of anamudi shola national park - munnar wildlife
TRANSCRIPT
1
FIRST
MANAGEMENT PLANOF
ANAMUDI SHOLA NATIONAL PARK
2009 - 2018DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
INDEXPages
PART - I THE PROTECTED AREA: THE EXISTING SITUATION 1-33CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA 1-4
1.1 Name, Location, constitution and extent 1
1.2 Approach and access 2
1.3 Statement of significance 3
1.4 Values of the Park 3
CHAPTER - 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND ATTRIBUTES 5-18
2.1 Boundaries 5
2.2 Geology Rock and Soil 7
2.3 Terrain 7
2.4 Climate 8
2.5 Water sources 10
2.6 Range of wildlife, status, distribution and habitat 11
CHAPTER - 3 HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT AND PRESENT PRACTICES 19-31
3.1 General 19
3.2 Timber operation 20
3.3 Non Wood Forest Collection 20
3.4 Leases 20
3.5 Other programmes and activities 20
3.6 Forest protection 20
3.7 Visitor Management 27
3.8 Research monitoring and training 28
3.9 Wildlife conservation strategies & evaluation 29
3.10 Administrative set up 29
3.11 Infrastructure facilities 29
3.12 Communication 30
3.13 Summary of threats to wildlife 30
CHAPTER - 4 THE PROTECTED AREA AND THE INTERFACE LAND USESITUATION
32-33
4.1 The existing situation in the zone of influence 32
4.2 The Development program and conservation issues 33
PART - II PROPOSED MANAGEMENT 34-75CHAPTER - 5 PLAN OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEMS 35-41
5.1 Objectives 35
5.2 Problems in achieving objectives & strategies to overcomethe problems
35
CHAPTER - 6 STRATEGIES-BOUNDARIES, ZONATION, ZONE PLANS ANDTHEME PLANS
42-57
6.1 Boundaries 43
6.2 Zonation 45
6.3 Zone plans 45
6.3.1 Plan for core zone 45
6.3.2 Plan for restoration zone 47
6.3.3 Plan for buffer zone 49
6.4 Theme plans 50
6.4.1 Protection plan 50
6.4.2 Fire protection 55
6.4.3 Watershed and water resource management 57
CHAPTER - 7 TOURISM, INTERPRETATION AND CONSERVATION EDUCATION 58-59
7.1 Environmental conservation awareness 58
7.2 Nature-based regulated tourism 59
CHAPTER - 8 ECODEVELOPMENT 60-63
CHAPTER - 9 RESEARCH, MONITORING AND TRAINING 64-65
9.1 Research 64
9.2 Monitoring 65
9.3 Training 65
CHAPTER -10 ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION 66-68
10.1 Structure 66
10.2 Responsibilities 66
CHAPTER -11 THE BUDGET 69-75
PART-III APPENDICES 76-118Annexure -1 Notification No. 12875/F2/2003/F&WLD dated 14.12. 2003 76
Annexure -2 Trees, Shrubs, Herbs of Anamudi Shola National Park 77
Annexure -3 List of birds recorded from Anamudi Shola NP 83
Annexure -4 Butterflies of Anamudi Shola NP 86
Annexure -5 List of moths recorded from Anamudi Shola NP 89
Annexure -6 RET species of Pteridophytes from Anamudi Shola NP 93
Annexure -7 RET species of Angiosperms from Anamudi Shola NP 94
Annexure -8 Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forestvide letter No. F(c) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005
97
Annexure -9 Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93
99
Anneuxre-10 GoK agreement with HNL 04-10-2007 101
Annexure-11 List of Control forms 107
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA
1.1. Name, location, constitution and extent
Anamudi Shola National Park (ASNP) was declared as National Park in December 2003 as per
Notification No. 12876/F2 2003/F & WLD dated 14.12.2003 of the Kerala Government
(Annexure 1). It is located on the north-eastern part of the High Ranges of southern Western
Ghats. The ASNP consists of three Reserve Forests namely Mannavan Shola Reserve No. 58,
Pullaradi Shola Reserve No. 57 and Idivara Shola Reserve No. 56 which were notified on 22nd
October 1901 under Section 18 of regulation II of 1068. Together they occupy an area of 33.45
sq. km (as per SOI topo sheets) where as the notified extent is only 7.50 km2. The Park is
located within 10° 09¢ 58.48¢¢ to 10° 14¢ 52.37¢¢ N latitude and 77° 09¢ 23.47¢¢ to 77° 14¢ 42.11¢¢
E longitude and falls in the Kanthallur and Vattavada Panchayats of Devikulam Taluk of Idukki
District (Fig.1). The Park includes three distinct but typical sholas of which Mannavan shola is
the largest in South India.
