oil &gas processing 1-2

8/9/2019 Oil &Gas Processing 1-2

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Slide No: 1

NNPC Graduate Programme Methods

Generally:Crude Oil Consists of Thousands o

Exact Analysis/Separation Into Co

Analysis Normally Into Fractions of

Analysis Methods

Ultimate Analysis

Produces PERCENTAGES of DiCompounds

Says Very Little About Crude

Useful in Sulphur Content Dete

of Crude Analysis

Compounds

ponent Compounds Impossible

Different Boiling Point Range

fferent ELEMENTS of Crude

ompounds and Characteristics

mination


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Slide No: 2

NNPC Graduate Programme

CRUDE Properties/Eleme

SG Temp C.Penn 0.86 15 85.5 1

Mecook 0.89 - 83.6 1

Humbolt 0.91 - 85.6 1

Headldton - - 85.0 1

Coalinga 0.95 15 86.4

Mexico 0.97 15 83.0

Beaumont 0.91 - 85.7

USSR 0.89 - 86.5

S. America 0.94 20 85.6

Method

ts Percentages

H. N. O. S..2 - - -

.9 - 3.6 -

2.4 - - 0.37

2.9 - - 0.76

1.7 1.14 - 0.60

1.0 1.7 - 4.30

1.0 2.61 - 0.70

2.0 - 1.5 -

1.9 0.54 - -

of Crude Analysis


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Slide No: 3


Chemical AnalysisProduces Percentages of Crude

Paraffins

Straight Chain Hydrocarbo

Single Bond Hydrocarbons

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Naphthenes

Carbon Arranged in Ring

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Single Bond Hydrocarbon

Also Called Cycloalkanes

Cycloparaffins

Alicyclic Hydrocarbons

Method

s

100 %Paraffins

100 %

Aromatics

100 %Naphthenes

of Crude Analysis


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Slide No: 4


Chemical AnalysisProduces Percentages of Cru

Aromatics

Consists of Benzene

Molecule Consists ofSix Hydrogen Atoms

Can be Determined by ChemiRanges

Cn

Determine Proportions of

Cannot Determine Actual Qua

Method

e

olecules or their Multiples

ix Carbon Atoms Bonded in a Ring With

al Analysis orSolvent Test in Temp

araffins, Naphthenes and Aromatics

tities

of Crude Analysis


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Slide No: 5


Paraffinic Crudes

paraffins + naphthenes > 50

paraffins > naphthenes

paraffins > 40%

Naphthenic Crudes

paraffins + naphthenes > 50

naphthenes > paraffins

naphthenes > 40%

Paraffinic-Naphthenic Crudes

Aromatics < 50%

paraffins < 40%

naphthenes < 40%

Chemical AnalysisSummary of Crude Classifications

Method

(in order of decreasing value):

of Crude Analysis


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Slide No: 6


Aromatic-Naphthenic Crudes

Aromatics > 50%

Naphthenes < 25%

Paraffins < 10%

Aromatic-Intermediate Crudes

Aromatics > 50%

Paraffins < 10%

Aromatic-Asphaltic Crudes Naphthenes > 25%

Paraffins < 10%

Chemical Analysis

Summary of Crude Classifications (in

Method

rder of decreasing value):

of Crude Analysis


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Slide No: 7


Evaluation Analysis

Mainly Fractional Distillation

Followed by Physical Property Tes

Fractions Properties Given Include

API Gravity

Viscosity

Aniline Point

Flash Point

Pour Point

% Sulfur

% Yield, etc

Used to Produce Evaluation Analys

Used to Predict and Determine Cru

ASTM Test Method D2887

Method

of Distilled Fractions

:

s Curves

de Yield/Properties at the Refinery

of Crude Analysis


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Slide No: 8


Evaluation Analysis Method

Typical Crude Oil

Gravity, API

BS&W, Vol%

Sulfur, wt%

Pour Point Test, 0C

Viscosity, SUS @ 100 0F

Reid Vapour Press, psi @

Salt, lbm/1,000 bbl

Lighter Compounds and

Material Range Viscosity Yield GrP.Pt An. Pt(0F) ( SUS ) (Vol%) 0API (wt%)

