on common ground: a joint donor concept on rural development

7/30/2019 On Common Ground: A Joint Donor Concept on Rural Development

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Ch Bcmmch Krc|hf7

N Gcjhv Fchcr Bchblpvch _|rna Flylacpmlhv


2/28

VNOAL CI BCHVLHVR

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>(>(> O|jafjhk ajhenkl7 _|rna flylacpmlhv

nhf vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna $MFK* 02

>(>(? Jhbrlnjhk fchcr liilbvjylhl7 Dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv 06

>(>(2 Vdl Panvicrm rcal jh nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv 0;

?( O\JAFJHK BCHRLHR\R7 F_JYL_R! P_JHBJPALR! ) NPP_CNBDLR 04

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?(>(> Cylrnaa coglbvjyl 04

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?(2(? Kcylrhnhbl! jhvjv|vjchna nplbv nhf ijhnhbjna mnhnklmlhv >6

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?(6(2 Pnrvjbjpnvcrz npprcnbd ?0

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2( BCHBA\RJCH ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ??

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MLMOL_R CI VDL KFP_F ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ?6

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3/28

P_LINBL

[l bchkrnv|anvl vdl irjlhf nhf bcaalnk|l ircm mlmolr-crknhjnvjch ci vdl Kacona Fchcr Panv-icrm icr vdl vdc|kdv nhf lhlrklvjb flonvl vdnv {lhv jhvc vdj jmpcrvnhv hl{ pcajbz fcb|mlhv(

Nhf {l vdnhe Bnhnfn Bnvdlrjhl Djaa icr mlfjnvjhk c|r {credcp fjb|jch nhf vdl lh|jhk

chajhl fjb|jch nhf vdlh p|vvjhk jv naa fc{h ch pnplr7 dlr {cre dn ollh pnjhvnejhk! plr-

jvlhv! jhjkdvi|a nhf onanhblf(

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vnhf icr( Dlrl j n dnrlf yjjch ci {dnv m|v ol fchl! nkrllmlhv ch pcajbz vc jhicrm c|r

nbvjch( [l dnyl ic|hf bcmmch krc|hf(

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achk zlnr jh flylacpmlhv! jv j ltbjvjhk hl{! zlv nhcvdlr jkh ci vdl rljhyjkcrnvjch ci r|rna

flylacpmlhv(

Noc|v vdl Kacona Fchcr Panvicrm icr _|rna Flylacpmlhv

Jh Flblmolr ?002! vdl Kacona Fchcr Panvicrm icr _|rna Flylacpmlhv $vdl Panvicrm* {n

brlnvlf ircm n krc{jhk bchlh| nmchk fchcr vdnv bcaalbvjyl nbvjch j hllflf jh r|rna

flylacpmlhv vc nbdjlyl vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna $MFK*( Vdl

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flylacpmlhv( Vdj j jh ajhl {jvd vdl rlbcmmlhfnvjch ch dnr-

mchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv p|v icr{nrf oz vdl Flylacpmlhv

Njvnhbl Bcmmjvvll $FNB* ci vdl Crknhjnvjch icr

Lbchcmjb Bccplrnvjch nhf Flylacpmlhv $CLBF*! n {laa

n vdl _cml Flbanrnvjch ch Dnrmchjnvjch nhf vdl

Pnrj Flbanrnvjch ch Njf Liilbvjylhl(

Icr mcrl jhicrmnvjch! ll {{{(fchcrpanvicrm(crk(

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Bdrjvcpd Ecdamlzlr! OMW

Bc-Bdnjr

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Mjbdnla [nal! INC

Bc-Bdnjr

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4/28

>( JHV_CF\BVJCH

>(> Onbekrc|hf

[dnv frjyl r|rna flylacpmlhv3 [dnv nrl vdl prjhbjpal cr yna|l vdnv nrl! cr dc|af ol! k|jfjhk

fchcr nhf pnrvhlr jh r|rna flylacpmlhv3 [dnv nrl vdl b|rrlhv npprcnbdl vdnv nrl! cr dc|af

ol! |hflrvnelh oz fchcr nhf pnrvhlr jh vdl flajylrz ci r|rna flylacpmlhv! pnrvjb|anraz jh vdl

bchvltv ci dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv3 Vdll nrl cml ci vdl ~|lvjch vdnv vdl Kacona Fchcr

Panvicrm icr _|rna Flylacpmlhv mlmolr nhf ncbjnvl mlmolr fjb|lf cylr vdl pnv zlnr

vc jflhvjiz nrln ci bchlh| jh r|rna flylacpmlhv( Vdlz jflhvjijlf bcmmch nrln rlanvlf vc vdl

pjaanr! cr frjylr! ci r|rna flylacpmlhv n {laa n cml ci vdl k|jfjhk prjhbjpal nhf b|rrlhv

klhlrna vrlhf jh npprcnbdl vc flylacpmlhv njf flajylrz(

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Panvicrm mlmolr! n vdlz rlprllhv nrln jh {djbd vdlz dnyl nbdjlylf bchlh|( Vdll nrl

|mmnrjlf jh vdj fcb|mlhv $vdl Gcjhv Fchcr _|rna Bchblpv*! {djbd j jhvlhflf n n mlnh ci

dnrjhk bcmmch ehc{alfkl nhf prcmcvjhk |hflrvnhfjhk olv{llh mlmolr nhf {jvd cvdlr

jhvlrlvlf jhvjv|vjch nhf pnrvjl(

Vdl Gcjhv Fchcr _|rna Bchblpv $GF_B* j chl ci lylrna Panvicrm prcf|bv jhvlhflf vc |ppcrv

ocvd dnrlf alnrhjhk olv{llh fchcr nhf pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl nhf nhz nbvjch vdlz vnel vc nffrl

r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf nkrjb|av|rl {jvdjh vdl bchvltv ci jhbrlnlf dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv(

[djal Panvicrm mlmolr bdcl vc icb| orcnfaz ch r|rna flylacpmlhv jh vdl GF_B! vdlz rlbc-

khjl vdl plbjna rcal vdnv nkrjb|av|rl panz jh |ppcrvjhk vdl ajylajdccf nhf cylrnaa {laa-oljhk

ci r|rna bcmm|hjvjl( N n fcb|mlhv o|jav ch Panvicrm mlmolr pnrvjbjpnvjch! vdl GF_B vlhf vc

djkdajkdv vdcl orcnf klhlrna nrln {dlrl fchcr {lrl noal vc rlnbd bchlh|( Balnraz!dc{lylr! ?9 nklhbjl bnhhcv nkrll ch lylrzvdjhk(

Vdl GF_B j hcv jhvlhflf vc lanocrnvl ch plbjijb npprcnbdl |hflrvnelh oz fjiil-

rlhv fchcr( Hcr j jv mlnhv vc icb| plbjijbnaaz ch ljvdlr prcf|bvjyl cr

rlprcf|bvjyl U>] nplbv ci r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf nkrjb|av|rl( _nvdlr! jv

njm vc jflhvjiz orcnf nrln ci fchcr bchlh| ch r|rna flylacpmlhv

nhf nkrjb|av|rl(

Ijhnaaz! vdl GF_B fcl hcv acce nv plbjijb vdlmnvjb j|l ci

r|rna flylacpmlhv cr nkrjb|av|rl $l(k( klhlvjbnaaz mcfjijlf crknh-

jm! {nvlr bnrbjvz! plne cja blhnrjc! lvb(*( Vdnv j vdl vne ci

nhcvdlr rlanvlf Panvicrm fcb|mlhv! lhvjvalf Dcv Vcpjb U?]!

{djbd icb|l mcrl ch vdl bchvlhv ci r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf nkrj-

b|av|rl nhf djkdajkdv j|l vdnv mlmolr dnyl nkrllf nrl ci

kacona jkhjijbnhbl jh ?009(

Vdl GF_B! oz bchvrnv! icb|l mcrl ch vdl prcbll rlanvlf vc

vdl flajylrz ci nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv njf( Vdl fcb|mlhv

{n prcf|blf jh ajhl {jvd b|rrlhv jhvlrhnvjchna vrlhf vc{nrf dnrmchj-

nvjch nhf najkhmlhv! nhf {n flylacplf vc |ppcrv liicrv vc

mllv vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna $MFK*( Jv nac |ppcrv

vdl Panvicrm mjjch vc dnrl ehc{alfkl nhf jmprcyl fchcr liilbvjylhl(

U>]Icr ltnmpal! vdl klhflr

nhf nkrjb|av|rl ajvlrnv|rl

djkdajkdv vdl rlprcf|bvjyl

rcal n vdcl vdnv nrl

civlh jhyjjoal cr |hflr-

nbehc{alfklf oz panhhlr

nhf pcajbz-mnelr vdcl

rcal vdnv |ppcrv vdl

dc|ldcaf ajylajdccf nhf

{laa-oljhk vdrc|kd

bdjaf-rnjjhk! prlpnrnvjch

ci mlna! bnrjhk icr vdl

jbe nhf vdl laflraz! lvb

U?]Vdl vcpjb jflhvjijlf nrl

bchjflrlf vc ol fzhnmjb

nhf cplh vc bdnhkl cylr

vjml( Vdlz {jaa vdlrlicrl

ol |pfnvlf oz vdl

Panvicrm! jh crflr vc prc-

yjfl i|rvdlr cppcrv|hjvjl

icr dnrlf alnrhjhk ch vdl

pnrv ci Panvicrm mlmolr

nhf cvdlr jhvlrlvlf jhfj-

yjf|na nhf crknhjnvjch(

Icr mcrl jhicrmnvjch! ll

{{{(fchcrpanvicrm(crk(

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5/28

>(>(> O|jafjhk ajhenkl7 _|rna flylacpmlhv nhf vdlMjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna

Vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna7 Bcmmjvmlhv! nhf nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv

Vdrll-~|nrvlr ci vdl {craf pccr ajyl jh vdl r|rna nrln ci flylacpjhk bc|hvrjl nhf flplhf prj-

mnrjaz ch nkrjb|av|rl icr vdljr ajylajdccf nhf cylrnaa {laa-oljhk( _|rna pcylrvz plrjv olbn|l

ci mnhz jhvlrajhelf inbvcr( Vdll jhba|fl! o|v nrl hcv ajmjvlf vc! $>* pcajbjl vdnv fjrlbvaz cr jhfj-

rlbvaz inyc|r prcf|bvjyl cr anrkl-bnal inrmlr cylr al prcf|bvjyl cr mnaadcaflr inrmlr!

nhf |ronh blhvrl cylr r|rna nrln5 $?* jh|iijbjlhv rlbckhjvjch ci vdl rcal panzlf oz |o-

jvlhbl nhf rlprcf|bvjyl anoc|r U2]5 $2* n anbe ci bcmmjvmlhv ch vdl pnrv ci

pcajbz mnelr! fchcr! nhf jmpalmlhvlr vc lh|rjhk klhflr l~|jvz jh naa

nrln ci r|rna flylacpmlhv! pnrvjb|anraz jh vlrm ci prcplrvz nhf jhdlrjvnhbl

rjkdv5 nhf $6* jhnfl~|nvl bcmplhnvjch icr nkrjb|av|rna anoc|r( I|rvdlrmcrl!

cylr vdl anv il{ flbnfl! r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf nkrjb|av|rl dnyl llh n

frnvjb flbajhl jh flylacpmlhv jhylvmlhv nhf njvnhbl(

Jh ?000! vdl mlmolr vnvl ci vdl \hjvlf Hnvjch nfcpvlf vdl

Mjaalhhj|m Flbanrnvjch nhf vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna U6]( Vdl

MFK vnvl elz coglbvjyl nhf lv mln|rnoal vnrklv icr |vnjhnoal

flylacpmlhv nhf pcylrvz rlf|bvjch( Kcylrhmlhv dnyl bcmmjvvlf vdlm-

layl vc mllvjhk vdll oz ?0>::

vc &400 mjaajch oz ?00?(

Jhvlryjl{ {jvd Elyjh Balnylr! Fjrlbvcr ci Nkrjb|av|rl nhf _|rna Flylacpmlhv! [craf Onhe!