In Muvattupuzha part of Malayattoor Working Plan for the period 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri.
T.P. Viswanathan, for Mannavan shola, Idivara Shola and Pullaradi Shola, it is stated that (1)
Mannavan Shola - though the area as per notification is 2 sq. miles (1280 acres) the area
indicated on the concerned map exceeds 3100 acres and that maintained on the ground
roughly corresponds to the area indicated on the map (page 101). (2) Idivila Shola - though the
area as per notification is 150 acres the area indicated on the concerned map exceeds 3000
acres and that maintained on the gound roughly corresponds to the area indicated on the map
(page 99) and (3) Pullaradi Shola - though the area as per notification is 400 acres, the area
indicated on the concerned map exceeds 3000 acres and that maintained on the gound roughly
corresponds to the area indicated on the map (page 105). It was prescribed in page 72 of
working plan to take early steps to survey and notify the Shola Reserves. The extent within the
notified boundaries has also been checked and calculated by the GIS unit working under the
Chief Conservator of Forests (FMIS). As per the findings of GIS unit extent comes to 32.85 km2.
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1.2. Approach and access
The townships of Munnar and Marayur are situated at distances of 35 kms and 20 kms
respectively from the National Park. Munnar is accessible from Kochi (120 kms) and
Coimbatore (150 kms) airports along main roads. The nearest railway station in Kerala is Aluva
(120 km from Munnar) and in Tamil Nadu, Pollachi (100 km). A road connecting Kanthallur -
Sethuparvathipuram (S.P.Puram) traverses through Mannavan shola for a distance of about 6
kms. Two coupe roads namely, Methappu–Valsapattykudy (9 km) and Koodallarkudy-Kovilur
(1.5 km) provide access to the tribal hamlets inside.
Fig. 1: Location map of ASNP
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1.3. Statement of Significance
The ASNP represents a large number of plants and animals unique to the high altitude shola-
grassland vegetation. The Mannavan Shola is the largest shola forest patch in South India. The
giant fern, Cyathia crinita reaching to upto 6m height is a unique character of Mannavan Shola.
Out of 543 species of pteridophytes and angiosperms recorded in Mannavanshola, nearly 20%
(109 species) are ‘endemic’ and 25% (128 species) classified as ‘rare’ and another 26 species are
considered to be in a ‘threatened state’. Two rare Pteridophytes namely, Elaphoglossum
stelligerum Sledge and Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory ex Willd.) that have been collected by Kaulf
from Mannavanshola are new records to Kerala (Kumar, 1997). About 11 species of fungi are
recorded from this Shola of which Collectotrichum acutatum is a new record to Kerala. The
endemic and elusive Nigiri marten (Martes gwatkinsii) is found in the Park. Out of the 16
endemic birds of Western Ghats, 9 are reported from the Park.
The Park provides the only source of water not only for the tribal hamlets within, but also for
the inhabitants of Kanthallur, Puthur, Perumala, Pazhathottam and Silandiyar. The Park also
has unique features and provides ample academic opportunities for studying the biodiversity of
montane vegetation and the ecological roles associated with the ecosystem. It can also serve as
a field laboratory for activities like conservation education, research and monitoring and
participatory management.
1.4. Values of the Park
1.4.1. Value related to flora.
§ Well-protected representative example of shola eco system in Western Ghats.
§ Exceptional species diversity
§ Significant population of locally endemic species
§ Ideal place for “in-situ” germ plasm conservation of rare and threatened species liketree ferns.
§ National Park harbours a large number of Medicinal Plants.
1.4.2. Values related to fauna.
§ Exceptional species diversity of birds.
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§ Significant population of insects especially butterflies.
§ Provides vital connectivity for animal movements.
1.4.3. Values related to watershed
§ Conservational value associated with watershed for drinking and irrigation.
1.4.4. Values related to education and research
§ Research and monitoring values associated with endemism, biodiversity, human-wildlifeinteraction etc.
§ Educational value associated with nature education, nature exploration and adventure.
1.4.5. Aesthetic values
§ Potential areas for bird watching, trekking etc.
§ Potential areas for nature interpretation
1.4.6. Socio-Economic value
§ Livelihood to resource dependent communities through ecotourism.
1.4.7. Cultural Value
§ Ethnic tribal heritage of Muthuvan community.
