Olympian Grammar

Unit Two Latin One

Structural Grammar Objectives

• I can:• Recognize, translate, and write sentences with

complementary infinitives• Recognize and translate second declension nouns

including neuter nouns and use them in my reading and writing

• Recognize agreement between a first and second declension adjective and its modified nouns

• Recognize and translate present passive indicative verbs for the first and second conjugations

Structural Grammar Objectives

• I can:– Use the ablative of agent to show who performs a

passive verb in my reading and writing– Use the ablative of means to show how the

instrument/means used to complete an action– Recognize and translate the present tense of

possum and use it with a complementary infinitive in my reading and writing

Second Declension Masculine

• What is a declension?• How can you tell the declension?• Second declension masculine nouns end with

“us/’er/ir” on the nominative singular, and “i” on the genitive singular.

• You find the base by removing the “i”• Look through your vocabulary lists for Unit One

and Unit Two and make a list of the 2nd declension nouns. Then write the base for each.

Unit One and Two Second Declension masculine nouns and bases

• Vir, viri vir• Puer, pueri puer• Dominus, domini domin• Servus, servi serv• Deus, dei de• Nuntius, nuntii nunti

Second Declension Masculine Characters

• Gaius, Gaii• Titus, Titi• Marcus, Marci• Sextus, Sexti• Publius, Publii• Lucius, Lucii• Glaucus, Glauci• *Apollodorus, Apollodori Marcus’ new tutor

Using Second Declension Masculine Nouns

• The case rules are the same as they were for first declension. ( Yes, we will be adding new uses with every unit).

• Review your case rules.• However, you will have new endings which can

only be used on second declension nouns

Nominative

• Subject with an active verb: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Predicate nominative __________________________________________________________________________

• Subject with a passive verb ________________________________________________________________________________

Genitive

• Possession: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dative

• Indirect object: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• To/for ________________________________________________________________________

• With necesse est ________________________________________________________________________________

Accusative• Direct object

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Place to __________________________________________________________________________

• With prepositions _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ablative• Place where

__________________________________________________________________________

• Place From __________________________________________________________________________

• Special prepositions SIDSPACE ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ablative• Means

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Personal Agent _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• When ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vocative

• Direct address _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2nd Declension masculine• Singular plural

• Nominative us/er i• Genitive i orum• Dative o is• Accusative um os• Ablative o is• Vocative e/i/er i

Practice: Complete the charts

• Nom. Puer _________ deus _________• Gen pueri ________ dei _________• Dat ____ ________ _______ ______• Acc_______ ________ _______ ______• Abl _______ ________ _______ ______

Reading with Second Declension: Write out the translation.

• Marcus est Romanus puer. • Titus est Marci frater et Gaius est Marci pater.• Marcus in peristylio amat currere (to run).• Marcus non iam (no longer) matrem habet sed Marci soror Claudia puerum curat.

• Hodie(today) Apollodorus novus paedagogus (new tutor) Marcum docet (teaches) in villā.

• Marcus fabulas(stories ) deorum et dearum discit (learns).

Translation Grading: It’s not all or nothing

• Marcus est• Romanus puer• Titus est• Marci frater• Et Gaius est• Marci pater• Marcus amat currere• In peristylio• Marcus non iam habet matrem• Sed Marci soror Claudia• Curat puerum• Hodie Apollodorus novus paedagogus• Docet Marcum• In villa• Marcus discit• Fabulas deorum et dearum

Identifying Cases: Give the case for each second declension noun from the paragraph and the

reason• Marcus• Puer• Marci• Gaius• Peristylio• Marci• Puerum• Paedagogus• Marcum• deorum

Writing with Second Declension: write the Latin for each sentence below.

• 1. Titus is a man.• 2. Titus loves Marcus.• 3. Titus has a slave.• 4. Titus’ slave is Sextus.• 5. In the garden ( hortus, horti m.) Sextus

works.

Subject verb agreement with 2nd declension masculine

• Remember the rule: Singular subjects have singular verbs (t); plural subjects have plural verbs. (nt) For each verb below, choose the correct subject.

• 1. amabulant puer pueri• 2. amat nuntius nuntii• 3. laborant servi servus• 4. laudat dominus domini• 5. habent dei deus

SECOND DECLENSION NEUTER

Recognizing Second Declension Neuter

• Within second declension, there is a special group of neuter nouns.

• Neuter means neither masculine nor feminine.

• These nouns end with “um” on the nominative singular, and “i” on the genitive singular.

• The base is found by removing the “i’

Finding 2nd declension neuter nouns

• Make a list from Unit One and Unit two of the 2nd declension neuter nouns and their bases.

• Atrium, atrii n. Atri• Cubiculum, cubiculi n. Cubicul• Peristylium, peristylii n peristyli• Triclinium, triclinii n. Triclini• Caelum, caeli n. Cael• Vinum, vini n. vin

• Templum, templi n. Templ• Donum, doni n. Don• Sacrificium sacrificii n. Sacrifici• Oleum, olei n. Ole• Bellum, belli n. bell

Case Usage for 2nd declension neuter nouns

• The case uses are the same as for any other noun. Refer to your case summary.