[ndjhkvch F(B( Mnz ?009( {{{(fchcrpanvicrm(crk

U2]

Vdc|kd vdl ajvlrnv|rl ch

klhflr! iccf lb|rjvz! nhf

pcylrvz ltpcl vdll {laa-

rllnrbdlf j|l! vdlz

rlmnjh mnrkjhnajwlf jh

nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna

flylacpmlhv pcajbz

U6]

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02

8


6/28

Vdl plbjijb bchvrjo|vjch vdnv nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv mnel

vc nbdjlyjhk vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna U $dnayjhk vdl prcpcr-vjch ci plcpal |iilrjhk ircm ltvrlml pcylrvz nhf d|hklr* vdlz nrl nac fjrlbvaz cr jhfjrlbvaz

ajhelf vc cvdlr kcna( Nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv bnh! icr ltnmpal! nac bchvrjo|vl

vc MFK 2 $prcmcvjhk klhflr l~|najvz nhf lmpc{lrjhk {cmlh nhf kjra* oz jhbrlnjhk

plcpal bchvrca cylr! nhf vdljr l~|jvnoal nbbl vc! prcf|bvjyl rlc|rbl(

Vdrc|kd jhbrlnlf iccf nhf h|vrjvjch lb|rjvz nhf jmprcylf jhbcml! nkrjb|av|rl nhf

r|rna flylacpmlhv bnh nac dlap vc rlf|bl bdjaf mcrvnajvz nhf jmprcyl mnvlrhna dlnavd

$MFK 6 nhf (>(? Jhbrlnjhk fchcr liilbvjylhl7Dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv

Vdlrl j krc{jhk lyjflhbl vdnv jhylvmlhv jh vdl nkrjb|av|rna lbvcr j ch vdl jhbrlnl( Nivlr v{c

flbnfl ci flbajhl jh vdl icrljkh njvnhbl prcyjflf icr nkrjb|av|rl! vdlrl dn ollh n plrblpvj-

oal bdnhkl ocvd jh hnvjchna pcajbjl nhf fchcr prckrnmml( Vdlrl dn nac ollh nh jhbrlnl jh

vdl |l ci rjkdv-onlf nhf#cr prc-pccr npprcnbdl vc flylacpmlhv {jvdjh fchcr bjrbal( Ijhnaaz!

n{nrlhl ci vdl jmpcrvnhv rcal vdnv nkrjb|av|rl m|v panz jh prc-pccr krc{vd dn ollh jhbrln-

jhk! n dn n{nrlhl vdnv vdrll-~|nrvlr ci vdl {craf pccr ajyl jh r|rna nrln U9] (

06

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7/28

Olzchf flylacpmlhv njvnhbl7 Rvrlhkvdlhjhk jh-bc|hvrz nhf nklhbz prcbll

Flylacpmlhv njvnhbl bnh |ppcrv bchfjvjch vdnv lhbc|rnkl lai-rlajnhv flylacpmlhv nv vdl

hnvjchna! rlkjchna nhf bcmm|hjvz alyla( Vc lhbc|rnkl vdj nhf |ppcrv pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl! fchcrflylacpmlhv pcajbjl nhf njvnhbl prcbll hllf vc ol mnfl mcrl rlalynhv nhf rlpchjyl(

Jh crflr vc bnrrz pcajbz jhvc nbvjch! pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl dnyl prjcrjvjlf vrlhkvdlhlf pcajbz-mnejhk

prcbll nhf jhvjv|vjchna bnpnbjvz o|jafjhk(

Vdlrl j nac n hllf vc vrlhkvdlh vdl dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv ci vdl prcbll vdnv ajhe

fchcr nhf pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl! n {laa n vdcl vdnv ajhe vdl m|avjanvlrna nhf ojanvlrna nklhbjl

vdnv |ppcrv r|rna flylacpmlhv prcbll(

Bcmprldlhjyl Nirjbn Nkrjb|av|rl Flylacpmlhv Prckrnmml $BNNFP*7

Nh ltnmpal ci bccplrnvjch

Vdl BNNFP ci vdl Hl{ Pnrvhlrdjp icr Nirjbn Flylacpmlhv $HLPNF* prcyjfl n irnml{cre icr

rlvcrjhk nkrjb|av|rna krc{vd! r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf iccf lb|rjvz jh vdl Nirjbnh rlkjch( Nirjbnh

Mjhjvlr ijrv lhfcrlf vdl prckrnmml |hflr n plbjna ljch ci vdl INC _lkjchna Bchilrlhbl

icr Nirjbn jh _cml ch : G|hl ?00?( Rjhbl vdlh! HLPNF ocfjl dnyl ciijbjnaaz nfcpvlf jv n vdl

irnml{cre icr vdl lbvcr flylacpmlhv jh Nirjbn(

Vdl prckrnmml prcyjfl Nirjbnh kcylrhmlhv! jh bcaanocrnvjch {jvd vdljr flylacpmlhv

pnrvhlr! nh cppcrv|hjvz icr rlhl{lf nhf rl-icb|lf liicrv vc rlylrl flbnfl ci vnk-

hnvjhk lbchcmjb krc{vd! ac{ nkrjb|av|rna prcf|bvjch nhf flbajhjhk prcf|bvjyjvz! iccf jh-

lb|rjvz nhf jhbrlnlf pcylrvz jh vdl rlkjch(

Rc|rbl7 INC! {{{(inc(crk

Fchcr liilbvjylhl nhf vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna

Fchcr m|v ol mcrl liilbvjyl jh vdl |ppcrv vdlz prcyjfl vc r|rna flylacpmlhv( Nbdjlyjhk vdl

MFK {jaa rl~|jrl vrchklr pnrvhlrdjp {jvdjh nhf olv{llh pnrvhlr-bc|hvrz kcylrhmlhv nhf

fchcr kcylrhmlhv nhf vdljr nklhbjl( Vc {cre! vdll pnrvhlrdjp m|v ol onlf ch m|v|na vr|v

nhf rlplbv( Vdj j n icrmjfnoal vne! o|v chl vdnv m|v ol |hflrvnelh ji vdl MFK nrl vc ol mlv(

Dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv nrl brjvjbna vcca icr jmprcyjhk vdl liilbvjylhl ci fchcr

njvnhbl( Icr olv |l vc ol mnfl ci vdlm! vdlrl hllf vc ol $>* n bcmmch |hflrvnhfjhk ci

vdl bchvrnjhv vdnv ajmjv pcylrvz rlf|bvjch jh r|rna nrln nhf $?* n bcmmch rlpchl fljkhlf

vc rlmcyl |bd bchvrnjhv( Vdrc|kd gcjhv nhnazj nhf nbvjch panh! dnrmchjnvjch nhf

najkhmlhv bnh dlap vc cylrbcml vdll covnbal nv vdl bc|hvrz alyla( Alnflrdjp nhf k|jfnhbl j

hllflf jh vdj prcbl! {djbd j chl {djbd vdl Panvicrm |ppcrv(

B|rrlhv fchcr nhf kcylrhmlhv vrlhf |ppcrvjhk flylacpmlhv

vdrc|kd dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv

Jh ?002! fchcr jkhlf |p vc vdl _cml Flbanrnvjch ch Dnrmchjnvjch( Jh vdj! vdlz nkrllf vc dnrmchjl

vdljr njf pcajbjl! prcblf|rl! nhf prnbvjbl( Vdlz nac nkrllf vc |hflrvnel nhnazvjbna {cre gcjhvaz! jh

crflr vc prlpnrl bcmmch bc|hvrz njvnhbl vrnvlkjl nhf rl|av irnml{cre! nhf {cre vcklvdlr

vc rlyjl{ jmpalmlhvnvjch( Jh ?00

mlhv vc najkhjhk vdljr prckrnmml {jvd pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl panhhjhk! ijhnhbjna mnhnklmlhv! nhf

rlpcrvjhk prcbll( N Mjbdnla [nal! Panvicrm Bc-Bdnjr! nz! vdl v{c hllf vc kc vcklvdlr U;](

Rcml elz k|jfjhk icrn nhf flbanrnvjch ch dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv nrl bchjflrlf jh vdl oct ch

pnkl 4(

0({crafonhe(crk#dnrmchjwnvjch#rcmldai#Fcb|mlhv#_cmlFlbanrnvjch(pfi

Pnrj Flbanrnvjch ch Njf Liilbvjylhl

Jh lnraz ?00

ci m|avjanvlrna nhf ojanvlrna jhvjv|vjch rlcaylf vc vnel nbvjch vc rlicrm vdl flajylrz nhf

mnhnklmlhv ci njf jh ajhl {jvd vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna $MFK*( Vdl Pnrj Flbanrnvjch

ch Njf Liilbvjylhl bcmmjv bc|hvrjl nhf vdljr jhvjv|vjch vc mln|rnoal nhf mchjvcrnoal

nbvjch fljkhlf vc jkhjijbnhvaz jhbrlnl vdl liilbvjylhl ci njf( Vdl Flbanrnvjch jhba|fl vdl

vnvlmlhv vdnv flylacpjhk bc|hvrjl m|v ltlrbjl liilbvjyl alnflrdjp {dlh jmpalmlhvjhk vdljr

flylacpmlhv pcajbjl nhf vrnvlkjl! nhf {dlh bccrfjhnvjhk flylacpmlhv nbvjch( Jv rl~|jrl

fchcr vc onl vdl cylrnaa |ppcrv vdlz prcyjfl ch vdl rlbljyjhk bc|hvrjl+ hnvjchna flylacpmlhv

vrnvlkjl! jhvjv|vjch! nhf prcblf|rl( Jv nac rl~|jrl vdlm vc {cre jh n {nz vdnv lh|rl vdnv

vdljr nbvjch nrl mcrl dnrmchjlf! vrnhpnrlhv! nhf bcaalbvjylaz liilbvjyl( Naa bc|hvrjl m|v

bcmmjv vc mnhnkjhk rlc|rbl nhf jmprcyjhk flbjjch-mnejhk jh crflr vc nbdjlyl rl|av! nhf naa

m|v palfkl vc ol m|v|naaz nbbc|hvnoal icr flylacpmlhv rl|av( Icr mcrl flvnja! ll

{{{>({crafonhe(crk#dnrmchjwnvjch#Pnrj#IJHNAPN_JRFLBAN_NVJCH(pfi

09


9/28

>(>(2 Vdl Panvicrm rcal jh nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv

Jhbrlnjhk vdl cylrnaa liilbvjylhl ci njf jh r|rna flylacpmlhv7Krc{jhk bchlh| icr bcaalbvjyl nbvjch

Vdl Kacona Fchcr Panvicrm icr _|rna Flylacpmlhv {n brlnvlf jh ?002 n n rl|av ci n krc{jhk

bchlh| nmchk fchcr vdnv bcaalbvjyl nbvjch {c|af ol rl~|jrlf vc nbdjlyl vdl MFK! pnrvjb|-

anraz vdcl rlanvlf vc nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv( Vdl Panvicrm lle vc jhbrlnl vdl

cylrnaa liilbvjylhl ci vdl njf prcyjflf icr nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv(

Jmprcyjhk fchcr#pnrvhlr bc|hvrz bccplrnvjch nhf bcaanocrnvjch

Vdl Panvicrm rlbckhjl vdl hllf icr jmprcylf fchcr bccplrnvjch! nhf bcaanocrnvjch nhf

bccrfjhnvlf fjnack|l {jvd pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl( Jv nac rlbckhjl vdnv vdj m|v ol onlf ch

bc|hvrz-c{hlf prcbll( Vdj j llhvjna vc nhz liicrv vc prcf|bl prc-pccr krc{vd jh vdl

r|rna nrln ci flylacpjhk rlkjch! nhf vd| vc nbdjlyjhk vdl MFK( Elz vc |vnjhlf nhf liilbvjyl

r|rna flylacpmlhv {jaa ol n rlf|bvjch jh vdl f|pajbnvjch nhf cylranp ci liicrv! n {laa n jh

nklhbz rjynarz( Nbdjlyjhk vdj mlnh nffrljhk fjiilrlhbl jh fchcr pcajbjl! npprcnbdl!