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CHAPTER 2BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND ATTRIBUTES
2.1. Boundaries
2.1.1. Legal Boundaries
The boundary description as per the notification is as follows:
North: - Starting from Ottakombumala (hill point 2164) on the south western corner of Tirthalar
proposed reserve forests, thence along the southern boundary of the said reserve till it reaches
the northeastern corner of Mannavan shola reserve thence along the northeastern boundary of
the said reserve up to Madavarimala, thence northeast along the southern boundary of Idivara
Shola reserve passing along hill points 2153,2104, 2199, 2132, 2127 (Velligirimala)
East: - Starting from hill point at 2127 (Velligirimala) runs along the eastern boundary of Idivara
Shola Reserved Forests and Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forest till it reaches the south eastern
corner of Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forests adjoining the boundary of Kannan Devan Hills village
concession lands.
South: - Starting from the south eastern corner of Pullaradi Shola reserved Forests runs more or
less south along the southern boundary of Pullaradi Shola Reserved forests, Idivara Shola
Reserved Forest and Mannavan Shola reserved Forests adjoining to the Northern Boundary of
Kannan Devan Hills Village Concession lands till it reaches Tirthamala.
West: - Starting from Tirthamala runs along eastern boundary of Mannavan Shola Reserved
Forests till it reaches hill point 2164, Ottakombumala.
The legal boundaries of ASNP is already been surveyed up to 75% and marketed with
permanent cairns and the remaining area needs to be demarcated with cairns.
The Park has an area of 32.85 km2 (as per the GIS cell at Forest Headquarters) where as the
notified extent is only 7.50 km2. Some discrepancies have been noticed with regard to the area
of the three Reserve Forests. For instance, there is a vast difference in the area of the Shola
Reserves as notified in 1901 under section 18 of regulation II of 1068 and the areas indicated on
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the map. This has been specially noted in the Working Plan for the Moovattupuzha part of
Malayattur Division for the period from 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan. According
to the Working Plan, the area of three Shola Reserves (Mannavan, Pullaradi and Idivara Sholas)
is 9100 acres (36.82 km2) where as the notified area is only 7.50 km2.
As per the GPS survey conducted by KFRI, the extent of the Park is 43.35 km2. Park authority
has also carried out GPS survey along the forest boundary presently maintained by them which
indicates an extent of 39.02 km2. The differences in area of the Park in the above documents
are shown in Table 1.
Table.1: Comparative statement on the extent of ASNP
Name ofreserve
Area (km2) notifiedas per notification(No.50/03/F&WLD
dt. 10.10.2003
Area as perreserve
notificationAcres (km2)
Area as perWorking
PlanAcres (km2)
GPS surveyby KFRI
(km2) (reportNo.15)
GPSsurvey byPark Aut.
(km2)Pullaradishola
7.5400 (1.62) 3000 (12.14)
20.8539.02
Idivara Shola 150 (0.61) 3000 (12.14)Mannavanshola
1280 (5.18) 3100 (12.54) 22.50
Total 7.5 1830 (7.41) 9100 (36.82) 43.35 39.02
2.1.2. Ecological Boundaries
On the northern side, the Park is bordered by the forests of Marayoor Sandal Division and a
part of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary. The eastern side is bordered partly by the Kurinjimala
Sanctuary. On the southern and western side are the forests of Kannan Devan Hills and the tea
estates. The Park provides ecological connectivity between the Anamalai Tiger Reserve,
proposed Palni Hills National Park and the forests of Kannan Devan Hills.
The shola forests adjoining the western boundary of Idivara Shola Reserve Forest of the Park
though falling in the jurisdiction of Marayur Division have not yet been declared as RF and are
are categorized as revenue lands. The lower portion of this land has recently been identified
and surveyed for distribution. Similiarly, the forests of KDH adjoining the southern and western
flanks of the Park, though proposed for notification as RF still remain as revenue lands.
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2.1.3. Internal Boundaries
The plantations are not clearly demarcated on the map. The rights of the Muduvan tribes have
also not been settled yet. At present, the area is managed as a single unit.
2.2. Geology, rock and soil
The underlying rock formation consists principally of gneiss of a granitic nature, very often
foliated and composed of quartz, feldspar and biotite. The soil is deep in general, but shallow
along the ridges and hilltops. Soils in lower slopes and valleys are considerably deeper and
finer.
Soil sampling and analysis of Pullaradi shola and Mannavan shola carried out by KFRI shows
gravel contents in the samples. The soil physical and chemical properties are shown in Table 2.