• Yes, you have new endings somewhat because of the NEUTER RULE:– ALL NEUTER NOUNS REPEAT THEIR NOMINATIVE

SINGULAR FOR THEIR ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR AND VOCATIVE SINGULAR.

– ALL NEUTER NOUNS END WITH “A” FOR NOMINATIVE PLURAL, ACCUSATIVE PLURAL, AND VOCATIVE PLURAL.

2nd Declension Neuter• Singular plural

• Nominative um a• Genitive i orum• Dative o is• Accusative um a• Ablative o is• Vocative um a

Making Neuter Nouns

• Complete these charts.• Nom bellum _______ templum ______• Gen belli ______ templi_________• Dat ______ _____ _____ _______• Acc ______ _____ ______ _______• Abl ______ _____ ______ _______• Voc ______ ______ ______ _______

Writing With Neuter Nouns: use the charts and voc list to translate these.

• 1. The gods do not live in temples.• 2. The Romans love wars.• 3. There is a temple on the house.• 4. The god of war is Mars.• 5. We give sacrifices at the temple.

The Problem with Neuter nouns

• Why is it a problem that the nominative and the accusative are the same?

• How can you tell them apart?– Remember singular subjects have singular verbs, and

plural subjects have plural verbs. Therefore, if the neuter noun ends with “a” but the verb ends with “t”, it can’t be the subject/nominative, or if the neuter noun ends with “um” and the verb ends with “nt”, it can’t be the subject/nominative.

– Otherwise you have to try it both ways to see if it makes sense.

Practice with nominative versus accusative neuters

• Read each sentence and tell whether the neuter noun is nominative or accusative.

• 1. Viri bella amant.• 2. Templum Vestae est magnum.• 3. Bellum puellam terret.• 4. Paramus bellum.• 5. Romani templa habent.

Reading with Neuters

• Read the passage below and answer the questions. Quote your text evidence to support your answers.

• For every marked second declension noun (masculine and neuter nouns are marked), tell the case and reason.

Marcus Does his Homework

• Marcus in peristylio cum paedagogo Apollodore et cane Feroce sedet. Marcus non amat laborare sed Apollodorus dicit: “ Narras fabulas trium deorum.”

• Marcus respondet,” Tres dei! Sunt multae fabulae deorum. Qui deus tibi placet?”

• Apollodorus: “ Necesse est amare omnes deos, Marce. Necesse est timere omnes deos.”

• Paedagogo/tutor; cane/dog; dicit/says;fabulas/stories; trium/three; tres/three; multae fabulae/many stories; qui/which; tibi/to you; omnes/all

• Marcus: Necesse est facere sacrificia omnibus deis. Amo sacrificia in templis. Sunt multa animalia et populi ubique!”

• Apollodorus: “ Narras tres fabulas deorum nunc! Meum tempus est non tuum sacrificium!”

• Marcus est non laetus sed narrat fabulas tres.• Omnibus/all; animalia et populi ubique/animals and

people everywhere; tres fabulas/three stories; meum tempus/my time; tuum/your

Mars

• “Mars est deus belli. Iuppiter et Iuno sunt parentes dei belli. Vulcanus est frater dei belli.

• Mars bella amat. Est magnus deus. Romani sacrificia Martis faciunt quod Romani bella parant. Habet multa templa. Habet gladium et scutum et galeam et tela. Parat pugnare bellum semper. Graeci deum belli non amant sed amo non Graecos. Amo deum belli.”

• Iupiter et Iuno/jupiter and juno; gladium et scutum et galeam et tela/sword, shield, helmet, and weapons; Graeci, Graecos/Greeks

• Apollodorus: “ Sum Graecus.”• Marcus: “ Scio.”

• Apollodorus est non iratus. “ es callidus puer, Marce. Nunc narras fabulam de Venere et Marte.”

• Marcus narrat:• Graecus/Greek; Scio/I know; nunc/now; fabulam/story;

Venere et Marte/Venus and Mars

Venus, Vulcanus, et Mars

• “Venus est dea amoris. Vulcanus est vir Veneris sed Venus Martem amat. Vulcanus non placet Veneri quod deus est non pulcher. Vulcanus est non laetus quod Venus et Mars sunt in cubiculo saepe.

• Sed Vulcanus est callidus. Retem facit et supra lectum ponit. Ubi Venus et Mars sunt in lecto, rete capit eos. Dei et deae cubiculum intrant et rident Martem et Venerem. Sunt miseri et irati. Denique Vulcanus retem removit et Mars ambulat e cubiculo.

• Amoris/love; saepe/often; retem, rete/net; lectum, lecto/bed;capit eos/traps them; rident/mock; denique/finally; removit/removes

• Vulcanus semper ignoscet feminae quod pulchram deam amat. Dona facit Veneris filiis ex alteris viris. Vulcanus est benignus deus.”