nhf jhvjv|vjchna nrrnhklmlhv(

Jmprcyjhk alch-alnrhjhk

Vdl Panvicrm rlbckhjl vdnv vdl liicrv ci mcrl vdnh chl nklhbz nrl rl~|jrlf vc

nffrl vdl hllf ci vdl r|rna pccr( Jv nac rlbckhjl vdl ltjvlhbl ci bcmplvjhk nklh-

fn nhf ajmjvlf ijhnhbjna rlc|rbl( Vc nffrl vdj! jv {cre vc jmprcyl nhf zvlmnvjl

jhvlr-nklhbz alch-alnrhjhk nhf vc o|jaf bchlh| nmchk r|rna flylacpmlhv vneldca-

flr n vc {dnv {cre nhf {dnv fclhv(

Rplbjijbnaaz! vdl Panvicrm lle vdl icaac{jhk7

8 Vc lh|rl vdnv vdl hllf ci nhf cppcrv|hjvjl icr vdl r|rna pccr nrl npprcprjnvlaz nffrllf jh

pcajbz flonvl nv jhvlrhnvjchna! rlkjchna nhf hnvjchna alyla( Jv {cre vc{nrf vdj jh pnrvjb|anr

oz djkdajkdvjhk vdl jmpcrvnhbl ci r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf nkrjb|av|rl jh

rlanvjch vc nbdjlyjhk vdl MFK(

8 Vc rnjl vdl ~|najvz! nhf dljkdvlh vdl jmpnbv! ci r|rna flylacp-

mlhv jhylvmlhv vdrc|kd olvvlr prnbvjbl! hlv{crejhk! dnrlf

alnrhjhk! nhf vdl bcaalbvjch nhf fjlmjhnvjch ci jhhcynvjyl

npprcnbdl( Vdj {jaa ol nbdjlylf oz bcmm|hjbnvjhk

rllnrbd nhf prcyjfjhk alnflrdjp jh r|rna flylacpmlhv

vdjhejhk! jh crflr vc o|jaf bchlh| nmchkv fchcr n

vc {dnv {cre jh prnbvjbl( Liicrv nac lhvnja icb|jhk ch

dcv vcpjb vdnv hllf rlca|vjch cr i|rvdlr v|fz! nhf

{cre vc jflhvjiz nhf bacl jhicrmnvjch knp(

8 Vc icvlr dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv liicrv jh r|rna flyl-

acpmlhv nhf nkrjb|av|rl nv vdl bc|hvrz alyla( Vdj dc|af inbjaj-

vnvl bc|hvrz-alf liicrv vc dnrmchjl fchcr pcajbjl! prcblf|rl

nhf prnbvjbl( R|bd liicrv nac jhycayl dlapjhk vc najkh vdl liicrv

ci fchcr {crejhk vc |ppcrv hnvjchna r|rna nkrjb|av|rna nhf flylacp-

mlhv vrnvlkjl(

8

0;


10/28

?( O\JAFJHK BCHRLHR\R7F_JYL_R! P_JHBJPALR! NHF NPP_CNBDLR

Ircm ?00< vc ?009! vdl Panvicrm c|kdv bchlh| nmchk jv mlmolr nhf ncbjnvl mlmolr

ch vdl mnvvlr bchjflrlf jh vdj fcb|mlhv7 vdl Gcjhv Fchcr _|rna Bchblpv $GF_B*( Panblf

{jvdjh vdl k|jfjhk irnml{cre ci vdl $MFK*! vdl GF_B rlialbv vdcl nrln jh {djbd Panvicrm

mlmolr dnyl ic|hf bcmmch krc|hf! jh vlrm ci jflhvjizjhk vdl elz frjylr cr $pjaanr* U4] ci

r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf vdl k|jfjhk prjhbjpal nhf npprcnbdl icr r|rna flylacpmlhv flajylrz(

Frjylr ci _|rna Flylacpmlhv

Panvicrm mlmolr nkrll vdnv vdlrl nrl blrvnjh frjylr vdnv dcaf |p! cr mcyl! r|rna flylacpmlhv

prcbll( Vdll frjylr jhba|fl7 plcpal-blhvrlf flylacpmlhv5 acbna kcylrhnhbl5 lbchcmjb

frjylr5 hnv|rna rlc|rbl5 r|rna jhirnvr|bv|rl5 r|rna lryjbl zvlm5 nhf lbchcmjb kcylrhnhbl

ircm kacona vc acbna alyla(

K|jfjhk Prjhbjpal icr Flajylrz

Panvicrm mlmolr |kklv vdnv vdlrl nrl elz prjhbjpal cr yna|l vdnv dc|af |hflrbcrl r|rna flyl-

acpmlhv njvnhbl flajylrz( Vdll jhba|fl vdl icaac{jhk7 plcpal-blhvrlf nhf prc-pccr bdnhkl5 kccf

kcylrhnhbl! jhvjv|vjchna nplbv nhf ijhnhbjna mnhnklmlhv5 flmnhf-frjylh panhhjhk nhf jmpal-

mlhvnvjch5 pnrvhlrdjp5 l~|jvz nhf l~|na cppcrv|hjvz5 nhf vdl |vnjhnoal |l ci hnv|rna rlc|rbl(

Npprcnbdl vc Flajylrz

Npprcnbdl vc flajylrz nrl vdl vnhkjoal cr prnbvjbna bcmmjvmlhv vdnv fchcr mnel jh vlrm ci

flajylrjhk flylacpmlhv( Panvicrm mlmolr nkrll vdnv npprcnbdl dc|af rlbckhjl nhf o|jaf chb|rrlhv liicrv vc dnrmchjl nhf najkh flylacpmlhv njvnhbl( Vdlz |kklv vdnv npprcnbdl vc

r|rna flylacpmlhv flajylrz dc|af ol m|avj-lbvcrna! pnrvjbjpnvcrz! bcmmjvvlf vc vdl achk vlrm! nhf

rl|av-crjlhvlf(

Vdl frjylr! k|jfjhk prjhbjpal! nhf npprcnbdl nrl ltpacrlf jh krlnvlr flvnja jh vdl icaac{jhk lbvjch(

?(> Coglbvjyl ci nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv

?(>(> Cylrnaa coglbvjyl

Vdl cylrnaa coglbvjyl ci nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv j vc jmprcyl vdl ajyjhk bchfjvjch ci

plcpal jh r|rna nrln jh n {nz vdnv j |vnjhnoal jh vdl achk vlrm( Jh vdj {nz! nkrjb|av|rna nhf

r|rna flylacpmlhv {jaa bchvrjo|vl vc liicrv vc nbdjlyl vdl MFK(

?(>(?( Rplbjijb coglbvjyl

Rplbjijbnaaz! nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv bnh vrlhkvdlh r|rna {cmlh nhf mlh

ajylajdccf5 jmprcyl iccf nhf h|vrjvjch lb|rjvz nv vdl jhvrn-dc|ldcaf! dc|ldcaf! bcm-

m|hjvz! nhf hnvjchna alyla5 nhf bchvrjo|vl vc vdl cylrnaa {laa-oljhk ci r|rna plcpal(

Nkrjb|av|rna flylacpmlhv bnh dlap vc rlf|bl pcylrvz! pnrvjb|anraz jh n pcajbz lhyjrch-

mlhv vdnv vjm|anvl niicrfnoal nhf vnoal iccf prjbl nhf |ppcrv nfl~|nvl! achk-

vlrm lmpaczmlhv nhf jh-bcml icr r|rna mlh nhf {cmlh( Jh vdl r|rna nrln ci flylac-

04

U4]

Hcvl7 vdl Panvicrm vlnm

vdnv crjkjhnaaz frnivlf vdl

c|vajhl icr vdl GF_B

rlilrrlf vc vdll n

pjaanr! vdnv dcaf |p! cr

nrl vdl ic|hfnvjch ci! r|rna

flylacpmlhv( Vdl vlrm {n

rlyjlf vc frjylr oz norcnflr krc|p ci Panvicrm

mlmolr nvvlhfjhk vdl

Or|la {credcp jh ?009(


11/28

pjhk bc|hvrjl! nkrjb|av|rl j vdl mngcr lmpaczlr! n {laa n n elz c|rbl ci hnvjchna

jhbcml nhf ltpcrv lnrhjhk( Mcrlcylr! jv bnh vjm|anvl hch-inrm lbchcmjb krc{vd

nhf n flmnhf icr bch|mlr kccf nhf lryjbl U:] ( Jh ajhl {jvd vdl MFK! kccf nkrj-b|av|rna prnbvjbl bnh nac bchvrjo|vl vc vdl |vnjhnoal mnhnklmlhv ci hnv|rna

rlc|rbl(

R|vnjhnoal nhf rlklhlrnvjyl nkrjb|av|rl bnh dlap vc mjvjknvl vdl ynrjc| rje vdnv r|rna

plcpal inbl n nkrjb|av|rnajv( Pccr r|rna plcpal! pnrvjb|anraz {cmlh! inbl mnhz rje ncbjnvlf

{jvd lhyjrchmlhvna! pcajvjbna! lbchcmjb! nhf dlnavd-rlanvlf inbvcr( Anbe ci nfl~|nvl r|rna lryjbl!

jhicrmnvjch! jhirnvr|bv|rl! nhf jhvjv|vjch bnh jhbrlnl {cmlh nhf mlh ltpc|rl vc mnhz ci

vdll rje( Jh mnhz pnrv ci vdl {craf! pnrvjb|anraz R|o-Rndnrnh Nirjbn! DJY#NJFR dn ltn-

blronvlf inrmlr y|ahlrnojajvz vc fjiilrlhv vzpl ci dcbe! n vdlz vrz vc bcpl {jvd jaahl nhf flnvd

jh vdljr dc|ldcaf nhf bcmm|hjvjl {djbd rl|av jh! nmchkv cvdlr vdjhk! anoc|r dcrvnkl(

Nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv pcajbjl! jhylvmlhv! nhf prckrnmml m|v o|jaf ch r|rna

{cmlh nhf mlh ltjvjhk ehc{alfkl nhf ejaa( Vdlz m|v nac ol onlf ch nh jmprcylf |hflr-

vnhfjhk ci vdl fjiilrlhv hllf! prjcrjvjl! nhf bchvrnjhv vdnv ajmjv nhf jhia|lhbl fjiilrlhv jhfjyj-

f|na! ocvd {jvdjh nhf olv{llh dc|ldcaf( Vdj j elz vc vrlhkvdlhjhk nkrjb|av|rl nhf lh|rjhk

r|rna flylacpmlhv vdnv {jaa rlf|bl vdl rje inrmlr inbl nhf allh vdljr y|ahlrnojajvz vc fjiilrlhv

vzpl ci dcbe(

?(? Frjylr ci r|rna flylacpmlhv

Vdl Panvicrm rlbckhjl vdnv vdlrl nrl mnhz {nz vc irnml r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf r|rna pnbl(

Vdlrl j! dc{lylr! hc bchlh| n vc {dnv nbv|naaz flijhl r|rna( Vdj njf! jv j plrdnp mcrljmpcrvnhv vc rlbckhjl vdnv r|rna nrln nrl icrlylr bdnhkjhk! flplhfjhk ch mnhz bjrb|mvnhbl

lbchcmjb! flmckrnpdjb! pcajvjbna! lhyjrchmlhvna! nhf cbjc-b|av|rna(

Vdl ajhl vdnv fjyjfl r|rna nhf |ronh pnbl j olbcmjhk dnrflr vc flijhl! n plcpal

ajyl jhbrlnjhkaz brc vdl oc|hfnrjl vdnv fjyjflf vdlm pdzjbnaaz! cbjnaaz! nhf lbc-

hcmjbnaaz( Vdj j olbn|l plcpal nrl mjkrnvjhk vc ijhf {cre! lhfjhk mchlz

$rlmjvvnhbl* onbe vc vdljr inmjajl nhf bcmm|hjvjl jh r|rna nrln! nhf ltvlhfjhk

vdljr ejhdjp nhf cbjna bjrbal lylr mcrl {jflaz U>0](

Vdl oa|rrjhk ajhl olv{llh r|rna nhf |ronh nrln7

fjylrjizjhk ajylajdccf! fjylrjizjhk pnbl

Jhbrlnjhkaz! |ronh nhf r|rna nrln nrl ajhelf nhf jhvlrflplhflhv {jvd plcpal

mjkrnvjhk fnjaz cr lnchnaaz icr {cre! nhf kccf nhf lryjbl mcyjhk ircm chl nrln vc

nhcvdlr( Mjkrnvjch j jhbrlnjhkaz jmpcrvnhv vc ajylajdccf fjylrjijbnvjch icr mnhz dc|ldcaf(

Vdl prcpcrvjch ci r|rna dc|ldcaf jhbcml vdnv j flrjylf ircm hch-inrm c|rbl $jhba|fjhk

bnd vrnhilr nhf rlmjvvnhbl* bnh ol n djkd n 97 Ynbnhv cr yjornhv3 FIJF! ?009(

N r|rna nrln bdnhkl! c vcc fc nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv n vdlz nrl m|avj-inbl-

vlf nhf fzhnmjb nhf flplhf ch n m|avjv|fl ci inbvcr {djbd niilbv vdlm jh plbjijb bchvltv(

Dc{lylr! vdl Panvicrm rlbckhjl vdnv vdlrl nrl blrvnjh inbvcr vdnv frjyl r|rna flylacpmlhv(

Vdll nrl rlilrrlf vc dlrl n frjylr ci r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf nrl fjb|lf olac{(

0:

8

U:]

Crknhjnvjch icr Lbchcmjb

Bccplrnvjch nhf Flyl-

acpmlhv( Prcmcvjhk prc-pccr krc{vd7 Nkrjb|av|rl!