Table.2: Characteristics of soils from Anamudi shola forests
LocationSand
%Silt%
Clay%
SoilpH
Organiccarbon,
%
Av. N%
Av. Pppm
Av. K%
Av.Ca%
Av. Mg%
Mannavanshola
69 11 20 4.4 2.46 0.018 8 0.197 0.034 0.0095
Pullaradishola
64 14 22 4.1 5.05 0.042 15 0.310 0.040 0.0096
Source: KFRI Extension Project Report No. 15
The soil of Mannavan Shola is dark brown, granular, porous and friable, low in gravel content,
rich in organic matter and all nutrients, faunal voids including termite nests, extremely acid and
loam. In Pullaradi shola, the soil is dark brown, porous, medium in organic matter and all
nutrients, disintegrating organic debris, extremely acid and loam with very low gravel content.
2.3. Terrain
The terrain is undulating with hillocks of varying heights. The altitude ranges between 1600m-
2400m. The forest is seen as a continuous patch from 1600m to 2000m, above which are small
shola patches dispersed among the grasslands that are planted up with wattle. The area is
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traversed by small streams which drain into the Pambar River and Thalanchiyar to reach
Amaravathi Reservoir in Tamil Nadu.
2.3.1. Contour
The contour maps of the ASNP were prepared by KFRI using 1:50,000 SOI toposheets (Fig.2).
The digital output was generated using Map Info software.
2.4. Climate
The ASNP lies towards the north eastern side of the Kanan Devan Hills of the High Ranges. As
the rain clouds travel further east, they undergo the influence of desiccation and hence rainfall
during south west monsoon is less. But due to its aspect, heavy rains occur during the north
east monsoon. The average annual rainfall ranges between 2000-3000mm. The mean annual
temperature is about 20oC. The coldest months are December and January when the minimum
temperature inside forests goes down to 5˚C to 6˚C even at lower elevations. The average
minimum temperature of the coldest month (January) is 9˚C. December to April are the drier
months. The minimum temperature in the shola forests may go down to 3˚C, but never reaches
0˚C inside the sholas.
Fig.2: Contour map of Mannavanshola, Pullardishola and Pambadumshola (based on 1:50,000SOI toposheets)
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2.4.1. Rainfall pattern and distribution
The area receives both the southwest and the northeast monsoons. The average annual rainfall
ranges between 2000-3000 mm. During 1988, the area received a total rainfall of 2118 mm. A
decade’s weather data maintained by the P.R. Division of Chundavurrai Tea Estate lying
adjacent to this National Park also indicate that the maximum annual rainfall obtained was
4849.36 mm during 2005, while the minimum value obtained was 2830 mm during 2003. The
rainfall data from 1999 to 2008 is given in Table 3.
Table.3: Rainfall data
Source: Mattupetty Tea Estate (KDHP)
2.4.2. Temperature, a summary of year round pattern
The maximum temperature ranges from 20˚C to 30˚C and the minimum temperature rages
from 7.5˚C to 13˚C. The maximum and minimum temperature from 1995 to 2008 is furnished
in Table 4.
Table.4: Temperature data
Year Maxi ˚C Mini ˚C1995 22.20 8.331996 21.11 10.551997 24.40 7.771998 23.33 10.001999 20.33 13.30
Year Rain fall (inches )1998-99 107.5199-2000 115.692000-01 108.402001-02 98.832002-03 65.952003-04 95.282004-05 99.112005-06 127.252006-07 99.992007-08 125.402008-09 92.712
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2000 22.20 11.002001 24.40 10.002002 20.00 8.332003 23.00 11.002004 24.00 12.002005 22.00 11.002006 22.72 12.482007 23.07 12.402008 22.63 11.87
Source: United Plantation Association of South India- Munnar
2.4.3. Humidity
During Oct-Dec the average humidity of the area is maximum and varies from 80% - 90%. From
June to September, during the period of the south-west monsoons, the humidity varies from
60% -80%. During the rest of the year, the average humidity varies from 57% -70%
2.4.4. Wind speeds
Upper elevation of the park experiences heavy winds. No authenticated records are available.
2.5. Water sources
Many streams originate from this Shola. All of them flow eastwards and ultimately joins the
Amaravathy Reservoir along the Pambar River and Thalinji Ar. Most of the streams are
perennial in nature.
The National park is having 12 nos. of Check Dams. The name and location of check dams areas follows:
1. Perumala2. Hanumanthotti3. Vettukadu4. Puthoor5. 3rd Mile6. Onnam Kurukku
7. Thamburankavala8. Gudallar9. Swamiyarala10. Irikkumedu11. Thulukkampetti12. Memmattitheri
Drainage
The drainage map of the ASNP (Fig.3) was generated digitally using SOI toposheets and
watershed atlas maps of Kerala State Land Use Board.