• Semper ignoscet/always forgives; alteris/other; benignus/kind

CQTE Marcus does his Homework

• 1. Who is Apollodorus?– A.– B.

• 2. What is Marcus’ assignment?– A.– B.

• 3. What does Marcus ask Apollodorus?– A.– B.

• 4. What two things does Apollodorus say about the gods?– A.– B.– C.– D.

• 5. What is Marcus’ response?– A.– B.

• 6. What does Marcus love? Why?– A.– B– C.– D.

• 7. What does Apollodorus say is not a sacrifice for Marcus?– A.– B.

• 8. Who is Mars?– A.– B.

• 9. Who are is relatives?– A.– B.

• 10. What does he love?– A.– B.

• 11. Why do Romans sacrifice to him?– A.– B.

• 12. What does he have?– A– B

• 13. How do Greeks feel about him?– A.– B.

• 14. How does Marcus insult Apollodorus?– A.– B.

• 15. Who is Venus?– A.– B.

• 16. What is her connection to Vulcan?– A.– B.

• 17. Whom does she love?– A.– B.

• 18. Why is Vulcan not happy?– A .– B.

• 19. What does he do about the problem?– A.– B.

• 20. What do the gods and goddesses do?– A.– B.

• 21. Why does he always forgive his wife?– A.– B.

• 22. What kind thing does he often do?– A.– B.

Case identification: give case and reason for each marked 2nd declension noun.

• 1. peristylio• 2. deorum• 3. deos• 4. sacrificia• 5. templis• 6. sacrificium• 7. deus• 8. belli

• 9. belli• 10. dei• 11. bella• 12. sacrificia• 13. bella• 14. templa• 15. bellum• 16. deum

• 17. puer• 18. Vulcanus• 19. deus• 20. cubiculo• 21. dei• 22. cubiculum• 23. cubiculo• 24. dona• 25. viris

• Check using case cards.• Remind can only be one thing in a sentence,

must use context

Nominative

genitive

dative

accusative

ablative

vocative

subject

Predicate nominative

possession

To/for whom

With necesse est

Direct object

Object of preposition accusative

Place where

Place from

Place to

Object of preposition ablative SIDSPACE

means

Personal agent

Direct address

when

Indirect object

Don’t have a clue

Presentational Writing #1

• Required structures: predicate nominative, direct object, prepositional phrase

Write a Latin paragraph telling who Vulcan is, two things he does, and where he would be.

Presentational Writing #2

• Required structures: predicate nominative, direct object, prepositional phrase

Write a Latin paragraph telling who Mars is, two things he does, and where he would be.

2-1-2 ADJECTIVES

Adjective Definition

• An adjective describes a noun and answers the questions:– Which one?– How many?– What kind?

• In English to make an adjective describe a noun, we put it close by in the sentence.– The happy man was smiling.– The pretty girls waved to the handsome men.

Adjective Agreement

• In Latin, an adjective describes or modifies a noun if it agrees in three ways:– Gender masculine, feminine, neuter– Number singular, plural– Case nominative, genitive, dative,

accusative, ablative, vocative

Adjective Vocabulary Listing• In a dictionary or vocabulary list, adjectives are shown in

the three nominative singular forms. The first form is masculine, the second is feminine, and the third is neuter.

• 2-1-2 adjectives will follow one of two patterns– Us, -a, -um– Er, -a, -um

• To find the base, go to the second form and remove the “a”– Laetus, laeta, laetum base = laet– Sacer, sacra, sacrum base - sacr

Masculine Adjective Endings• Singular plural

• Nominative us/er i• Genitive i orum• Dative o is• Accusative um os• Ablative o is• Vocative e i

Feminine Adjective Endings• Singular plural

• Nominative a ae• Genitive ae arum• Dative ae is• Accusative am as• Ablative ā is• Vocative a ae

Neuter Adjective Endings• Singular plural

• Nominative um a• Genitive i orum• Dative o is• Accusative um a• Ablative o is• Vocative um a

Adjective Agreement

• In Latin, an adjective describes or modifies a noun if it agrees in three ways:– ________________________________________– ________________________________________– _________________________________________

________________________________________

PRESENT PASSIVE VERBS

Present Passive Indicative

• With a passive verb, the subject does not perform the verb. Instead the verb happens to the subject or the subject receives the verb.– The gift is given by the gods. Donum datur a deis.– Gift is the subject, but it does not do the giving;

the gods do the giving.– The subject will still use the nominative case

Present Passive Endings• r = I am ---ed mur = we are ---ed• ris = you are –ed mini = you all are ---ed• Tur = he, she, it ntur = they are -----ed• is ---ed

• For the base, use the infinitive minus “re” except for I. – Amo, amare, amavi, amatus base = ama

• For the I form (1st person singular) use the first principal part.– Amor I am loved

Ablative of Agent

• The person who does the passive verb will use the preposition “a, ab” and the ablative case. We call this the ablative of personal agent.

• The gods are loved by the Romans.• Dei amantur a Romanis.

Ablative of means

• If a thing instead of a person does the verb, we do not use a preposition. Instead we just put the noun in the ablative and call this the ablative of means or instrument.