?009(

{{{(clbf(crk#fnvnclbf

U>0]

Icr mcrl ch vdl bdnhkjhk

flajhlnvjch ci r|rna nrln!

ll7 Dnrylz! G( N yjl{ ircm

vdl hcrvd( _|rna nrln jh

?0>97 Ynbnhv cr yjornhv3

FIJF! ?009


12/28

?(?(> Plcpal-blhvrlf flylacpmlhv

[cmlh! mlh! ocz! nhf kjra ajl nv vdl dlnrv ci nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacp-mlhv( Vdrc|kd vdljr fjiilrlhv o|v ajhelf rcal! rlanvjchdjp! nhf rlpchjojaj-

vjl! vdlz brlnvl vdl {lo ci ajil vdnv j r|rna flylacpmlhv( Vdljr rcal! rlan-

vjchdjp! nhf rlpchjojajvjl nac brc ynv fjvnhbl( Vdj ajhe fjiilrlhv

|ronh nhf r|rna pnbl! n r|rna {crelr mjkrnvl vc |ronh nrln( Jv nac

|ppcrv r|rna flylacpmlhv! n vdl nml {crelr lhf rlmjvvnhbl onbe

vc vdljr inmjajl( Dc{lylr! flpjvl vdl inbv vdnv plcpal ajl nv vdl blhvrl ci

flylacpmlhv! blrvnjh cvdlr frjylr nrl hllflf vc dlap jhfjyjf|na nhf

dc|ldcaf |vnjh vdljr ajylajdccf nhf jmprcyl vdljr cylrnaa {laa-oljhk(

Vdl klhflr-rlanvlf nhf cbjc-b|av|rna fzhnmjb ci r|rna bcmm|hjvjl

nrl fjylrl nhf bcmpalt( \hflrvnhfjhk vdlm j br|bjna vc prcmcvjhk nkrj-

b|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv pcajbjl! prckrnmml! nhf jhvlrylhvjch jh

{nz vdnv nrl mlnhjhki|a nhf |vnjhnoal( Pcajbz nhf prckrnmmjhk m|v vdlrl-

icrl bchjflr vdl fjiilrlhv hllf nhf prjcrjvjl ci r|rna mlh nhf {cmlh $nhf ocz

nhf kjra*! n {laa n vdl bchvrnjhv vdlz inbl(

_lpchjyl nhf |vnjhnoal r|rna flylacpmlhv bnh ol n frjylr icr cbjna bcdljch nhf yjbl ylrn(

R|bd cbjna bcdljch j br|bjna vc liicrv vc mnjhvnjh vdl {laa-oljhk ci r|rna bcmm|hjvjl( Vdj j

pnrvjb|anraz vr|l jh vdl bchvltv ci vdl DJY#NJFR lpjflmjb U>>]! {djbd j vrjejhk nv vdl dlnrv ci r|rna

bcmm|hjvjl jh mnhz rlkjch pnrvjb|anraz jh R|o-Rndnrnh Nirjbn( Jh inbv! cbjna bcdljch dn

ollh ic|hf vc panz n elz rcal jh DJY#NJFR prlylhvjch nhf vrlnvmlhv! n {laa n jh prcyjfjhk iccf nhf

h|vrjvjch lb|rjvz(

?(?(? Acbna kcylrhnhbl

_co|v acbna kcylrhjhk ocfjl dlap vc vrlhkvdlh r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf |vnjh nkrjb|av|rna

prcf|bvjch( Rvrlhkvdlhjhk vdl bnpnbjvz ci acbna p|oajb jhvjv|vjch j elz vc jmpalmlhvjhk r|rna

flylacpmlhv pcajbjl nhf rlk|anvcrz irnml{cre( Liilbvjyl acbna kcylrhnhbl j nac br|bjna vc

lhbc|rnkjhk jhylvmlhv jh r|rna pnbl(

Jhbrlnjhkaz! kcylrhmlhv nrl flblhvrnajjhk mnhz ci vdljr i|hbvjch vc acbna alyla( Ijhnhbjna

flblhvrnajnvjch m|v ol n pnrv ci vdj prcbl! n vdj {jaa prcyjfl acbna p|oajb jhvjv|vjch {jvd vdl

mlnh hllflf vc jmpalmlhv prckrnmml( [jvdc|v vdj! nbvjch {jaa ol ajmjvlf nhf ac{! n acbna

kcylrhmlhv {jaa dnyl vc {njv icr npprcyna ircm blhvrna o|rln|brnbjl( Ijhnaaz! ocvd vrchk icrmna

nhf jhicrmna r|rna jhvjv|vjch nrl brjvjbna vc liicrv vc dlap r|rna dc|ldcaf nylrv rje nhf rlf|bl

?(?(2 Lbchcmjb

Nkrjb|av|rl j n frjyjhk icrbl ci r|rna flylacpmlhv! n {laa n ci flylacpmlhv jh klhlrna( N vdl

onj ci mcv ci vdl {craf ajylajdccf zvlm! jv {jaa panz n br|bjna rcal jh liicrv vc mllv vdl

MFK( Nkrjb|av|rl j n mngcr lmpaczlr! nhf n elz bchvrjo|vcr vc vdl hnvjchna jhbcml nhf ltpcrv

lnrhjhk ci mnhz flylacpjhk bc|hvrjl U>?](

Jv j nac jmpcrvnhv vc hcvl vdnv jhbrlnjhk icb| j oljhk panblf ch yna|l bdnjh nhf vdl |plr-

mnrelvjnvjch ci vdl r|rna lbchcmz( Vdj j p|vvjhk hl{ prl|rl ch mlh nhf {cmlh! {dc m|v

hc{ mllv vdl vnhfnrf rl~|jrlf oz bch|mlr nhf |plrmnrelv bdnjh jh vc{h nhf bjvjl( Vdll

yna|l bdnjh nac nff hl{ fzhnmjb ncbjnvlf {jvd bchblhvrnvlf mnrelv pc{lr! nhf vdll nrl

civlh nv cff {jvd vdl hllf ci jmpcylrjdlf inrmjhk bcmm|hjvjl(

>0

U>>]

Nkrjb|av|rl j vdl mnjh

c|rbl ci ajylajdccf icr vdl

mngcrjvz ci plcpal niilbvlf

oz DJY#NJFR nrc|hf vdl

{craf(

Rc|rbl7 Jhvlrhnvjchna Iccf

Pcajbz _llnrbd Jhvjv|vl

$JIP_J*!

DJY#NJFR nhf Iccf nhf

H|vrjvjch Rlb|rjvz7 Ircm

Lyjflhbl vc Nbvjch! ?00?]

Crknhjnvjch icr Lbchcmjb

Bccplrnvjch nhf

Flylacpmlhv( Prcmcvjhkprc-pccr krc{vd7

Nkrjb|av|rl! ?009(



13/28

Dcafjhk |p vdl r|rna pcp|anvjch7 Nbdjlyjhk jmmlfjnvl knjh vdrc|kd nkrjb|av|rl

Noc|v ;0 plrblhv ci vdl MFK vnrklv krc|p ajyl jh r|rna nrln! pnrvjb|anraz jh Njn nhf Nirjbn!nhf icr mcv ci vdl r|rna pccr nkrjb|av|rl j n brjvjbna bcmpchlhv jh vdl |bbli|a nvvnjhmlhv ci

vdl MFK( Lylh vdc|kd vr|bv|rna vrnhicrmnvjch nrl jmpcrvnhv jh vdl achklr vlrm! mcrl

jmmlfjnvl knjh jh pccr dc|ldcaf {lainrl bnh ol nbdjlylf vdrc|kd nkrjb|av|rl! {djbd bnh dlap

vdl pccr cylrbcml cml ci vdl brjvjbna bchvrnjhv vdlz hc{ inbl jh mllvjhk vdljr onjb hllf(

[craf Onhe! JIP_J( Nkrjb|av|rl nhf Nbdjlyjhk vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna! h(f

R|vnjhnoal! rlklhlrnvjyl! prc-pccr nkrjb|av|rna krc{vd j elz vc rlf|bjhk lhyjrchmlhvna! lbchc-

mjb! cbjna! nhf pcajvjbna rje( Jv j nac llhvjna icr pcylrvz rlf|bvjch( Dc{lylr! vlbdhcackjbna

jmprcylmlhv nachl bnhhcv rlf|bl r|rna pcylrvz nhf vrlhkvdlh nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv(

Hnvjchna kcylrhmlhv nhf fchcr m|v bchjflr! jh n mcrl zvlmnvjb {nz! ocvd vdl prcbll ci

cbjna bdnhkl nhf vdl lhyjrchmlhvna bchvrnjhv vdnv r|rna mlh! {cmlh! ocz! nhf kjra inbl {dlh

vrzjhk vc lh|rl vdljr ajylajdccf( Cylrbcmjhk pcylrvz nac mlnh jmprcyjhk nbbl vc anhf! {nvlr!

brlfjv nhf cvdlr prcf|bvjyl rlc|rbl nhf lryjbl( Jv nac bnaa icr prcf|bvjch vc ol fjylrjijlf! jh

crflr vc o|jaf vrchklr ajylajdccf vrnvlkjl nhf rlf|bl vdl y|ahlrnojajvz ci dc|ldcaf vc dcbe(

[djal nkrjb|av|rl j vdl onbeochl ci mnhz hnvjchna nhf dc|ldcaf lbchcmjl! prcyjfjhk vdl ajil-

oaccf icr r|rna bcmm|hjvjl! jv j nac y|ahlrnoal vc |fflh dcbe nhf achk-vlrm vrlhf jhba|fjhk!

icr ltnmpal! frc|kdv! iaccf! lbchcmjb brjl! nhf vdl DJY#NJFR pnhflmjb( Jv j olbcmjhk jhbrln-

jhkaz {laa rlbckhjlf vdnv DJY#NJFR j flyn-vnvjhk nkrjb|av|rna prcf|bvjch nhf lrcfjhk vdl nkrjb|a-

v|rna ehc{alfkl nhf ejaa {djbd nrl ||naaz pnlf fc{h ircm pnrlhv vc bdjafrlh( N |bd! jv

j jmpnbvjhk ch jhfjyjf|na! dc|ldcaf! bcmm|hjvjl! nhf vdl hnvjchna lbchcmjl $nhf iccf

lb|rjvz* ci mnhz bc|hvrjl! pnrvjb|anraz vdcl jh R|o-Rndnrnh Nirjbn( Vdl lvnoajdmlhvci n m|avj-fchcr vne icrbl vc bcmonv bdrchjb jaahl j vdlrlicrl djkd ch vdl nklhfn ci

mnhz fchcr nklhbjl! n vdj {c|af bchvjv|vl n vnhkjoal nh{lr vc n rje vdnv j oljhk

inblf oz mcrl nhf mcrl r|rna dc|ldcaf nrc|hf vdl {craf(

?(?(6 Hnv|rna rlc|rbl

Nkrjb|av|rna prcf|bvjch flplhf |pch hnv|rna rlc|rbl! g|v n r|rna {cmlh nhf mlh

flplhf |pch nkrjb|av|rna prcf|bvjch icr n krlnv pnrv ci vdljr ajylajdccf vrnvlkjl( R|vnjhnoal

inrmjhk mlvdcf nrl elz vc bchlryjhk cja! {nvlr! icrlv! ajylvcbe! nhf cvdlr klhlvjb rlc|rbl(

Rplbjijb nvvlhvjch dn vc ol pnjf vc mnrkjhna nhf irnkjal nkrc-lbczvlm! jh crflr vc lh|rl

vdnv vdljr ojcackjbna fjylrjvz! nhf vdl prcf|bvjch onl |lf oz r|rna {cmlh nhf mlh! j mnjh-

vnjhlf nhf |lf jh nh l~|jvnoal nhf |vnjhnoal mnhhlr( Vdj {jaa lh|rl vdnv plcpal dnyl achk-

vlrm ajylajdccf nhf iccf lb|rjvz( Vdj mnz rl~|jrl plbjna npprcnbdl cr vlbdhj~|l vc ol

|lf! |bd n cja bchlrynvjch! nhf rlklhlrnvjyl anhf |l( Jv mnz nac rl~|jrl

bchiajbv mlfjnvjch vc rlcayl fjnkrllmlhv cylr rlc|rbl |l(

Nhcvdlr elz bdnaalhkl vc mllvjhk vdl MFK jh naa r|rna nrln j vdl hllf vc

nffrl vdl lylrl klhflr jhl~|jvz vdnv ajmjv {cmlh nbbl vc! nhf bchvrca

ci! hnv|rna rlc|rbl( Anbe ci lb|rjvz {jvd rlknrf vc anhf vlh|rl i|rvdlr

nkkrnynvl iccf jhlb|rjvz icr {cmlh( Vdj j pnrvjb|anraz c jh bnl {dlrl

{cmlh dnyl acv n pc|l nhf rje dnyjhk vdljr prcplrvz nhf nlv vnelh

oz rlanvjyl cr cvdlr jhvlrlvlf pnrvjl U>2](

>>

8

U>2]

_lpcrv ci vdl INC#Ctinm

KO [credcp ch [cmlh

Anhf _jkdv jh Rc|vdlrh

nhf Lnvlrh Nirjbn!

