /?
Syntax:– Upper-case are required characters– Lower-case are variable strings
Activity B-2
Using the command prompt
Activity B-3
Navigating a directory tree at the command-line
Creating directories in the GUI
1. In the Folders or navigation pane, select the drive or folder where you want to create the new folder
2. 7/Vista: Choose New, Folder
XP/2000: Choose File, New, Folder
3. Type a name for the new folder
4. Press Enter– Max # of allowable characters in file
path is 255
Activity B-4
Creating directories using the Windows GUI
Creating directories at the command prompt
At the command prompt:mkdir drive:path
md drive:path
Spaces in commands
16-bit command.com doesn’t allow spaces
32-bit cmd.exe treats spaces as delimiters and treats each word after the command as a separate parameter
To force the command interpreter to recognize the spaces, enclose in quotation marks any file or folder names that include spaces
Activity B-5
Creating directories at the command-line
Copying directories in the GUI
1. In Folders or navigation pane, select directory you want to copy – Use Ctrl key to select more than one
2. Right-click selection and choose Copy
3. In Folders or navigation pane, right-click destination location
4. Choose Paste
Activity B-6
Copying a directory using the Windows GUI
Copying directories using the command prompt
Copy — copies one or more files to another location
Xcopy — copies files (not including hidden and system files), directories, and subdirectories
Copy
copy source destination
Xcopy
xcopy source destination
continued
Xcopy, continued
Activity B-7
Copying a directory at the command-line
Removing directories using the GUI
1. Right-click folder you want to delete (in either pane of Windows Explorer)
2. Choose Delete
3. Click Yes to confirm
Activity B-8
Removing a directory using theWindows GUI
Removing directories using the command prompt
rmdir/rd With rmdir/rd, delete any files and
subdirectories in that directory rmdir drive:path rd drive:path Can’t delete the current directory
Activity B-9
Removing a directory at the command-line
Topic C
Topic A: Operating system fundamentals
Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions
Binary and text files
Two types of computer files:– Binary – Text
Binary files – Read by computer, but not by humans– Program files
Text files– Typically in ASCII format– Read by humans using a text editor– Data files
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Pronounced “ask-ee” Code represents English characters
as numbers Each letter assigned a number from 0
to 127
File-name extensions
Three-letter extension Indicates the file type Used by OS to open appropriate
application Windows hides extensions
Common file extensions .bat .bin .bmp .gif .jpeg .jpg .png .tif .com .exe .hlp
.chm .htm .html .inf .ini .msi .rtf .sys .txt .vbs
Additional extensions found at www.fileinfo.com/common.php
File names and extensions
MS-DOS file names– Eight-character limit – “8.3”
Eight characters for the name Three characters for the extension Separated by a period
Windows file names– 255-character limit
FAT16: Extensions of 0-3 characters FAT32 and NTFS: Extensions of 0-255
characters (total name can’t exceed 255)
Creating text files
MS-DOS edit command Windows GUI text-editing application
Creating a text file with edit
1. At DOS prompt, type edit and press Enter
2. Enter the desired text
3. Choose File, Save As (or press Alt, F, A)
4. Press Alt+D; then use arrow keys and Enter to navigate to desired directory
5. Press Alt+N
6. Type a file name and extension
7. Press Tab to highlight the OK button; then press Enter
8. Press Alt, F, X to exit the edit program
Creating a text file in Notepad
1. Click Start and choose All Programs, Accessories, Notepad
2. Enter the desired text
3. Choose File, Save As
4. Select the desired directory
5. Type a name for the file
6. Verify that Text Documents (*.txt) is selected in the Save as type box
7. Click Save
8. Choose File, Exit
Editing text files
MS-DOS edit command Windows GUI text editing application
Activity C-1
Creating a text file using the MS-DOS text editor
Editing a text file with edit
1. Type edit drive:\path\filename and press Enter
2. Modify the text
3. Choose File, Save or press Alt, F, S
4. Press Alt, F, X to exit
Editing a text file in Notepad
1. Click Start and choose All Programs, Accessories, Notepad
2. Choose File, Open
3. Navigate to the folder containing the text file
4. Select the desired file
5. Click Open
6. Modify the text
7. Save the file and exit the program
Activity C-2
Editing a text file using the MS-DOStext editor