• The gods are loved with sacrifices.• Dei amantur sacrificiis.

Applying Present Passive Verbs

• Read each active sentence below. Then convert it to passive in English, then translate it into Latin.

• 1. Mars bellum amat.– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

• 2. Vir deos orat.– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

• 3. Servus aram parat.– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

• 4. rex vinum parat.– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

• 5. dei dona dant– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

• 6. Marcus fabulam narrat.– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

•

• 7. Populi sacrificium spectant.– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

• 8. Rex deos timet.– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

• 9. Dei viros et feminae terrent.– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

• 10. Diana silvam regit.– Active ______________________________– Passive ______________________________– Latin passive ___________________________

Apollo and Daphne

• In caelo Apollo est deus artis. In silvā Daphne est nympha. De caelo Apollo pulchram nympham videt. Daphne deo placet. Apollo volat ad terram.

• Cupido quoque nympham videt. Cupido est iratus cum Apollone quod risit Cupidinem. Vult ridēre Apollonem.

• Artis/of the arts; nympha/nymph, nature goddess; deo/to the god; volat/flies; Cupido/Cupid; risit/mocked; vult ridere/wants to mock

• Cupido duas sagittas habet. Prima sagitta est aurea et donum amoris gerit. Cupido Apollonem primā sagittā vulnerat. Secunda sagitta est plumbea; et odium et metum gerit. Daphne sagittā secundā a Cupidine vulneratur.

• Duas/two; sagittas/arrows; prima/first; aurea/golden; amoris/love; vulnerat/wounds; secunda/Second; plumbea/lead; odium/hatred; metum/fear

• Igitur Apollo nympham amat sed non amatur a nymphā. Apollo nescit de plumbeā sagittā. Intrat silvam et nympham salutat sed non salutatur a nymphā. Daphne terretur a deo. Apollo temptat habēre nympham sed Daphne fugit.

• Igitur/therefore; nescit/does not know; de/about; habere/to hold; fugit/flees

• Apollo nympham agitat et clamat, “ Noli fugere! Sum deus Apollo. Te amo!”

• Daphne currit celerius et dicit, “ tu non amaris a me. Terreor a te.”

• Nunc Apollo currit celerius, “Es pulchra,” clamat, “Cupio te.”

• Agitat/chases; noli fugere/don’t run; te/you (acc); currit/runs; celerius/more quickly; dicit/says; tu/you; nunc/now; cupio/want

• Daphne currit celerius, “ Tu non cuperis a me! Te non amo.” Nunc deus et nympha per silvam currunt sed Apollo currit celerrime. Daphne clamat, “ Di immortales! Serva me!”

• Subito nympha mutatur a deis in arborem. Apollo est miser. Non potest habēre nympham. Dicit, “Haec arbor est sacra Apolloni.” Nunc Daphne est laureus, sacra arbor Apollonis et signum victoriae.– Currunt/run; celerrime/ very quickly; Di immortales/immortal

gods; serva me/save me; subito/suddenly; mutatur/ is changed; arborem, arbor/tree; haec/this; laureus/laurel; signum victoriae/sing of victory

CQTE Daphne et Apollo

• 1. Who are Daphne and Apollo?– a.– B.

• 2. What is Apollo’s reaction when he sees Daphne?– A.– B.

• 3. Why does Cupid attack Apollo?– A.– B.

• 4. Describe Cupid’s first arrow and its effect?– A.– B.

• 5. Who was shot with it?– A.– B

• 6. Describe Cupid’s second arrow and its effect.– A.– B.

• 7. Who was shot with the second arrow?– A.– B.

• 8. What problem does Apollo face?– A.– B.

• 9. How does Daphne react to his greeting?– A.– B.

• 10. Why does Daphne flee?– A.– B.

• 11. What does Apollo say to try to stop her?– A.– B.

• 12. What does she say to him in response?– A.– B.

• 13. What does he say next?– A.– B.

• 14. What does she say to explain why she is still running?– A.– B.

• 15. On whom does she call for help?– A.– B.

• 16. How does she change?– A.– B.

• 17. How does Apollo retain his connection to her?– A.– B.

Verb Practice: List the passive verbs with the subject and the ablative of agent or means.

• Verb subject ablative• 1.• 2.• 3.• 4.• 5.• 6.• 7.• 8.

COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVESPossum, active and passive present tense infinitives

Complementary Infinitives

• Some verbs such as possum, paro, debeo, and others have definitions that are incomplete. For a complete action to occur, they need a complementary infinitive.

• The infinitive is the second principal part of the verb which usually ends with “re” and translate as “to verb”– Amo, amare, amavi, amatus amare = to love

Possum

• “possum, posse, potui” is the most commonly used incomplete verb. It is also irregular. Memorize the present tense for this verb and always look for an infinitive in the sentence to complete its meaning.