Prlvcrjn! Rc|vd Nirjbn!

>; >: G|hl ?002(

{{{(ctinm(crk(|e#{dnvS

{lSfc#j|l#ajylajdccf#

anhfrjkdv


14/28

?(?(< _|rna jhirnvr|bv|rl

Liilbvjyl jhirnvr|bv|rl j nhcvdlr elz lalmlhv ci liicrv vc naalyjnvl pcylrvz jh r|rna nrln(Nfl~|nvl p|oajb jhylvmlhv jh r|rna jhirnvr|bv|rl panz nh llhvjna rcal jh jmprcyjhk nkrjb|av|-

rna prcf|bvjch! prcmcvjhk krc{vd ci vdl hch-inrm lbchcmz! nhf vrlhkvdlhjhk r|rna|ronh flmnhf

ajhenkl( Jmprcylf rcnf! mnrelv nrln! krnjh vcrnkl nhf mjaa! jrrjknvjch bdlml nhf bcmm|hj-

bnvjch! nhf vdl prcyjjch ci lalbvrjbjvz vc r|rna nrln! nrl naa br|bjna icr vjm|anvjhk prc-pccr krc{vd(

Vdc|kd fchcr nhf kcylrhmlhv rlbckhjl vdl jmpcrvnhbl ci jhirnvr|bv|rl jh flylacpjhk

mnrelv! vjm|anvjhk vrnfl! nhf prcyjfjhk lryjbl nhf jhicrmnvjch vc r|rna nrln! vdlz

dnyl ejmplf ch vdl jhylvmlhv mnfl jh r|rna jhirnvr|bv|rl pnrvjb|anraz vdcl

hllflf vc jmprcyl#o|jaf lbchfnrz nhf inrm-vc-mnrelv rcnf U>6]( Jmprcyjhk vdl

b|rrlhv jv|nvjch {jaa rl~|jrl ocvd fchcr nhf pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl vc ol mcrl bcm-

mjvvlf vc prcyjfjhk r|rna jhirnvr|bv|rl(

Jmprcyjhk r|rna jhirnvr|bv|rl j nac elz vc bcmonvjhk bdrchjb jaahll |bd

n DJY#NJFR( Dc{lylr! jv nac hllf vc ol nbehc{alfklf vdnv cplhjhk |p hl{

rcnf nhf vrnfl ajhenkl bnh occv vdl prlnf ci DJY#NJFR jh r|rna nrln( Nhz jhvl-

krnvlf r|rna flylacpmlhv vrnvlkz m|v vdlrlicrl vnel nbbc|hv ci vdll vdrlnv nhf

nbehc{alfkl vdl m|avj-inblvlf fjmlhjch ci r|rna flylacpmlhv(

?(?(9 _|rna lryjbl zvlm

Balnraz! r|rna jhirnvr|bv|rl nhf r|rna lryjbl zvlm nrl vrchkaz ajhelf( G|v n balnraz! vdl

prcyjjch ci liilbvjyl r|rna lryjbl j n elz jhkrlfjlhv jh liicrv vc naalyjnvl r|rna pcylrvz( Krlnvlrnvvlhvjch vdlrlicrl hllf vc ol pnjf vc jmprcyjhk vdl bcylrnkl ci r|rna lryjbl zvlm |bd n7

Ijhnhbjna lryjbl ltnmpal jhba|fl brlfjv nhf nyjhk bdlml(

Dlnavd lryjbl mcrl nhf olvvlr dlnavd |hjv nrl hllflf( Prcyjjch ci |bd lryjbl dc|af

jhba|fl lh|rjhk orcnflr nbbl vc yca|hvnrz bc|hlaajhk nhf vlvjhk lryjbl nhf nbbl vc

nhvj-rlvrcyjrna vdlrnpjl(

Nkrjb|av|rna rllnrbd! ltvlhjch nhf ylvlrjhnrz lryjbl vdll hllf vc rlpchf vc vdl hllf

ci fjiilrlhv bajlhv( Vdlz nac hllf vc rlbckhjl bdnhkl jh flmckrnpdjb $pcp|anvjch-rlanvlf*

hllf( Rc! icr ltnmpal! vdl prcpcrvjch ci bdjaf-dlnflf nhf krnhfmcvdlr-dlnflf dc|ldcaf

dn jhbrlnlf! nhf |bd dc|ldcaf dnyl plbjijb hllf nhf inbl plbjijb bchvrnjhv(

Prjmnrz nhf lbchfnrz bdccajhk icr naa kjra nhf ocz(

Naa ci vdll lryjbl nrl hllflf vc frjyl r|rna flylacpmlhv jh n |vnjhnoal nhf rlpchjyl mnhhlr(

Nhf! vdlz m|v ol prcyjflf jh n {nz vdnv lh|rl vdnv vdlz nrl noal vc rlpchf vc vdl hllf ci

mnaa-bnal inrmlr jh pnrvjb|anr( Vdj mnz rl~|jrl vdl bnpnbjvz ci vdl jhvjv|vjch |lf vc vrnjh r|rna

lryjbl prcyjflr vc ol vrlhkvdlhlf! jh crflr vc lh|rl vdnv vdlz nrl olvvlr noal rlpchf vc vdl

hllf ci mnaa-bnal mnal nhf ilmnal inrmlr(

Jh mnhz bc|hvrjl! kcylrhmlhv-frjylh nkrjb|av|rna rllnrbd nhf ltvlhjch zvlm dnyl ollh

{lnelhlf bchjflrnoaz cylr vdl anv v{c flbnfl( Vdll jhvjv|vjch hllf vc ol rlo|jav n gcjhv

ylhv|rl olv{llh p|oajb nhf prjynvl vneldcaflr nachk blrvnjh k|jflajhl U>?

U>6]

[caw! Ntla( Vdl rcal ci nkrj-

b|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacp-

mlhv jh nbdjlyjhk vdl

Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv

Kcna7 N gcjhv hnrrnvjyl(

Kacona Fchcr Panvicrm icr

_|rna Flylacpmlhv

$KFP_F*! Rlpvlmolr ?00


15/28

?(?(; Lbchcmjb kcylrhnhbl ircm vdl acbna vc vdl kacona alyla

_|rna flylacpmlhv bnh chaz ol liilbvjylaz prcmcvlf jh vdl achk vlrm ji bcdlrlhv irnml{cre nhfpcajbjl nrl jh panbl nv ocvd vdl jhvlrhnvjchna nhf hnvjchna alyla( R|bd irnml{cre m|v k|jfl nhf

prcmcvl injr pcajbjl nhf prnbvjbl $nkrjb|av|rna! vrnfl! lbchcmjb! cbjna nhf lhyjrchmlhvna* jh ocvd

fchcr nhf pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl(

Vdll irnml{cre m|v ol prcyjflf {jvd vlbdhjbna! ijhnhbjna! nhf jhvjv|vjchna |ppcrv! {djbd

{c|af jhba|fl bnpnbjvz o|jafjhk vc lh|rl vdl bcdlrlhv jmpalmlhvnvjch ci jhvlrhnvjchna nkrllmlhv

nv vdl hnvjchna nhf |o-hnvjchna alyla $jhba|fjhk yna|l bdnjh*( Mnhz bchylhvjch nhf nkrllmlhv

nrl nynjanoal vc k|jfl hnvjchna nhf rlkjchna nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv pcajbz nhf prckrnm-

mjhk(

Vdl MFK nrl vdl b|rrlhv flylacpmlhv |morlaan |hflr {djbd fchcr nhf kcylrhmlhv nrl irn-

mjhk vdljr liicrv vc naalyjnvl pcylrvz nhf jmprcyl vdl ajylajdccf nhf {laa-oljhk ci vdl {craf pccr(

Bchylhvjch nac ltjv vdnv nffrl j|l |bd n bajmnvl bdnhkl! fllrvjijbnvjch! nhf ojcackjbna

fjylrjvz(

_|rna flylacpmlhv nhf nkrjb|av|rl nrl nac jhia|lhblf oz rlkjchna nhf jhvlrhnvjchna vrn-

fjhk nkrllmlhv! jhba|fjhk vdcl prcf|blf |hflr vdl k|jfnhbl ci vdl [craf Vrnfl

Crknhjwnvjch $[VC* nhf cvdlr vrnfl-rlanvlf ocfjl nhf icrn( Nocyl naa! bcdlrlhv irnml-

{cre nhf pcajbjl nrl hllflf! n nrl liilbvjyl jmpalmlhvnvjch mlbdnhjm nv vdl

hnvjchna alyla(

?(2 K|jfjhk prjhbjpal

Panvicrm mlmolr bchjflr k|jfjhk prjhbjpal vc ol vdcl bchblpv|na yna|l vdnv dc|af k|jfl

fchcr {dlh jhvlrylhjhk jh r|rna flylacpmlhv( Jhylvmlhv jh r|rna flylacpmlhv! icr ltnmpal!

dc|af ol k|jflf oz! nmchkv cvdlr vdjhk! vdl prjhbjpal ci klhflr l~|jvz! prc-pccr krc{vd!

pnrvjbjpnvcrz flbjjch-mnejhk! |vnjhnoal |l ci rlc|rbl! nhf kccf kcylrhnhbl( K|jfjhk prjh-

bjpal mnre vdl elz yna|l vdnv |hflrajl flylacpmlhv njvnhbl( Vdll nrl fjiilrlhv ircm vdl

npprcnbdl fjb|lf jh Rlbvjch ?(6( Npprcnbdl nrl vdl vnhkjoal vrnvlkjl vdnv fchcr

dc|af bchjflr {dlh flajylrjhk r|rna flylacpmlhv njvnhbl U>9](

?(2(> Plcpal-blhvrlf nhf prc-pccr bdnhkl

Plcpal-blhvrlf flylacpmlhv bchjflr vdl hllf! prjcrjvjl! jhvlrlv! nhf bdnaalhkl inblf oz vdl

mlh! {cmlh! ocz nhf kjra jhycaylf( Jv nac rlbckhjl vdnv vdlz m|v ol nbvjylaz jhycaylf jh fljkh-

jhk vdljr c{h i|v|rl! nhf vdnv vdlz dnyl vdl bnpnbjvz vc mnel flbjjch jh vdj rlplbv(

Icb|jhk ch plcpal rl|av jh n icb| ch prc-pccr krc{vd( Nhf! oljhk k|jflf oz prc-pccr! plcpal-

blhvrlf prjhbjpal jmprcyl c|r |hflrvnhfjhk ci vdl ajylajdccf vrnvlkjl ci r|rna mlh nhf {cmlh(