Batch files
Contain multiple commands The OS runs commands in the file Used for repetitive tasks Created in any text editor You can enable or disable the display
of commands while batch file is running– Echo on|off
Activity C-3
Creating a batch file using Notepad
File attributes
Indicate to OS how files should be used
Types:– Read-only– Hidden– System– Archive– Index (in Vista)
Activity C-4
Modifying file attributes
Attrib.exe
Removes or assigns attributes System or hidden attribute must be
removed before another attribute is assigned
Recognizes wildcards– ?– *
continued
Attrib.exe, continued
Activity C-5
Modifying file attributes using attrib.exe
Topic D
Topic A: Operating system fundamentals
Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions
Sharing files with local users
Each user has a personal folder Private Access granted to user and
administrator Contains other folders; vary based on
OS
Windows 7 private folders
Windows Vista private folders
Windows XP private folders
Public folder sharing in Vista and 7
Easiest way to share files and folders with other users
Other users can:– Open – Edit – Delete
Shared Documents
Used by Windows XP Same function as Vista’s Public folders Fewer subfolders
Activity D-1
Sharing files in the Public folderwith local users
HomeGroups in Windows 7
Activity D-2
Exploring homegroups
Permissions
Two types:– Share– Local NTFS
Share permissions:– 7/Vista:
Reader Contributor Owner Co-owner
– XP/2000: Read Change Full Control
NTFS
File security provided by NTFS Windows client OSs supporting NTFS:
– Windows NT Workstation– Windows 2000 Professional– All Windows XP editions– All Windows Vista editions– All Windows 7 editions
More specific and varied than share permissions
Classic File Sharing and Security interface
NTFS file permissions File permission Allows users to
Full control Change file permissions
Take ownership of the file
Complete tasks allowed by all other file permissions
Modify Modify the file
Delete the file
Complete tasks allowed by the Read & Execute and Write file permissions
Read & execute Run applications
Complete tasks allowed by the Read file permission
continued
NTFS file permissions, continuedFile permission Allows users to
Read Read the contents of the file
View attributes assigned to the file
View the file’s owner
View permissions assigned to the file
Write Overwrite the contents of the file
Change attributes assigned to the file
View the file’s owner
View permissions assigned to the file
NTFS Folder permissions
Folder permission
Allows users to
Full control Change permissions for the folder, its subfolders, and files
Take ownership of the folder
Delete the folder, its subfolders, and files
Complete tasks allowed by all other folder permissions
Modify Delete the folder
Complete tasks allowed by the Read & Execute and Write folder permissions
List folder
contents View the names of files and subfolders within
a folder. Not inherited by subfolders.
continued
NTFS Folder permissions, continued
Folder permission
Allows users to
Read View the contents of the folder, its subfolders, and files
View the folder’s owner
View permissions for the folder, its subfolders, and files
View attributes of the folder, its subfolders, and files
Write Create subfolders and files within the folder
Change the attributes assigned to the folder, its subfolders, and files
View the folder’s owner
View permissions for the folder, its subfolders, and files
Guidelines for NTFS permissions
Each user can have multiple NTFS file and folder permissions assigned, plus permissions assigned to his/her groups
NTFS permissions are cumulative NTFS permissions are inherited Explicit denial overrides all
corresponding permissions Administrators can take ownership
and change permissions
Assigning NTFS permissions
Simple File Sharing:– Windows XP Home – Windows XP Media Center Edition– Windows XP Professional non-domain
members
Windows 7 and Vista don’t use Simple File Sharing
Can disable Simple File Sharing in Windows XP Professional
Effective permissions = sum of share and NTFS permissions
Effective permissions
Sum of share and NTFS permissions More restrictive permission between
the two determines access Microsoft uses “effective permissions”
to refer to resulting abilities of a user or group– Effective Permissions tab in Advanced
Security Settings dialog box
Activity D-3
Setting NTFS permissions
Unit summary
Identified operating system fundamentals
Managed directories on a Microsoft Windows computer
Managed files on a Microsoft Windows computer
Controlled access to files and folders on a Microsoft Windows computer