• Possum I am able possumus we are able• Potes you are able potestis you all are able• Potest he she it is able possunt they are able

Other verbs that frequently use complementary infinitives

• Debeo, debēre, debui, debitus ought, owe• Paro, parare, paravi, paratus prepare• Tempto, temptarem temptavi, temptatus try• Volo, velle, volui want, wish• Nolo, nolle, nolui don’t want• Malo, malle, malui prefer• Cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus desire, want• Incipio, incipere, incept, inceptus begin• Necesse est it is necessary• Prohibeo, prohibēre, prohibui, prohibitus prohibit

Irregular Verbs to Memorize

Linking Verb Sum Present• Sum

– I am• Es

– You are• Est

– He, she, it is• Sumus

– We are• Estis

– You pl are• Sunt

– They are

Possum Present needs infinitive• possum

– I am able• potes

– You are able• potest

– He, she, it is able• possumus

– We are able• potestis

– You pl are able• possunt

– They are able

Irregular Verbs to Memorize

Linking Verb Sum Present• _______________________

– I am• _________________________

– You are• __________________________

– He, she, it is• ____________________________

– We are• ______________________________

– You pl are• _____________________________

– They are

Linking Verb Imperfect Tense• ________________________

– I was• ________________________

– You were• __________________________

– He, she, it was• ________________________

– We were________________________you pl. were___________________________they were

Linking Verb Future Tense• __________________________

– I will be• ____________________________

– You will be• ____________________________

– He, she, it will be• _________________________

– We will be• __________________________

– You pl. will be• _____________________________

– They will be

Possum Present needs infinitive• _______________________

– I am able• _______________________

– You are able• ______________________

– He, she, it is able• _______________________

– We are able• _________________________

– You pl are able• __________________________

– They are able

Possum Imperfect needs infinitive• ________________________

– I was able• _________________________

– You were able• _________________________

– He, she, it was able• _________________________

– We were able____________________________you pl. were able____________________________they were able

Possum Future needs infinitive• __________________________

– I will be able• ____________________________

– You will be able• ___________________________

– He, she, it will be able• ___________________________

– We will be able• ____________________________

– You pl. will be able• _______________________________

– They will be able

Practice with complementary infinitives: underline the incomplete verb and circle the infinitive.

• 1. Claudia cupit habitare cum Lucio.• 2. Quintilla parat laborare culinam.• 3. Possum non dormire.• 4. Paramus intrare villam.• 5. Volo cenare cum amicis.• 6. Cupis habitare in Roma.• 7. debes habere bullam.

Present Passive Infinitives for 1st (are) and 2nd (ēre) conjugations

• Just like verbs, infinitives can be active or passive.• The present active infinitive is the second principal

part and translates as “to verb”– Vocare to call

• The present passive infinitive is formed by changing the final “e” to an “i” and is translated as “to be verbed”– Vocari to be called– Present passive infinitives can also be used as

complementary infinitives.

For each verb give the present active infinitive and translate

and the present passive infinitive and translate.• Verb active inf. Trans. Pass in trans• 1. walk• 2. take care of• 3. praise• 4. bother• 5. prepare• 6. give• 7. tell• 8. look at• 9. fear• 10. frighten

Practice Sentence with PASSIVE INFINITIVES

• 1. debes laudari• 2. Possumus curare filios et filias.• 3. Filii et filiae possunt curari.• 4. Cupit parari.• 5. Necesse est parari.• 6. Necesse est parare.• 7. Potest videri.• 8. Cupit non vexari.

MATCH THE VERB TO THE TRANSLATION

specto

spectas

spectat

spectamus

spectatis

spectant

spector

spectaris

spectatur

spectamur

spectamini

spectantur

I am watching

I am watched

You are watching

You are watched

He, she, it is watching

He, she, it is watched

We are watching

We are watched

You pl. are watching

You pl. are watched

They are watching

They are watched

spectare

To watch

spectari

To be watched

Marcus learns about nature.

• Marcus et Apollodorus in atrio sedent quod in peristylio *frigido manēre non possunt.

• Marcus: Cur habemus hiemem? Terra est *misera, sum miser.

• Apollodorus: Habemus hiemem quod Ceres est misera. Possum narrare tibi fabulam.

Pluto’s Theft Causes Seasons

• Pluto est frater Iovis et Neptuni sed non potest habitare in Monte Olympo quod est deus mortuorum sub terrā. Olim *pulchram feminam in agro spectat. Femina est Proserpina, filia Iovis et Ceris. Statim Proserpina amatur a deo mortuorum. Nemo potest spectare Plutonem ubi Prosperpinam capit et sub terrā gerit.

• Prosperspina est *misera. Non potest vidēre matrem. Timet Plutonem. E deo temptat fugere sed non potest exire regnum mortuorum quod spectatur a Cerbero. Pluto Proserpinam amat sed non amatur a Proserpinā. Deus puellam cenare invitat sed non cupit cenare cum Plutone.

• In terrā Ceres filiam potest non invenire. Quod est misera, terram non curat. Populi sunt *frigidi et *invalidi sine cibo. Sacrificia in templis Ceris sed dea non respondet. Hiems ad terram venit primo tempore. Ceres filiam cupit invenire, sed populi terrae auxilium dare non possunt quod Proserpina est sub terrā.