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Fig.3: Drainage map of MannavanShola, Pullaradi Shola and Pambadum Shola (based on 1 :50,000 SOI toposheets)
No proper water resource map is generated for the above mentioned sholas in the National
Park by the authorities
2.6. Range of wildlife, status, distribution and habitat
The National Park offers a wide range of habitat types to the flora and fauna.
There are 62 species of trees, 174 species of herbs and shrubs, 39 species of climbers (Annexure
2), 9 species of mammals, 76 species of birds (Annexure 3), 100 species of butterflies (Annexure
4) and 232 species of moths (Annexure 5) have been recorded from the sholas of the National
Park. Rainfall and terrain are the important factors that influence animal movements. The 3
settlements inside the National Park have significant impact on the range of wildlife and
habitat. Tiger and elephant use the Park as part of their home range. The range quality of
grasslands has been severely damaged due to wattle and plantations. A. mearnsii is extremely
invasive, establishing itself a dense thickets suppressing indigenous species and its elimination
takes longer time.
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2.6.1. Vegetation
Vegetation
The vegetation comprises mostly of Southern Sub-tropical Hill Forests, which gradually
transform to the southern montane wet temperate Forests (Champion and Seth, 1968) towards
the top (Idlimottai region). At the lower altitude (1600 m) the average height of the forest is 20-
25 m, with species of Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Gordonia obtuse, Persea macrantha etc., while
the maximum height of 28-31m. Is observed at 1800-1900 m altitude contributed by species of
Syzygium (S. densiflorum, S. gardneri, S. caryophyllatum, S. cumini), Elaeocarpus glanduloses,
etc. At Idlimotta sholas (higher reaches of Mannavan Shola at an altitude of 2100-2400 m), the
vegetation comprises of stunted patchy shola forests (Southern Montane Wet Temperate
Forests of Champion and Seth, 1968), with an average height of less than 15 m. Most of the
grasslands in this region were converted to Eucalyptus and Wattle plantations (Kishore Kumar,
2004).
Regeneration
Sholas were found to regenerate even in regions where massive afforestation activities had
been carried out, provided biotic pressures are prevented. Patches of Pteridium aquilinum,
Gaultheria fragrantissima, etc. found in grasslands were found to be active centers of initial
colonization mostly by temperate species such as Rhododendron arboreum, Vaccinium
leschnaultii, Eurya nitida, Microtropis ramiflora, Pittosporum tetraspermum, Symplocos
cochinchinensis, Robus sp., etc., provided moisture conditions are also promoting. Scrubland
regions, which are dominated by Strobilanthes kunthianus, Hypericum mysorense, Osbeckia
spp., etc., were also found to be active centers of colonization.
Vegetation mapping
As part of the preliminary survey of the area, vegetation mapping was done by KFRI using
satellite imageries of IRS 1B LISS II of March 1996. The standard visual interpretation techniques
were adopted using photo elements for the preparation of classification keys. The vegetation
maps prepared by the Forest Survey of India (FSI maps, 1988) were also used for cross-
reference. Survey of India Toposheets in 1:50,000 scale were used for forest boundary
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delimitation. The vegetation maps were prepared for Mathikettan Shola, Mannavan Shola,
Pullaradi Shola and Pambadum Shola in 1:50,000 scale. The digital map (Fig.4) was generated
using ‘MapInfo’ software from the hard copy output of 1:50,000 scale.
Fig.4: Vegetation Map of Mannavan Shola Pullaradi Shola and Pambadum Shola area (basedon IRS1C satellite imagery of 1996)
2.6.2. Flora
During the survey conducted by KFRI, a list of plants of the National Park is prepared. Since this
was a rapid survey, the list is not exhaustive and contains mostly perennial species. 62 species
of trees, 174 species of herbs and shrubs and 39 species of climbers were recorded during the
survey. For a complete list of plants occurring in the Park, a detailed inventory study covering
different seasons is necessary. The list of trees, herbs, shrubs and climbers reported from the
Park are given in Annexure 2.
As per the study conducted in the Sholas of Idukki District by K. Swarupanandan et al of KFRI,
543 species of pteridophytes and angiosperms were recorded in Mannavanshola and
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Eravikulam. Nearly 20% (109 species) of the taxa are ‘endemic’ and 25% (128 species are
classified as ‘rare’ and another 26 species are considered to be in a ‘threatened state’. Two
rare pteridophytes namely, Elaphoglossum stelligerum Sledge and Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory
ex Willd.) Kaulf collected from Mannavanshola are new records to Kerala (Kumar, 1997). The
list of endemic, rare and threatened species of pteridophytes and angiosperms are given in
Annexures 6 and 7.