Gas Loss 60 - 200 - 10.7

Light Petrol 60 - 400 - 31.0-

Kerosine 400 - 500 32.33 13.5

Diesel 500 - 650 43.83 15.7

Lube 650+ 80 38.8

Method

Evaluation (Norway) Crude

= 36.3

= 1.0

= 0.21

= +20.0

= 42.48

100 0F = 5.1

= 14.5

2 Vol% = 1.0

avity %S Para Naph Arom C. Res

(Vol%) (Vol%) (Vol%) (wt%) (0F) (0F)

7.2 0.003 - - -

0.1 0.0024 56.52 29.52 - 13.96

40.2 0.05 - - 13.1 - 146.2

33.7 0.11 0.08 25 165.3

- 0.39 - - 4.0 85

of Crude Analysis


9/32

Slide No: 9


Evaluation Analysis Method

Method

Typical Crude Oil Evaluation (N

Gravity, API

BS&W, Vol%

Sulfur, wt%

Pour Point Test, 0C

Viscosity, SUS @ 100 0F

Reid Vapour Press, psi @Salt, lbm/1,000 bbl

Lighter Compounds and

Material Range Viscosity Yield Gravity %S(0F) ( SUS ) (Vol%) 0API (wt%)

Gas Loss 60 - 200 - 10.7 77.2 0.00Light Petrol 60 - 400 - 31.0 60.1 0.00

Kerosine 400 - 500 32.33 13.5 40.2 0.05

Diesel 500 - 650 43.83 15.7 33.7 0.11

Lube 650+ 80 38.8 - 0.3

of Crude Analysis

rway) Crude

= 36.3

= 1.0

= 0.21

= +20.0

= 42.48

100 0F = 5.1= 14.5

2 Vol% = 1.0

Para Naph Arom C. Res P.Pt An. Pt.(Vol%) (Vol%) (Vol%) (wt%) (0F) (0F)

3 - - - -24 56.52 29.52 - 13.96 -

- - 13.1 - 146.2

- - -0.08 -25 165.3

- - - 4.0 -85 -


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Slide No: 10


Evaluation C

Evaluation Curves for 32 0API Interm

Method

urves

ediate-Base crude of K = 11-.65

of Crude Analysis


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Slide No: 11


General Properties Analysis

General Laboratory PVT Anal

Determine Properties Such a

Specific Gravity (60/60 0F

API Gravity (@ 60 0F) p

Water Content (BS&W) %

Kinetic Viscosity (@ 100

Pour Point

Gas-Oil Ratio

Total Acid Gas Number

Sulfur Content (% WT)

Method

sis

:

)

0API

Vol.

0F) (cp)

of Crude Analysis


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Slide No: 12


PVT CRUDE

Method

IL ANALYSIS

of Crude Analysis


13/32

Slide No: 13

NNPC Graduate Programme Crude Oi

General Classification

Paraffin Base

Intermediate Base

Naphthene Base

Cannot be Used for Crude Exhibiting

Basis Classification

ifferent Characteristics for Different Ends


14/32

Slide No: 14


USBM Hempel Distillation Classificatio

Uses Hempel Distillation to Classif

Key Fractions

Key Fraction 1

Boiling Point p 4820F - 5 At atmospheric Press

Lighter End (Petrol)

Key Fraction 2

Boiling Point p 5270

F - 57 At 40mm Abs. Press

Heavy End (Lube)

Crude Oi

Crude into :

70F

0

F



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Slide No: 15


USBM Hempel Distillation Classificati

Both Fractions are Tested for API

General Classification Bases

Paraffin, Intermediate & Napht

Key Fraction 2 is Tested for Cloud

Naming of Crude Base:

Key Fraction 1 Base Named Fi

Wax Bearing p If k-2 Cloud

Wax Free p If k-2 Cloud PoiExample

Paraffin-Intermediate-Wax Free

Petrol Portion p Paraffin

Lube Portion p Intermediate

Heavy Portion p Wax Free

Crude Oi

n

hene

Point

rst B4 Key Fraction 2 Base

oint " 5 0F

t 5 0F



16/32

Slide No: 16


Numerical Correlation IndicesAn Index that Classifies Crude Base

Characterisation Factor

Developed by Watson, Nelson &

Used for Both Crude and Refine

= Molar Average Boiling Point

= Specific Gravity at 60 0F

= Crude Characterisation Facto

= Normal Boiling Point Temper

KK

33 460!! BB

TTK

BT

KK

BT

Crude Oi

ith a Number

Murphy

d Products

emperature in 0R

ature in 0F

KK

33 460!! BB

TTK



17/32

Slide No: 17


Numerical Correlation Indices

Values of 12.5 or Higher Indicate a CHighly Aromatic Crude Have Charac

Petrol: K $ 12.8; Kerosene: K $ 11.

Large K

High API

High Tendency Towards Petrol

More Paraffin

Small K

Low API

More Aromatics

Viscosity p K q Q o

Used to Correlate Both Crude Oil an

Crude Oi

rude Predominantly Paraffinic.erization Factors of 10.0 or Less.

4; Diesel: K $ 11.4

Refined Products



18/32

Slide No: 18


USBM Hempel Fractio

Crude Oi

s/Characteristic Factor



19/32

Slide No: 19


Correlation IndexHas Been Used by USDOE for

= Crude Specific Gravity at 60

= Crude Avg. Normal Boiling

Low IC p Indicates Paraffin

IC = 0 p Purely Paraffin

High IC p Highly Aromatic

IC = 100 p Purely B

B

C

TI

875558.4657.473 ! K

BT

K

Crude Oi

rude from ALL Fields in the US

F

oint Temp. in 0R

nzene

B

C

TI

875558.4657.473 ! K



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Slide No: 20


Properties of Pe

Reservoir Crude Sampling MethodsWireline Sampling Methods

Surface Sampling Collection

Information From Fluid Sampling

Solution GOR

STO GOR

Separated GOR at Different

Phases Volume

FVF

Bubble Point Pressure Oil Viscosity

STO API

Saturated Reservoir Fluid Co

Casing Head Gas Fraction A

Reservoir Fluid Fraction Ana

roleum Crude and Products

ressure

mpressibility

alysis

ysis


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Slide No: 21


Assay

Laboratory Analysis Using Chro

Determines

API Gravity

Reid Vapor Pressure

Pour PointWater and Sediment Content

Salt Content

Sulfur content

Hydrogen Sulfide Content

Normally Furnished to Customer

Properties of Pe

atograph and True Boiling Point Distillation

and Transporters



22/32

Slide No: 22


Gas Oil RatioSolution GOR

Gas Dissolved in Oil

Quantity Limited Only by P

Amount of Gas in Reservoir Fl

Unit: SCF/STB

Depends on:

Composition of Gas and C

Compositions ApproachinPres

Pressure o GOR o @ Cons

Temp. o GOR q @ Const.

Average GOR

GOR for a Period Per Day

Cumulative GOR

GOR for a Period

Properties of Pe

ressure and Quantity of Gas Available

id

ude

One another ; GOR o @ Const. Temp &

. Temp.