• Denique Iuppiter iubet Cerem curare terram. Ceres est *irata! Dea clamat, “ Minime! Filiam cupio invenire. Qui habet *meam filiam?”

• Tum deus solis qui potest spectare omnia de caelo narrat fabulam Ceri. “ Pluto pulchram feminam habet. Cepit eam ex agro.”

• Ceres est irata. Proserpinam poscit. Ceres et Pluto clamant. Denique Iuppiter quoque clamat, “ Soror! Frater! Tacite! Habesne, Pluto, puellam?”

• Pluto respondet, “ Ita vero. Proserpinam amo. Nolo dare puellam matri. Volo habēre eam feminae.”

• *Irata Ceres clamat, “ Minime! Potes non habēre meam filiam!”

• Iuppiter dicit, ‘ Prosperpina potest revenire ad terram et matrem sed necesse est feminae non consumere cibum mortuorum.”

• Pluto ridet, “ Tum mecum manet. Consumpsit sex semina mali granati.”

• Iuppiter dicit, “ Sex menses Proserpina manet cum Plutone. Sex menses Proserpina manet cum matre. “

• Ceres filiam habēre potest nunc; igitur• * laeta Ceres terram curat. Est aestas. Ubi

Prosperina sub terrā est, Ceres est misera. Tum est hiems. Proserpina est femina Plutonis et regina mortuorum.

• Marcus est *tacitus diu. Tum rogat, “ Meane mater cibum mortuorum consumit? Potestne revenire ubi aestas revenit?”

• Apollodorus *parvum puerum spectat. “ Tua mater, Marce ,non potest revenire,. Necesse est matri manēre cum Plutone et Proserpinā.”

• *Miser Marcus rogat, “ Amaturne a Plutone et Proserpinā? Curatur a reginā mortuorum? Meam matrem volo vidēre.”

• Apollodorus dicit, “ Placet reginae mortuorum. Es *callidus puer, Marce. Didicisti satis hodie. Volo intrare culinam et consumere *multum cibum. Placetne tibi?”

• “ Ita vero! Volo consumere multum cibum quoque!” Marcus ridet et amabulat ad culinam cum Apollodoro.

Glossary• Frigido/frigidus, -a, -um cold• Hiemem/ hiems, hiemis f. Winter• Tibi/tu you• Fabulam/fabula, -ae sotry• Monte Olympo/Mons Olympus, Montis Olympi Mt. Olympus,

highest mountain in Greece• Mortuorum/mortuus, -a, -um dead• Olim one day, once upon a time• Agro/ ager, agri m. Field• Proserpina/Proserpina, Proserpinae f. Proserpine• Statim immediately• Nemo/ nemo, neminis no one

• Capit/capio, capere, cepi, captus take, capture• Fugere fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum flee• Exire/exeo, exire, exii, exitus leave• Regnum/ regnum, regni n. Kingdom• Quod which• Cerbero/Cerberus, Cerberi n. Cerberus• Invitat/ invito, invitare invitie• Cupit/cupio, cupere wish, want, desire• Invenire/ invenio, invenire• Populi/ populus, populi m. people• Invalidi/invalidus, -a, -um sick

• Sine cibo/ without cibus, cibi m. food• Venit/ venio, venire come• Primo tempore/for the first time• Auxilium/ auxilium, auxilii n. help• Iubet/ iubeo, iubēre order• Minime/no• Revenire/revenio, revenire return• Qui/ who• Tum/then• Solis/ sol, solis m. sun• Omnia/ omnis, omne everything

• Cepit/ took• Eam/ her• Poscit/ posco, poscere demand• Denique/ finally• Tacite/ Shut up! Be quiet!• Ita vero/ yes• Nolo/ nolo, nolle not want• Volo/ volo, velle wish, want• Necesse est/ it is necessary• Consumere/ consumo, consumere eat• Ridet/ rideo, ridēre laugh, mock, smile

• Mecum/ with me• Consumpsit/ eat• Sex/six• Semina/seeds• Mali granati/ pomegranate• Menses/ months• Nunc/ now• Igitur/therefore• Tacitus/quiet• Diu/ for a long time• Rogat/ rogo, rogare ask• Aestas/ aestas, aestatis f. summer

• Tua / tuus, -a, -um your• Dicit/ says• Didicisti/ you have learned• Satis/ enough• Hodie/ today• Culinam/ kitchen

Cqte Marcus Learns about Nature

• 1. Why are Marcus and Apollodorus not doing their lesson outside?– A.– B.

• 2. How do you know Marcus doesn’t like winter?– A.– B.

• 3. What is Apollodorus’ explanation for winter?– A.– B.

• 4. Why doesn’t Pluto live on Olympus?– A.– B.

• 5. Who does he see? Where?– A.– B.

• 6. What does he do when he sees her?– A.– B.

• 7. Why does no one see his action?– A.– B.

• 8. Why is Proserpina unhappy?– A.– B.