The fungi species of Mannavanshola were also studied by the Plant Pathology division of KFRI.
About 11 species of fungi are recorded from this Shola of which Collectotrichum acutatum is a
new record to Kerala. The soil microflora of the shola forests of Eravikulam and Munnar were
also studied by various research organisations.
2.6.3. Animals
The sholas have been referred to as living fossils because of their inability to expand, due to the
typical climatic and edaphic conditions. Prevalence of frost and extreme hot conditions
prevents regeneration of plants in the grassland. However, the temperature in the sholas
remains remarkably constant. The ground is usually covered with leaf litter, which helps in
maintaining a high level of soil moisture. As a result, there is good regeneration of tree
seedlings and herbaceous flora producing very characteristic microclimatic conditions
supporting a rich fauna.
Mammals
The Park does not hold a resident population of Asiatic elephant (elephas maximus), but it
serves as a migratory route for elephants from Anamalais to Cardamom Hills. Tiger also utilise
the Park as part of its home range. Leopard, Asiatic Wild Dog, Sambar, Barking Deer, Gaur, Wild
Boar, Nilgiri Martent, Nilgiri Langur, Malabar Giant Squirrel etc are seen in the Park (Table 5).
Avifauna
About 76 species of birds (Annexure 3) belonging to 12 orders and 30 families have been
recorded from Mannavanshola (P.O. Nameer, Kerala Agricultural University). This includes 32
species of resident birds, out of which 9 are endemic to Western Ghats and 15 species are long
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No. Species Common Name Status
1. Ratufa indica Indian giant squirrelVulnerable
2. Rattus rattus House rat Least Concern
3.Semnopithecus johnii
Nilgiri langur VulnerableEndemic to WG
4. Cuon alpinus Asiatic wild dog Near threatened
5. Panthera tigiris Tiger Endangered
6. Panthera pardus Leopard Vulnerable
7. Cervus unicolor Sambar Least concern
8. Bos gaurus Gaur Vulnerable9. Elephas maximus Asian elephant Vulnerable10 Sus scrofa Wild boar11 Martes gwatskii Nilgiri marten12 Muntiacus muntjac Barking deer13 Ratufa indica Malabar giant squirrel
distance migrants. The most abundant species were Grey-breasted Laughingthrush, Grey
headed flycatcher, Greenish leaf warbler, White eye, Velvet fronted nuthatch, Black and orange
flycatcher, Brown-cheeked Fulvetaa (Quaker babbler), Nilgiri flycatcher, Malabar whistling
Thrush and Yellow-browed bulbul. The endemic species of birds recorded from Mannavan
Shola are Nilgiri Wood Pigeon, Malabar Parakeet (Blue-winged Parakeet), White-cheeked
Barbet (Small Green Barbet), (White-breasted Laughingthrush), Black-and-Orange Flycatcher,
White-bellied Blue Flycatcher, Nilgiri Flycatcher, Nilgiri Pipit and Small Sunbird. To have a
complete picture of the avifauna of the Park, detailed surveys are required as proposed during
the Plan period.
Table.5: Mammal species in ASNP
Insects of Mannavan shola and Pullaradi shola
Mathew and Mohanadas (2001) made a study of insect diversity of Mannavan Shola reporting
three hundred and forty four species belonging to 10 orders. Species diversity and richness
showed a decreasing trend with increasing altitude. The faunal elements ranged from moist
deciduous and evergreen forms to temperate forms in accordance with vegetation and altitude.
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The faunal composition was interesting as it contained several endemic and protected species.
Among butterflies, of the 11 species of endemic butterflies recorded, five species were having
protected status in both the areas. Similarly, several butterflies like Vanessa indica, V. cardui
(Nymphalidae); Mycalesis oculus (Satyridae); Artogeia canidia (Pieridae) and Telicota acigias
(Hesperiidae) are restricted in their distribution. The extent of endemism present in other
groups of insects was also high.
Brijesh (2004) in a detailed study on the Lepidoptera of four important shola patches in
Munnar viz., Mannavan shola, Pullardi shola, Mantha shola and Pampadum shola, recorded 321
Lepidoptera species under 26 families, of which 89 species (5 families) belonged to the sub
order Rhopalocera (butterflies) and the rest belonged to Heterocera (moths). A list of identified
species (100 of butterflies, 110 of moths and 23 species belonging to the other groups of
insects) are given in Annexures 4 and 5 respectively.