Lh|rjhk |bd n icb| {c|af jhba|fl orcnflhjhk c|r plrplbvjyl! vc jhba|fl ocvd lbchcmjb nhf

hch-lbchcmjb nbvjyjvjl vdnv cbb|r ocvd ch- nhf cii-inrm(

Jv nac mlnh bchjflrjhk cvdlr ajhelf j|l! |bd n dlnavd nhf lf|bnvjch $ocvd icrmna nhf jhicr-

mna*! n vnejhk |bd j|l jhvc nbbc|hv j hlblnrz vc vrlhkvdlh vdl rlpchl mnfl vc nkrj-

b|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv(

Ijhnaaz! {dlh flyjjhk prc-pccr r|rna flylacpmlhv vrnvlkjl jv j jmpcrvnhv vc bchjflr vdl

rcal panzlf oz mnrelv nhf yna|l bdnjh ircm vdl acbna vc vdl jhvlrhnvjchna( Vdll m|v ol

br|vjhjlf jh vlrm ci vdljr i|hbvjch! vdljr injrhl! nhf vdljr nbbljojajvz vc r|rna mlh nhf

>2

8

U>9]

Panvicrm mlmolr hcvlf

vdnv vdl prjhbjpal nhf

npprcnbdl c|vajhlf jh vdjfcb|mlhv dc|af hcv ol

llh n bchfjvjchnajvjl icr

kcylrhmlhv(


16/28

{cmlh( Vdj j pnrvjb|anraz br|bjna {dlh prcf|bjhk jhvlrylhvjch fljkhlf vc mjhjmjl rje nhf |p-

pcrv vdl fjylrjijbnvjch ci r|rna dc|ldcaf lbchcmjl nhf ajylajdccf vrnvlkjl(

?(2(? Kcylrhnhbl! jhvjv|vjchna nplbvnhf ijhnhbjna mnhnklmlhv

Flmcbrnvjb flylacpmlhv hllf flmcbrnvjb kcylrhmlhv nhf yjbl ylrn( Kccf kcylrhnhbl j jhvrjh-

jbnaaz ajhelf vc plcpal-icb|lf flylacpmlhv( Ji vdlrl j vc ol nhz bdnhbl ci mllvjhk vdl MFK!

pnrvjb|anraz jh rlanvjch vc r|rna flylacpmlhv! krlnvlr lmpdnj m|v ol panblf ch prcmcvjhk nhf

lmpc{lrjhk r|rna jhvjv|vjch naa vdl {nz ircm bcmm|hjvz vc hnvjchna alyla( R|bd liicrv m|v

vdlrlicrl jhycayl ijbna flblhvrnajnvjch! c vdnv i|hf nrl mcrl rlnfjaz nynjanoal vc |ppcrv jhjvjn-

vjyl oljhk r|h oz acbna jhvjv|vjch(

Liilbvjyl r|rna flylacpmlhv flajylrz civlh jhycayl rlicrmjhk r|rna flylacpmlhv jhvjv|vjch! pnrvj-

b|anraz vdcl jh vdl p|oajb lbvcr( [dlh |hflrvnejhk vdll rlicrm! vrnhpnrlhbz nhf nbbc|hvnojajvz

mlbdnhjm m|v ol vrlhkvdlhlf! n vdj {jaa prcmcvl kccf kcylrhnhbl nhf flmcbrnvjb flylacp-

mlhv( Nbbc|hvnojajvz nhf vrnhpnrlhbz m|v k|jfl naa pnrvhlr bc|hvrz nhf fchcr prcbll nbrc

naa alyla( R|bd prcbll m|v nac ol pnrvjbjpnvcrz nhf jhba|jyl! {djal naa vdl vjml k|nrfjhk

nknjhv lajvl bnpv|rl {dlh olhlijv nbbr|l vc vdl mcv pc{lri|a plcpal jh bcmm|hjvjl(

?(2(2 Flmnhf-frjylh panhhjhk nhf jmpalmlhvnvjch

Liilbvjyl r|rna flylacpmlhv rl~|jrl | vc mcyl vc{nrf flmnhf-frjylh rlpchl vdnv o|jaf ch

vdl fjiilrlhv hllf ci r|rna mlh nhf {cmlh( Vdj m|v bchjflr vdl flylacpmlhv bchvltv ci vdlplcpal jhycaylf nhf vdljr ajylajdccf vrnvlkjl! n {laa n cvdlr bjrb|mvnhbl! jhba|fjhk vdl bch-

vrnjhv vdlz inbl( Naa ci vdj m|v ol fchl jh ajhl {jvd vdl cvdlr k|jfjhk prjhbjpal jflhvjijlf! pnr-

vjb|anraz vdcl ci plcpal-blhvrlf flylacpmlhv! pnrvhlrdjp! nhf l~|jvz(

Vdl hllf icr flmnhf-frjylh rlpchl j n prjhbjpal vdnv k|jfl mnhz ci vdl nbvjch ci fchcr nv

fjiilrlhv alyla( Jh ajhl {jvd vdl _cml nhf Pnrj Flbanrnvjch nhf n vrchklr bcmmjvmlhv vc pnrvhlr

bc|hvrz c{hlrdjp ci flylacpmlhv prcbll! vdj prjhbjpal bnaa ch fchcr vc {cre {jvd pnrvhlr

bc|hvrjl onlf ch vdljr flmnhf( R|bd flmnhf m|v! jh nffjvjch! ol krc|hflf jh nh nlmlhv

ci vdljr prjcrjvjl vdnv vdlz dnyl |hflrvnelh vdlmlayl(

?(2(6 PnrvhlrdjpChl jhvjv|vjch nachl bnhhcv flylacp r|rna nrln5 hcr bnh chaz chl lbvcr( Ajil

jh r|rna pnbl j bcmpalt! o|jafjhk ch n fjylrjvz ci jhvjv|vjchna onl( Naa

vneldcaflr m|v {cre vcklvdlr vc jmprcyl r|rna mlh nhf {cmlh ajylaj-

dccf! iccf lb|rjvz! nhf cylrnaa {laa-oljhk( Vdj bnaa icr pnrvhlrdjp

olv{llh lbvcr $|bd n nkrjb|av|rl! lf|bnvjch! nhf dlnavd*! n {laa n

olv{llh p|oajb! prjynvl! nhf bjyja cbjlvz jhvjv|vjch( Jhvjv|vjch |bd n

prcf|blr nhf inrmlr crknhjnvjch hllf vc ol vrchk vc lh|rl vdl

|vnjhnojajvz ci r|rna ajylajdccf(

Jh crflr vc prcmcvl yjnoal nhf |vnjhnoal r|rna flylacpmlhv! jv j

br|bjna vc flylacp liilbvjyl pcajbz nhf rlk|anvcrz irnml{cre( Vdll m|v

prcmcvl jhhcynvjyl! npprcprjnvl! nbbljoal! nhf liilbvjyl p|oajbprjynvlbjyja

cbjlvz pnrvhlrdjp jh r|rna pnbl( R|bd pnrvhlrdjp mnz ol olv{llh pnrv-

>6


17/28

hlr {jvdjh n bc|hvrz( Vdlz mnz nac jhba|fl Rc|vdRc|vd pnrvhlrdjp olv{llh p|oajb!

prjynvl cr bjyja cbjlvz lbvcr jh vdl Rc|vd( R|bd pnrvhlrdjp nrl pnrvjb|anraz

rlalynhv vc pnrvjbjpnvcrz vlbdhcackz rllnrbd nhf flylacpmlhv(Jhbrlnjhkaz! prjynvl lbvcr rlc|rbl nrl jhvlrajhelf {jvd r|rna ajyl-

ajdccf( [dlrl vdl p|oajb lbvcr prcyjfl rlk|anvcrz irnml{cre

nhf pcajbjl! vdl prjynvl lbvcr bnh! nhf dc|af! prcyjfl vdl prc-

f|bvjyl jhylvmlhv hlblnrz( Pcajbjl nhf irnml{cre dc|af

balnraz flijhl vdl rlplbvjyl rcal vdnv lnbd lbvcr {jaa panz jh

|ppcrvjhk |vnjhnojajvz(

_|rna flylacpmlhv pnrvhlrdjp {dlvdlr vdlz nrl m|avj-

lbvcrna cr n bcmojhnvjch ci p|oajb! prjynvl! nhf bjyja cbjlvz

pnrvhlrdjp dc|af o|jaf ch! nhf ltpnhf! vdl ltjvjhk ejaa

nhf ehc{alfkl nynjanoal {jvdjh dc|ldcaf! bcmm|hjvjl! nhf

r|rna jhvjv|vjch( Jv j {jflaz |hflrvccf vdnv {cmlh nhf mlh ajyl-

ajdccf ehc{alfkl nhf ejaa mnz fjiilr( Jv m|v nac ol rlnajlf vdnv c

vcc mnz vdljr ajylajdccf prjcrjvjl nhf vdl bchvrnjhv vdlz inbl( Rjmjanraz vdl

ehc{alfkl nhf ejaa ci bcmm|hjvjl nhf jhvjv|vjch {jaa ynrz flplhfjhk ch vdl acbna

bchvltv( Pnrvhlrdjp hllf vc nfnpv vc acbna! cbjna! nhf djvcrjbna bchvltv jh r|rna nrln(

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vdl fjiilrlhv hllf! prjcrjvjl! nhf jhvlrlv ci mlh! {cmlh! ocz nhf kjra! n {laa n vdl fjiilrlhv

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anhf! {nvlr! ajylvcbe! nhf nkrjb|av|rna jhp|v nhf lryjbl(

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jhk prlynalhbl ci bdjaf-dlnflf! ilmnal-dlnflf nhf krnhfpnrlhv-dlnflf dc|ldcaf jh n h|m-

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crflr vc fjylrjiz ajylajdccf vrnvlkjl( Ncbjnvlf {jvd vdj {c|af ol vdl pcjvjyl liilbv $|bd n

mchlz oljhk lhv dcml* nhf hlknvjyl jmpnbv $|bd n jhbrlnlf prcf|bvjyl#rlprcf|bvjyl

rlpchjojajvjl* vdnv |bd mjkrnvjch dn ch vdcl aliv oldjhf(

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fjylrjiz jhvc cvdlr ajylajdccf vrnvlkjl! ocvd mnal nhf ilmnal mnaadcaflr

m|v dnyl nbbl vc r|rna ijhnhbl( _|rna flylacpmlhv m|v ol k|jflf oz vdl

prjhbjpal ci klhflr l~|jvz! pnrvjb|anraz jh vlrm ci prcplrvz rjkdv nhf anhf

rlicrm( Nocyl naa! vdlrl m|v ol l~|jvz nhf l~|na cppcrv|hjvz icr mnaadca-

flr inrmlr jh pcajbz! panhhjhk nhf jmpalmlhvnvjch(

>;

8


20/28

?(6 Npprcnbdl vc flajylrz

[djal prjhbjpal nrl vdl yna|l vdnv dlap vc k|jfl flylacpmlhv flajylrz! npprcnbdl nrl vdlfjiilrlhv prcbll |hflrvnelh vc fc c( Npprcnbdl vc flajylrz nrl vdl vnhkjoal cr prnbvjbna

|hflrvnejhk vdnv fchcr mnel {dlh flajylrjhk r|rna flylacpmlhv( R|bd prnbvjbna |hflrvnejhk

jhba|fl vdl mlbdnhjm icr lvnoajdjhk nhf jmpalmlhvjhk mcrl liilbvjyl flajylrz prnbvjbl!