• 9. What does she try to do?– A.– B

• 10. Why is she not successful?– A.– B.

• 11. What does Pluto do?– A.– B.

• 12. How does she react?– A.– b

• 13. What is Ceres doing?– A.– B.

• 14. What is she not doing?– A.– B.

• 15. How does this change the earth?– A.– B.

• 16. What does Jupiter order?– A.– B.

• 17. Who finally helps her?– A.– B

• 18. What does Jupiter have to do?– A.– B.

• 19. How does Pluto respond to his brother?– A.– B.

• 20. What condition does Jupiter make regarding Proserpina’s return?– A.– B.

• 21. What does Pluto say she has done?– A.– B.

• 22. How does Jupiter solve the problem?– A.– B.

• 23. What happens during summer? During winter?– A.– B.– C.– D.

• 24. What does Marcus seem to think might happen?– A.– B.

• 25. What does Apollodorus have to tell him?– A.– B.

• 26. Why does Apollodorus stop the lesson?– A.– B.

• 27. What do they plan to do?– A.– B.

Grammar Review

• Passive Verbs: List the passive verbs, the subject, and the ablative of means or agent

• Verb subject ablative• 1.• 2.• 3.• 4.• 5.

Infinitives in context

• Underline all the infinitives in the passage and circle the incomplete verbs that require you to use an infinitive. There are 28 infinitives.

Second declension in context

• For each underlined word in the passage and listed below, give the case ( nominative, genitive, accusative, ablative)

• 1. atrio• 2. Neptuni• 3. mortuorum• 4. deo• 5. regnum• 6. sacrificia

• 7. templis• 8. auxilium• 9. caelo• 10. cibum• 11. puerum• 12. Marcus

Adjectives in context

• For each marked adjective in the text, write the modified noun.

• 1.frigida• 2. misera• 3. pulchram• 4. misera• 5. frigidi• 6. invalidi• 7. irata

• 8. meam• 9. irata• 10. laeta• 11. tacitus• 12. parvum• 13. miser• 14. callidus• 15. multum

Marcus takes a test

• Apollodorus et Marcus fabulas multas narrant. Hodie Marco neccesse est probare scientiam.

• Apollodorus: Quis est Iuppiter?• Marcus: Iuppiter est rex deorum et dearum.• Apollodorus : Ubi Iuppiter habitat?• Marcus : Iuppiter in caelo cum feminā Iunone

habitat.• Apollodorus : Quis est Iuno?

• Marcus : Iuno est regina deorum. Feminas curat.• Apollodorus : Ubi sunt filii Iovis et Iunonis?• Marcus : Mars et Vulcanus sunt filii. Sunt fratres.• Apollodorus : Quis est deus belli?• Marcus : Mars est deus belli. Vulcanus est deus

flammis.• Apollodorus : quis est femina Vulcani?• Marcus : Venus est femina Vulcani. Est dea amoris.

• Apollodorus : Qui sunt fratres Iovis?• Marcus : Neptunus deus aquae et Pluto rex

mortuorum sunt. Mea mater cum Plutone habitat nunc.

• Apollodorus : Qui sunt sorores Iovis?• Marcus : Ceres dea frumenti et Iuno et Vesta dea foci

sunt sorores Iovis. • Apollodorus : Quid faciunt Virgines Vestae?• Marcus : Flamma Vestae curatur a Virginibus Vestae.

• Apollodorus : Qui sunt gemini?• Marcus : Gemini deorum sunt Apollo deus

artium et Diana dea lunae.• Apollodorus : Quis est Minerva?• Marcus : Minerva est dea sapientiae et belli.

Potest mittere fulmina. Timeo Minervam.

• Apollodorus : Quis est nuntius deorum?• Marcus : Mercurius est nuntius deorum.• Apollodorus : Quis est deus vini?• Marcus : Est Bacchus!• Apollodorus : Es callidus! Scisne Graecia

nomina deorum?

• Marcus : Iupiter est Zeus,– Iuno est Hera,– Neptunus est Poseidon, – Vesta est Hestia,– Ceres est Demeter, – Pluto est Hades

– Mars est Ares– Venus est Aphrodite– Minerva est Athena– Diana est Artemis– Mercurius est Hermes– Bacchus est Dionysius– Vulcanus est Hephaestus et– Apollo est Apollo

• Apollodorus A: Bene, bene! Laudo te! Es callidus puer.

• Tum Ferox ambulat ad Marcum qui rogat, “Estne deus canis?”

Arachne adapted from Latin for the New Millennium

• Arachne valde bene texere potest. Putat se posse Minervam vincere. Arachne dicit: “Minerva est dea, sed cum eā certabo eamque vincam. Eius ars non est valde magna.” Minerva verba Arachnes audit et magnā irā movetur. “Nunc in araneam mutaberis; “ inquit Minerva, “semper texes, sed verba dicere non poteris.” Propter iram deae misera Arachne corpus araneae iam habet.