Press



23/32

Slide No: 23


Gas Oil Ratio

Produced GOR Produced Gas per Produced S

Depends on:

Composition: More Lighter

Separator Pressure o GOR

Separator Temp. o GOR o S

Uses of GOR

Indicates Fluid Composition

GOR o Lighter Ends o

Crude Saturation

Saturated Crude

Gives Out Gas Upon Press

Under Saturated

Gives Out No Gas Upon Pre

Properties of Pe

O

End;GORo

@ Const. Temp

O q

eduction

ssure Reduction



24/32

Slide No: 24


API Gravity

Basic Formula

Relationship with Other Properties

Molar Mass - Fig 1-1

API o Molar Mass q

Specific Heat/Total Heat - Fig 1-11

API o Specific Heat o

% Crude Distilled - Fig 1-13

API o % Distilled o

% Distilled o API of % Distilled q

Mean Boiling Point - Fig 1-10

API o MBP q

Viscosity - Fig 1-12

API o QO q

5.1315.1410 !

o

APIK

Properties of Pe

Fig 1-10

Crude Oil and Condensate PropertiesAPI Correlation



25/32

Slide No: 25


ViscosityAbility of Fluid to Flow

Units:

Saybolt Universal Seconds(SUS)

Represented by tSU

Centipoise (cp)

Represented by QO

Basic Formula

SU

SU

O

O

tt

7.149219.0 !

K

Properties of Pe

Fig 1-11a

Specific Heat and Heat Content Vs API Curve



26/32

Slide No: 26


Fig 1-12

Relationship Between Viscosity

and Temp of Fluids of Different API

Properties of Pe



27/32

Slide No: 27


Fig 1-13Evaluation Curves of Intermediate-Base

Crude of Characterization Factor 11.8

Properties of Pe



28/32


29/32

Slide No: 29


ests for Pet

No Property Test1. Gravity ASTM D 287 API Gravity of Petroleum Crude and Products

2. Hydrocarbon Distribution ASTM D 86 Distillation of Petroleum Products

3. Salt ASTM D 3230 Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric Method)

4. Sediments and/or Water ASTM D 96 Sediment & Water of Oil by Centrifuge Method

5. Sulfur ASTM D 129 Sulfur in Petro. Prod.(General Bomb Method)

6. Surfactant-Flow Improver Field Desorption - Mass Spectrometry

7. Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure for Petro. Prod. (Reid Method)

8. Metals Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy

9. Neutralization Number Acid Number of Petro. Prod. By Potentiometric Titration

ASTM - American Society of Testing Materials

oleum Crude and Products

No Property Test1. Gravity ASTM D 287 API Gravity of Petroleum Crude and Products

2. Hydrocarbon Distribution ASTM D 86 Distillation of Petroleum Products

3. Salt ASTM D 3230 Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric Method)

4. Sediments and/or Water ASTM D 96 Sediment & Water of Oil by Centrifuge Method

5. Sulfur ASTM D 129 Sulfur in Petro. Prod.(General Bomb Method)

6. Surfactant-Flow Improver Field Desorption - Mass Spectrometry

7. Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure for Petro. Prod. (Reid Method)

8. Metals Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy

9. Neutralization Number Acid Number of Petro. Prod. By Potentiometric Titration

ASTM - American Society of Testing Materials


30/32

Slide No: 30

NNPC Graduate ProgrammeTy

Types of Crude Oil

Li uid Petroleum

Consists Larger Hydrocarbon Molecul

Petroleum Oil

Low Shrinkage Oil

Separator Pressure and Temperat

Little Amount of gas Bubbles Out

Low Surface GOR ( 500 scf/stb) High Viscosity

Low API 300

80% of Product Remain as Li uid

es of Crude Oil

s

re Close to its Bubble Point

t Separator Condition


31/32

Slide No: 31


High Shrinkage Oil

Separator Pressure and Tem

High Amount of Gas Bubble

Medium Surface GOR 800

Retrograde Condensate

Separator Pressure and TemRegion While Reservoir Con

Ty

perature Quite Below Bubble Point

Out

scf/stb

perature Within Fluid Two-Phaseition in Gas Phase

es of Crude Oil


32/32

Slide No: 32

NNPC Graduate ProgrammeTy

es of Crude Oil

oil &gas processing 1-2

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