Some of the endemic species of butterflies including Colias nilagiriensis (Pieridae), Mycalesis
oculus, Aeromachus pygmaeus (Hesperiidae), Ypthima ceylonica, Ypthima chenui, Ypthima
ypthimoides, Cirrochroa thais, Zipoetis satis, Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae); Udara
singalensis, Udara akasa, Curetis thetis (Lycaenidae) were adapted to cool climatic conditions
and were shared only by some similar forests like the hills of Nilgiris. The sholas seem to be an
ideal habitat for the species Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae) that is restricted to some of
the hills of south India and has been listed as threatened species by IUCN.
Papilio clytia (Papilionidae), Neptis jumbah (Nymphalidae), Castalius rosimon (Lycaenidae)
[Schedule I, Part IV]; Appias indira (Pieridae), Athyma ranga, Eriboea athamas, Hypolimnas
missipus, Libythea lepita, Zipoetis saitis (Nymphalidae) [Schedule II, Part II]; Euploea core,
Euthalia lubentina (Nymphalidae), Appias libythea (Pieridae) [Schedule IV] (Plate II) were some
of the protected species under various schedules of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Species diversity
The lepidopteran diversity in sholas of Munnar was greater or at least in par with some of the
well-known diversity hotspots of Kerala part of Western Ghats. About one third of all the
17
rhopaloceran species recorded from whole of Western Ghats (89 of 330 species) were
recorded from an area as small as 5.18 km2.
With regard to soil insects, a comparison of the faunal distribution patterns at three altitudinal
ranges and also within and between the litter zones at each elevation shows that the low
altitude litter habitat harbors large populations as against the high altitude and litter habitats
at 2220 m asl. Detailed study on other groups of insects is required to take stock of the faunal
assemblages of shola forests of Munnar.
Diversity patterns in natural forests:
The diversity attributes computed for the different patches revealed that all pairs of sholas
were significantly different (P<0.01) in both rhopaloceran and heteroceran diversities. All the
diversity indices were highest for heteroceran assemblage of the largest patch except evenness,
which was highest in Mantha shola. In the case of Rhopalocera, evenness was highest in
Pampadum shola and Mantha shola. Mannavan shola, the largest of the four shola patches has
highest diversity followed by Pampadum and Mantha shola. Pullaradi shola was the least
diverse. However, in the case of Rhopalocera the larger patches had relatively lesser
equitability in species abundance and higher dominance when compared to the smaller
patches.
Diversity pattern of Mathikettan shola seems to be at par with Mannavan shola. Because of
relatively inaccessible location, this area is likely to contain a higher proportion of rare and
endemic species.
Diversity in altered habitats
There was relatively less change in the magnitude of the different diversity measures of
Rhopalocera at varying grades of disturbances due to plantation activities when compared to
Heterocera. This indicated that the heteroceran fauna of the sholas were more sensitive to
alterations in habitats. Heteroceran diversity was least in the well-maintained plantations.
Contrary to this, rhopaloceran diversity and evenness were fairly higher in this habitat although
the species composition differed largely when compared to that of natural forests. Further, the
rare species were disproportionately affected with alteration in the habitat.
18
Endemism
Some of the endemic species of butterflies including Colias nilagiriensis (Pieridae), Mycalesis
oculus, Aeromachus pygmaeus (Hes periidae), Ypthima ceylonica, Ypthima chenui, Ypthima
ypthimoides, Cirrochroa thais, Zipoetis satis, Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae); Udara
singalensis, Udara akasa, Curetis thetis (Lycaenidae) are adapted to cool climatic conditions and
are shared only by some similar forests like the hills of Nilgiris. The sholas seem to be an ideal
habitat for the species Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae) that is restricted to some of the hills
of south India and has been listed as threatened species by IUCN.
Papilio clytia (Papilionidae), Neptis jumbah (Nymphalidae), Castalius rosimon (Lycaenidae)
[Schedule I, Part IV]; Appias indira (Pieridae), Athyma ranga, Eriboea athamas, Hypolimnas
missipus, Libythea lepita, Zipoetis saitis (Nymphalidae) [Schedule II, Part II]; Euploea core,
Euthalia lubentina (Nymphalidae), Appias libythea (Pieridae) [Schedule IV] (Plate II) are some of
the protected species under various schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
The RET species of flora and fauna exists in the National Parjk needs to be further studied for
their effective Management.