{djbd dc|af bcmpalmlhv dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv vrlhf jh jhfjyjf|na bc|hvrjl(

_lknrfal ci fchcr jhycaylmlhv! jv dn ollh ic|hf vdnv kcylrhmlhv vlhf vc nfcpv blrvnjh

npprcnbdl vc vdl flajylrz ci r|rna flylacpmlhv liicrv( Vdll jhba|fl m|avj-lbvcrna nhf pnr-

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mcylmlhv vc{nrf dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv! fchcr m|v acce icr mcrl liilbvjyl {nz vc

flajylr r|rna nhf nkrjb|av|rna flylacpmlhv(

Vc dlap {jvd vdj! vdl icaac{jhk lbvjch djkdajkdv vdl ynrjc| npprcnbdl vdnv Panvicrm mlm-

olr illa nrl hllflf vc jmprcyl njf liilbvjylhl nhf |ppcrv r|rna flylacpmlhv jh n |vnjhnoal

mnhhlr(

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dnyl mnfl jv ylrz balnr vdnv r|rna flylacpmlhv j bcmpalt( Jh n inv-bdnhkjhk {craf ci r|ronhj-

nvjch! vdl oc|hfnrjl olv{llh r|rna nhf |ronh nrln nrl olbcmjhk mcrl oa|rrlf( Jh |bd

nh lhyjrchmlhv! vdl mnhnklmlhv ci fjiilrlhv fchcr prcblf|rl olbcml lylh mcrl bcmpajbn-vlf( _lbckhjjhk vdll bcmpaltjvjl! jv j |li|a vc acce vc flbanrnvjch |bd n vdl _cml nhf

Pnrj Flbanrnvjch! n {laa n vc vdl \H Mchvlrrlz Bchilrlhbl ch Ijhnhbjhk icr Flylacpmlhv(

Vdll bnh ol |lf vc k|jfl vdl dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv vdjhejhk nhf prnbvjbl ci fchcr nhf

pnrvhlr kcylrhmlhv {crejhk jh r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf nkrjb|av|rl(

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liicrv jh vdll pnrvhlrdjp(

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prcblf|rl nhf prcbll(

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kccf prnbvjbl( Vc nbdjlyl vdj! vdljr jhjvjnvjyl dc|af |ppcrv flblhvrnajn-

vjch nhf vdl vrlhkvdlhjhk ci acbna kcylrhmlhv prcbll nhf vr|bv|rl(

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vdl vlrm pnrvjbjpnvcrz

npprcnbdl bnh ol

jhvlrprlvlf jh n {jfl rnhkl

ci {nz( N anrkl ocfz ci

ajvlrnv|rl fjb|l nhf

flonvl vdl mnhz plrblpvj-

ch nhf prnbvjbl ncbjn-

vlf {jvd vdl vlrm

pnrvjbjpnvjch(


21/28

Mnhnkjhk fjiilrlhv fchcr prcblf|rl brlnvl lhcrmc| prl|rl ch vdl pnrvhlr bc|hvrz jh-

ycaylf! oz nocrojhk bnrbl nfmjhjvrnvjyl bnpnbjvz( Mcrlcylr! jh bchvrnv vc |ronh nrln {dlrl

jhirnvr|bv|rl nhf lryjbl nrl vzpjbnaaz mcrl flylacplf! mnhnkjhk nhf mchjvcrjhk r|rna flylacp-mlhv jh rlmcvl nrln j fjiijb|av( Jv j jh vdll r|rna nrln vdnv vdl krlnvlv

prl|rl j panblf ch d|mnh! mnvlrjna nhf ijhnhbjna rlc|rbl jh

vlrm ci nbbl nhf rlpcrvjhk! {djbd j brjvjbna vc nycjf vdl

bcrr|pvjch nhf pcajvjbna mnhjp|anvjch ci r|rna lryjbl(

Vdlrl j n hllf icr npprcprjnvl prckrnmml-onlf

npprcnbdl vc ol |lf mcrl civlh! nhf vdl nml j vr|l

ci gcjhv panhhjhk nhf pccalf i|hfjhk mln|rl( Vdj

njf! {l dc|af hcv n|ml vdnv prcglbv i|hfjhk

dc|af hcv bchvjh|l! olbn|l mnhz fchcr nrl vjaa

prcglbv-icb|lf vc n allr cr krlnvlr ltvlhv( _|rna

flylacpmlhv nbv|naaz olhlijv ircm n {jfl nrrnz ci

jhvr|mlhv( Nhf! n vdl Panvicrm rlbckhjwl! vdlrl j

hc oa|lprjhv icr vdll jhvr|mlhv |hflr vdl hl{

mcfl ci njf flajylrz( Jh inbv! m|bd rllnrbd j vjaa rl-

~|jrlf jh crflr vc nhnazl bc|hvrz rlnajvjl nhf flylacp vdl

hlblnrz rcnf mnp(

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r|rna flylacpmlhv m|v jhba|fl bccplrnvjch nhf bcaanocrnvjch olv{llh

n {jfl ynrjlvz ci nbvcr( Ltnmpal ci |bd jhba|fl vdl p|oajb nhf prjynvl lbvcr! HKC nhf cvdlr

bjyja cbjlvz nbvcr(

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ajylajdccf vrnvlkjl nhf nkrc-lbczvlm |lf oz plcpal( [dnv j mcrl! vdj bcmpaltjvz j bcm-

pc|hflf oz vdl inbv vdnv vdl ynrjc| zvlm jhycaylf civlh cbb|r jh vdl nml nrln n cvdlr

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Pnrvjb|anr j|l hllf vc ol nffrllf {dlh jmpalmlhvjhk m|avj-lbvcrna npprcnbdl vc

r|rna flylacpmlhv( Vdll jhba|fl vdl hllf vc jhycayl ynrjc| mjhjvrjl jh crflr vc rlialbv vdl

fjiilrlhv cbjna! dlnavd! lhyjrchmlhvna! nhf prcf|bvjyl lbvcr jhycaylf( Vdlz

nac jhba|fl vdl hllf vc bchjflr vdl rcal panzlf oz acbna kcylrhmlhv! pnr-

vjb|anraz jh rlanvjch vc flblhvrnajnvjch prcbll( Mcrl nhf mcrl lryjbl

prcyjjch j djivjhk ircm vdl p|oajb vc vdl prjynvl lbvcr( Pnrvhlr bc|h-

vrjl nrl rlpchjoal icr flajhlnvjhk vdl rlpchjojajvjl ci vdl prjynvl

lbvcr {jvd rlknrf vc lryjbl prcyjjch vdnv fjvjhk|jd vdlm ircm vdl

bcrl i|hbvjch nhf rlk|anvcrz prcbl ci vdl kcylrhmlhv( Vdlrl j n balnr

hllf vc flijhl p|oajb nhf prjynvl rcal nhf rlpchjojajvjl jh vdl prcbll

ci flblhvrnajnvjch(

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ac{-|p nbvjch mnz jhba|fl ljvdlr lbvcr-plbjijb cr m|avj-lbvcrna vrnvlkjl nhf ca|vjch( Mcrl

dcajvjb nhnazj bnh jflhvjiz nhf nl cbjc-lbchcmjb! vlbdhjbna! nhf lhyjrchmlhvna inbvcr

vdnv inbjajvnvl cr djhflr nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv(

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8


22/28

?(6(2 Pnrvjbjpnvcrz npprcnbd

Pnrvjbjpnvjch j n orcnf bchblpv! nhf fjiilrlhv nbvcr cr vneldcaflr mnz jhvlrprlv pnrvjbjpn-vjch jh fjiilrlhv {nz nv fjiilrlhv vjml flplhfjhk ch vdljr fjiilrlhv jhvlrlv( Fchcr nrl civlh

plrbljylf n ltvlrhna vneldcaflr {jvd blrvnjh jhvlrlv vdnv lryl vdl jhvlrlv ci vdcl onbe

dcml jh vdljr c{h bc|hvrjl cr crknhjnvjch( Vc onanhbl c|v vdl l~|nvjch! pnrvjbjpnvjch m|v

bchjflr c{hlrdjp n n elz lalmlhv vdnv m|v ol jhba|flf jh vdl fljkh ci liilbvjyl

npprcnbdl vc r|rna flylacpmlhv flajylrz(

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fchcr-frjylh prcglbv dnyl vc olbcml n vdjhk ci vdl pnv( [l dnyl vc ne vdl kcylrhmlhv! {jvd

mntjm|m pnrvjbjpnvjch ci vdl prjynvl lbvcr nhf HKC nhf vdl inrmlr vdlmlayl! vc bcml

|p {jvd vdljr c{h prckrnmml(

Rc|rbl7 Elyjh Balnylr! Jhvlryjl{ jh Panvicrm Rplnejhk! Mnz ?009( {{{(fchcrpanvicrm(crk

Jh inbv! c{hlrdjp dc|af ol vdl mnjh |hflrazjhk n|mpvjch ci nhz bchvlmpcrnrz fchcr |ppcrv

prckrnmml( Pcajbz flylacpmlhv nhf rlicrm! vcklvdlr {jvd prckrnmml fljkh nhf jmpalmlhvn-

vjch! rl~|jrl cbjna fjnack|l vdrc|kd ynrjc| c|vrlnbd nhf pnrvjbjpnvcrz mlbdnhjm(

Fchcr nrl k|jflf oz vdl Flylacpmlhv Njvnhbl Bcmmjvvll $FNB* Kccf Prnbvjbl Pnplr U>4]

nhf vdl _cml Flbanrnvjch ch Dnrmchjnvjch( Vdll fcb|mlhv vrl dc{ jmpcrvnhv jv j icr

pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl vc n|ml n vrchklr alnflrdjp rcal jh vdl bccrfjhnvjch ci flylacpmlhv njv-

nhbl( Vdlz nac vrl vdnv vdl fchcr bcmm|hjvz dn n rlpchjojajvz vc o|jaf vdl bnpnbjvz ci

pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl vc fc c(

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pccr r|rna {cmlh! mlh! kjra! nhf ocz nv vdl bcmm|hjvz alyla( Icb| m|v nac ol panblf

ch occvjhk vdl bnpnbjvz ci fjiilrlhv ejhf ci r|rna flylacpmlhv jhvjv|vjch nv fjiilrlhv

alyla rnhkjhk ircm vdl bcmm|hjvz vc vdl hnvjchna alyla( R|vnjhnojajvz j hcv pcjoal

|hal plricrmnhbl j jmprcylf nv naa alyla ci vdl flylacpmlhv prcbl(

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jhba|fjhk vdl icrm nhf bchvlhv ci vdl prcbl( Pnrvjbjpnvcrz npprcnbdl bnh

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nhf vc mnel |l ci acbnaaz rlalynhv ehc{alfkl nhf ejaa(

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flylacpmlhv jhjvjnvjyl dn ollh oanmlf! jh pnrv! ch n anbe ci achk-vlrm bcmmjvmlhv oz fchcr

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lhyjrchmlhvna bdnhkl( _|rna flylacpmlhv j mcrl liilbvjyl {dlh |hflr-

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p|oajbnvjch


23/28

Bcmmjvmlhv vc achk-vlrm i|hfjhk dlap vc prcf|bl mcrl vnoal pcajbjl nhf prckrnmml(

Vdj jh v|rh klhlrnvl m|bd mcrl pc{lri|a {lainrl nhf krc{vd liilbv {jvdjh pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl(

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krl vdlrljh( Vdj mlnh flyjjhk nh npprcprjnvl zvlm vdnv bnh ol |lf vc mchjvcr nhf lyn-

a|nvl rl|av nhf jmpnbv( R|bd n zvlm m|v jhba|fl balnr! mln|rnoal jhfjbnvcr nhf olhbd-

mnre vdnv nrl bcmmchaz |hflrvccf nhf npprlbjnvlf oz naa pnrvhlr( N pnrv ci n achk-vlrm

bcmmjvmlhv! jv j jmpcrvnhv vc prjcrjvjl nhf l~|lhbl prckrnmmjhk! vrlhkvdlhjhk onl

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rl|av nhf prcbll

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jjhk pcylrvz! klhflr l~|jvz! cbjna fjvrjo|vjch nhf vdl MFK n prjcrjvjl(

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Prcmcvjhk n dnrmchjlf

npprcnbd vc mnhnkjhk icr

flylacpmlhv rl|av7 Bcrl

prjhbjpal( Mnhnkjhk icr

flylacpmlhv rl|av7

Rlbchf jhvlrhnvjchna rc|hf-

vnoal! Mnrrnelbd ?006!