• Arachne ( nom) Arachnes (acc) - Arachne (means spider in Greek

• Aranea, araneae f. spider• Ars, artis f. skill• Certo, certare, certavi, certatum to compete• Dea, deae f. goddess• Minerva, minervae f. Minerva• Muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum change• Texo, texere, texui, textum weave

Culminating Activity• 1. Translate passage in small groups.• 2. Go over passage• 3. Divide passage per group– A. write CQTE for your passage– B. Ask to class; call on and record answers– C. Underline verbs and tell whether active or passive and draw

a box around who does the verb– D. Circle the infinitives and draw a broken line under the

incomplete verb– E. Give cases for any 1st or 2nd declension nouns – F. Match adjectives to nouns by drawing an arrow.

The Wedding

• In atrio stant Gaius Claudius Maximus et Publius Aemelius Lentulus cum familiis. Familiae exspectant quod Claudia non ambulat e cubiculo.

• Lucius ambulat ad Titum et rogat, “Ubi est tuus frater?”– Exspectant/ are waiting

• Titus Lucium videt et respondet, “ Marcus est cum Helga, nutrice. Meus pater est sollicitus de Marco. Est miser puer post Lucretia mortua est.”

• Lucius respondet, “ Rogo non de Marco sed de Gaio. Gaius et ego sunt amici. In eadem legione eramus. Ubi est meus amicus?”– Cum/with; nutrice/nurse; sollicitus/worried; de/about;

post/after; rogo/ask; amici/friends; eadem/same; legione/legion; eramus/we were; amicus/friend

• Titus respondet, “ Gaius cum Plutone sub terrā est. Meus frater Gaius est mortuus. Neptunus navem delevit ubi navigabat e Graeciā. Mercurius animum mei fratri duxit ad regnum mortuorum. Sed possumus non habēre corpus. Gaius est misera umbra nunc. Meus pater sacrificia Gaii umbrae cotidie dat.”– Mortuus/dead; navem/ship; delevit/destroyed;

navigabat/was sailing; Graecia/Greece; animum/soul; duxit/led; regnum mortuorum/kingdom of the dead; corpus/body; umbra/ghost; nunc/now; cotidie/every day

• Lucius est attonitus, “Pro Iove! Nescivi de morte Gaii. Erat bonus vir. Claudia et ego sacrificia cotidie faciemus.”

• Claudia nunc ambulat e cubiculo et gerit stolam et pallam claram nuptae. Pro larario Claudia stat et sedet bullam in arā. Quoque orat Iunoni et Veneri de matrimonio. Tum orat familiae, “ Iuppiter et Vesta et Ceres, si vobis placet, curate meam familiam. Apollo et Diana, si vobis placet, nolite mittere sagittas morbi contra meam familiam. Laboraverant satis mortis.” Claudia a larario ad patrem Gaium ambulat.

– Attonitus/shocked; Pro Iove/ For Jupiter (Oh my god); nescivi/I did not know; morte/death; ego/I; cotidie/every day; faciemus/we will make; nunc/now; claram/bright; nuptae/of a bride; pro larario/in front of the household shrine; tum/then; si/if; vobis/to you; curate/take care of; noli mittere/ don’t send; sagittas/arrows; morbi/illness; contra/against; laboraverant satis mortis/they have suffered enough death

• Gaius Claudiam tenet, “Est tempus. Necesse est mihi filiam dare in matrionium. Lucius est bonus vir. Tua mater eum amavit. Tu eris laeta cum hoc viro.”

• Sacerdos sacrificium facit et dicit, “ Omina sunt bona.” Caerimonia incipit. Lucius Claudiam trahit a Gaio et stant pro sacerdote. Claudia verba matrimonii recitat,

• “ Ubi es Gaius, sum Gaia.” Lucius ridet et osculum Claudiae dat.– Tempus/time; matrimonium/marriage;

bonus/good; eum/him; amavit/liked; tu/you; eris/will be; hoc/this; sacerdos/priest (nominative); omina/omens; bona/good; caerimonia/ceremony; incipit/begin; trahit/drags; pro sacerdote/ in front of the priest; verba/words; matrimonii/marriage; recitat/recites; ridet/smiles; osculum/kiss

Subito terra sub villā movit. Claudia clamat, “Est Neptunus! Movit terram tridente. Timeo! Potesne facere sacrificium Neptuno?” Sacerdos celeriter orat Neptuno et dat sacrificium in arā. Terra non movit. Claudia est nunc laeta.Lucius et Claudia ambulant e villā Gaii et ad villam Publii. Familiae et amici ambulant cum viro et feminā. Titus quoque ambulat sed non est laetus. Dicit sibi, “ Dei sunt irati. Neptunus iam meum fratrem habet. Quid facient nunc?”

Post familias Mons Vesuvius mittit fumum in caelum sed possunt non vidēre periculum sub terrā.

• subito/suddenly; tridente/trident; sacerdos/priest; celeriter/quickly; nunc/now; amici/friends; dicit sibi/ says to himself; iam/already; quid facient nunc/what will they do now; post/behind; Mons Vesuvius/mount Vesuvius; periculum/danger