{{{(mifr(crk#fcb|mlhv

8


24/28

2( BCHBA\RJCH

Panvicrm mlmolr fjf hcv ijhf jv lnz vc nbdjlyl bchlh| noc|v ljvdlr vdl frjylr ci r|rnaflylacpmlhv cr vdl k|jfjhk prjhbjpal nhf npprcnbdl( Dc{lylr! vdl bchvrjo|vjch dcvaz fl-

onvlf jh [nelijlaf! Or|la! nhf jh bzolr pnbl rlylnalf n h|molr ci bcmmch vdlml( Vdlz

vd| djkdajkdvlf vdl krc{jhk bchlh| olv{llh fchcr ch vdl fjrlbvjch vdnv nrl hllflf vc

rljhyjkcrnvl nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv(

Vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flbanrnvjch nhf vdl rlanvlf Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna dnyl vj-

m|anvlf fchcr nhf pnrvhlr vc rl-ltnmjhl vdl rcal vdnv nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flyl-

acpmlhv panz jh lb|rjhk ajylajdccf! rlf|bjhk y|ahlrnojajvz! nhf jmprcyjhk vdl

cylrnaa {laa-oljhk ci mjaajch ci plcpal nrc|hf vdl {craf(

Jhbjflhbl ci DJY#NJFR nrl rjjhk jh r|rna nrln! {dlrl nbbl vc vrlnvmlhv

nhf bnrl! n {laa n vc jhicrmnvjch noc|v dc{ vc prlylhv jhilbvjch! ank oldjhf

|ronh nrln( Vdl krc{jhk jmpnbv ci vdj lpjflmjb dn mnfl | naa nb|vlaz n{nrl

ci vdl ltvrlml y|ahlrnojajvz ci plcpal! pnrvjb|anraz {cmlh nhf kjra! jh r|rna

nrln(

Vdj fcb|mlhv djkdajkdv fchcr nkrllmlhv ch cml ci vdl i|hfnmlhvna frjylr

ci nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv( Jv nac jhfjbnvl vdl prjhbjpal nhf npprcnbdl

vdnv fchcr dnyl nkrllf k|jfl! cr dc|af k|jfl! nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv flaj-

ylrz jh vdl bchvltv ci dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv( Vdl Dcv Vcpjb fcb|mlhv! nknjh prcf|blf

oz vdl Panvicrm! mnel balnr {djbd vdlmnvjb nrln vdl mlmolr dnyl nkrllf nrl ci jkhjijbnhv

jmpcrvnhbl vc r|rna flylacpmlhv nhf nkrjb|av|rl nrc|hf vdl {craf(

N narlnfz hcvlf! vdlrl j rlhl{lf fchcr jhvlrlv jh nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna jhylvmlhv( N n

rl|av! vdl vjml j hc{ rjkdv vc ltpacrl jh krlnvlr flpvd vdl rlna-{craf ltplrjlhbl vdnv bc|hvrjlnhf fchcr dnyl dnf {dlh {crejhk vc dnrmchjl nhf najkh nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv jh

ajhl {jvd vdl ynrjc| bcmmjvmlhv mnfl jh _cml! Pnrj! Mnrrnelbd! nhf lal{dlrl( Vdj {jaa

naac{ | vc o|jaf ch vdl mnhz alch narlnfz alnrhlf(

[l inbl mnhz bcmplvjhk flylacpmlhv prjcrjvjl( Dc{lylr! {l m|v rlbckhjl vdnv nffrljhk

vdl hllf ci r|rna plcpal j br|bjna ji {l nrl vc mllv vdl MFK( Chl ci vdl krlnvlv bdnaalhkl

hc{ inbjhk fchcr nhf pnrvhlr najel j vdl hllf vc lh|rl bcmmjvmlhv( Vdj j pnrvjb|anraz vr|l

ci vdl ijhnhbjna! d|mnh! nhf vlbdhjbna bcmmjvmlhv hllflf vc mnel nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flyl-

acpmlhv mcrl pc{lri|a nhf liilbvjyl bnvnazv ci r|rna |vlhnhbl nhf bdnhkl vdnh vdlz narlnfz

nrl( Plrdnp mcv jmpcrvnhvaz! vdlrl j n hllf icr achklr-vlrm fchcr bcmmjvmlhv vdnv o|jaf ch

vdl prjcrjvjl c|vajhlf oz pnrvhlr bc|hvrjl(

Vdl GF_B djkdajkdv cml ci vdl mnhz nhf fjylrl bdnaalhkl inbjhk fchcr nhf pnrvhlr jh

nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv( Jv nac dlap vc dnrl vdl bcmojhlf ltplrjlhbl nhf ehc{-

alfkl ci Panvicrm mlmolr jh rlanvjch vc liicrv vc nffrl vdll bdnaalhkl( Vdj ehc{alfkl

bnh jhicrm vdl prcbll ci nkrjb|av|rna nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv flajylrz( Jv bnh nac ol |lf vc

jflhvjiz j|l ci bchblrh ch {djbd fchcr nhf pnrvhlr bc|af {cre vc ijhf liilbvjyl! l~|jvnoal!

nhf |vnjhnoal ca|vjch( Vdj rlialbv vdl bcmmjvmlhv vdl mlmolr dnyl mnfl vc vdl

Panvicrm liicrv vc icvlr dnrmchjnvjch nhf najkhmlhv jh nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv(

Bchlh| dn ollh nbdjlylf( Hc{ j vdl vjml icr nbvjch( Jv j hc{ vjml vc nbv ch vdl k|jfjhk

prjhbjpal nhf jmpalmlhv vdl npprcnbdl vdnv {jaa alnf vc mcrl |vnjhnoal! l~|jvnoal! nhf

liilbvjyl nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv icr naa.

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8


25/28

6( ELZ _LIL_LHBLR

Nirjbnh Flylacpmlhv Onhe! Crknhjwnvjch icr Lbchcmjb Bccplrnvjch nhf Flylacpmlhv( Nirjbnh

Lbchcmjb C|vacce! ?006( {{{(clbf(crk#fnvnclbf#?6#?9#2?620>2(

Iccf nhf Nkrjb|av|rl Crknhjwnvjch ci vdl \hjvlf Hnvjch $INC*( R|ppcrv vc

HLPNF( $_lpcrv*! N|k|v ?006 Nprja ?0097 Ynbnhv cr yjornhv3 FIJF! ?009(

Hl|bdnvla Krc|p( Bcmmch irnml{cre ch nkrjb|av|rna ltvlhjch( Hl|bdnvla Krc|p!>:::(

{{{(hl|bdnvlajhjvjnvjyl(hlv#jmnkl#biSlh(pfi

Crknhjwnvjch icr Lbchcmjb Bccplrnvjch nhf Flylacpmlhv( Prcmcvjhk prc-pccr krc{vd7

Nkrjb|av|rl! ?009( {{{(clbf(crk#fnvnclbf#62#69#296?;;>9(pfi

Crknhjwnvjch icr Lbchcmjb Bccplrnvjch nhf FlylacpmlhvFNB Hlv{cre ch Pcylrvz _lf|bvjch(

Fchcr pcajbjl ch nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv7 _l|av ci vdl mnppjhk ltlrbjl!

20 2> Mnrbd ?006(

[caw! N( Vdl rcal ci nkrjb|av|rl nhf r|rna flylacpmlhv jh nbdjlyjhk vdl Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv

Kcna7 N gcjhv hnrrnvjyl( Kacona Fchcr Panvicrm icr _|rna Flylacpmlhv $KFP_F*! Rlpvlmolr

?00:

[craf Onhe! Jhvlrhnvjchna Iccf Pcajbz _llnrbd Jhvjv|vl $JIP_J*( Nkrjb|av|rl nhf nbdjlyjhk vdl

Mjaalhhj|m Flylacpmlhv Kcna( h(f(

jvlrlc|rbl({crafonhe(crk#JHVN_F#_lc|rbl#NkSMFKSBcmpalvl(pfi

?2

8


26/28

8

?6

NBEHC[ALFKLMLHVR

N ylrz {nrm vdnhe zc| vc naa Mlmolr nhf Ncbjnvl Mlmolr {dc pnrvjbjpnvlf jh GF_B {cre-dcp jh [nelijlaf! Bnhnfn nhf#cr Or|la! Olakj|m n {laa n vdcl {dc bchvrjo|vlf vc vdl

lalbvrchjb icr|m jh lnraz ?009( Jv {n n paln|rl {crejhk {jvd zc| naa. Zc|r bchvrjo|vjch nhf

jhjkdv mnfl vdl {rjvjhk ci vdl Gcjhv Fchcr _|rna Bchblpv $GF_B* vdnv m|bd mcrl vrnjkdv-icr-

{nrf( Vdnhe zc| nac vc Panvicrm mlmolr {dc prcyjflf ltvrn rlilrlhbl cr banrjijbnvjch

f|rjhk vdl {rjvjhk prcbl(

J nm lplbjnaaz krnvli|a vc vdcl mlmolr {dc crknhjlf vdl ackjvjb icr ocvd {credcp n

{laa n vdcl {dc lv |p vdl {lo icr|m(

Vdl jfln dlrljh nrl vdcl ci vdl Panvicrm mlmolr( Vdl fcb|mlhv {n pllr-rlyjl{lf oz n

krc|p ci Panvicrm mlmolr nhf bdnhkl {lrl jhbcrpcrnvlf n plr vdljr |kklvjch( J vnel

rlpchjojajvz icr nhz lrrcr cr mj|hflrvnhfjhk vdnv mjkdv dnyl cbb|rrlf jh vdl vrnhbrjpvjch

nhf {rjvjhk prcbl(

Bnvdlrjhl Djaa

MLMOL_R CI VDL KFP_F

N|vrjnh Flylacpmlhv Nklhbz $NFN*! Njnh Flylacpmlhv Onhe $NFO*! Bnhnfjnh Jhvlrhnvjchna

Flylacpmlhv Nklhbz $BJFN*! Flpnrvmlhv icr Jhvlrhnvjchna Flylacpmlhv $FIJF*! Fl|vbdl Kllaa-

bdniv ir Vlbdhjbdl W|nmmlhnroljv $KVW*! L|rcplnh \hjch Fjrlbvcrnvl Klhlrna icr Flyl-

acpmlhv $L\-FKF*! Iccf nhf Nkrjb|av|rl Crknhjwnvjch $INC*! IrlhbdFlylacpmlhv Nklhbz $NIF*! Klrmnh Ilflrna Mjhjvrz icr Lbchcmjb

Bccplrnvjch nhf Flylacpmlhv $OMW*! Jhvlr-Nmlrjbnh Flylacp-

mlhv Onhe $JFO*! Jhvlrhnvjchna I|hf icr Nkrjb|av|rna Flyl-

acpmlhv $JINF*! Ei[ Lhv{jbea|hkonhe $Ei[*! Mjhjvrz icr

Icrljkh Niinjr N|vrjn $MIN*! Mjhjvrz icr Icrljkh

Niinjr Ijhanhf $MINI*! Mjhjvrz ci Ijhnhbl nhf

Lbchcmz Jvnaz $MIL*! Mjhjvrz ci Icrljkh Niinjr

Flhmnre $MINF*! Mjhjvrz ci Icrljkh Niinjr

Irnhbl $MNL*! Mjhjvrz ci Icrljkh Niinjr

A|tlmo|rk $MNL A|*! Mjhjvrz ci Icrljkh Niinjr

Hcr{nz $MINH*! Mjhjvrz ci Icrljkh Niinjr Vdl

Hlvdlranhf $HMIN*! Hcr{lkjnh Nklhbz icr Flylacp-

mlhv Bccplrnvjch $HC_NF*! Crknhjnvjch icr Lbchcmjb

Bccplrnvjch nhf Flylacpmlhv $CLBF*! R{lfjd

Jhvlrhnvjchna Flylacpmlhv Bccplrnvjch Nklhbz $RJFN*!

R{j Nklhbz icr Flylacpmlhv nhf Bccplrnvjch $RFB*!

Vdl [craf Onhe $[O*! \hjvlf Rvnvl Nklhbz icr Jhvlrhnvjchna

Flylacpmlhv $\RNJF*

8

8


27/28

Prlpnrlf ozBnvdlrjhl A( M( Djaa $Bch|avnhv* ircm

Panvicrm Mlmolr nhf Ncbjnvl

Mlmolr jhp|v vc {credcp dlaf jh

[nelijlaf! Bnhnfn $Rlpvlmolr ?002:->6>! >2 Ochh!

Klrmnhz

Anzc|v

Jrj Bdrjvmnhh! [jlonflh! Klrmnhz

Prjhvlf oz

[(O( Fr|belrlj! Dcbddljm! Klrmnhz

Pdcvcinjrvrnfl mlfjn! Ochh!

Klrmnhz

Pnplr

Prjhvlf ch plbjna :Ajyl pdcvc

pnplr $PnplrAjht*!

blrvjijlf nbbcrfjhk vc IRB

Hcylmolr ?009


28/28

{{{(fchcrpanvicrm(crk

Bchvnbv7

Rlbrlvnrjnv ci vdl

Kacona Fchcr Panvicrm icr _|rna Flylacpmlhv!

b#c Ilflrna Mjhjvrz icr Lbchcmjb Bccplrnvjch

nhf Flylacpmlhv $OMW*

Nflhn|lrnaall >2:->6>! >2 Ochh! Klrmnhz

Pdchl7%6: ??4

on common ground: a joint donor concept on rural development

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