19
CHAPTER 3HISTORY OF MANAGEMENTS AND PRESENT PRACTICES
3.1. General
ASNP, consisting of Mannavan Shola Reserve Forests No.58, Pullaradi Shola Reserve Forest
No.57 and Idivara Shola Reserve Forest No.56, was a part of erstwhile Marayoor Range of
Munnar Division and the area was managed as per the working plans of Munnar Forest
Division. During early period of their notification, these Reserve Forests were part of the
Malayattor Forest Division. Being shola forests, these areas were managed under the
protection-working circle. They were managed for the purpose of conservation of water
sources. Subsequently, these sholas came under the jurisdiction of the Anjanad Range of the
High Range Division for a brief period. In 1946 they were part of Muvatupuzha Division and in
1950 Muvattupuzha Division was amalgamated with Malayattor Division.
The importance of these shola forests and the relevance for its protection can be gathered from
the Working Plan for the Muvattupuzha part of the Malayattur Forest Division prepared by Sri.
T.P. Viswanathan for the period 1951 – 52 to 1966-67. It says “A study of the topography of the
area, the nature of the slopes and the general lie of the cultivable portions in the low country
will reveal the significance of the relation between forest lands and agriculture and it would
readily be recognized that if the existing rainfall should be of any value to the agricultural fields
down the slope it is imperative that the forest cover on the higher slopes should be preserved
and maintained. It is also a fact that the local population depends on the streams that come
down these slopes for irrigating their fields, and if these streams are to be kept going during the
hotter part of the year when irrigation is a necessity when the “little waters” of the head-water
supply area have to be protected by maintaining a perpetual forest cover. But when the
mountain forests are cut down the sponge like properties of the forest floor are destroyed that
it is unable to retain the rainwater. Consequently the proportion of run off to precipitation
increases and with the rise in the run off erosion commences. The result will be that both the
soil and the water that it should have retained come down the slopes. The general tendency of
the common man is to ignore the effects of erosion until it becomes a life and death problem”
20
3.2. Timber operations
Since these areas are shola forests that were protected as water sources no timber operation of
any sort has been carried out and the Working Plan prescriptions also stipulated this.
3.3. Non-wood Forest Produce Collection
There are 3 settlements inside and 3colonies adjoining to the boundary of this National Park.
Out of this, 3 are Muthuvas settlements and the rest belongs to Tamil speaking people. The
local residents of the various colonies are wholly dependent on this shola for firewood, and
other minor forest products. The earlier Working Plans had admitted certain rights of
collection. The tribals collect mainly the following NWFP from these shola forests:
1. Honey
2. Bhadraksham
3. Kattupadavalam
4. Tippali
5. Vines for construction of houses
The NWFP collection is without any regulatory mechanism and the rights to NWFP under the
Forest Rights Act is yet to be settled.
3.4. Leases
No part of National Park is leased out to any organizations/ bodies except 191.351 ha of captive
plantations maintained of HNL. The details of captive plantations are explained in para 3.6.1.1.
3.5. Other programmes and activities
Two ecodevelopment committees of Muduvan tribals are functioning. An EDC for guided
trekking has also been formed. But the programmes have not yet been streamlined.
Participatory fire management has been initiated.
3.6. Forest protection
The Muthuvan tribal settlements of Koodalar, Valsapatty and Samiyarala are situated inside the
eastern wing the National Park. The colonies namely, Perumala, Puthur, Kanthallur and
Kulachivayal inhabited mainly by Tamil speaking people are situated on the northern outskirts
21
of the Park. There are about 631 households in these seven settlements as per the Kanthallur
Panchayat records. They graze their livestock around their hamlets. They are the main
stakeholders being the direct beneficiaries of the water flowing out from the Park.
It is very important that the boundaries of the Park are properly demarcated and maintained as
otherwise it would be extremely difficult to deal effectively with encroachments. It is also
necessary that descriptions of boundaries shall be precise and that they agree with the
demarcation on the ground. The extent of the Park as per the SOI topo sheet is 33.45 km2
whereas the notified extent is 7.50 km2. Some discrepancies have been noticed with regard to
the area of the three Reserve Forests. For instance, there is a vast difference in the area of the
Shola Reserves as notified in 1901 under section 18 of regulation II of 1068 and the areas
indicated on the map. This has been specially noted in the Working Plan for the Moovattupuzha
part of Malayattur Division for the period from 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan.
According to the Working Plan, the area of three Shola Reserves is Pullaradi and Idivara Shola is
9100 acres (36.82 km2) where as the notified area is only 1830 acres (7.50 km2).
As per the GPS survey conducted by KFRI shows that the extent of the Park within the notified
boundaries is 43.35 km2. The differences in area of the Park in the above documents is shown in
Table 6.
Table.6: Comparative statement on the extent of shlolas in ASNP
Name of reserveArea as pernotification
Acres
Area as per WorkingPlan
Acres/ (km2)
As per GPS surveyby KFRI (km2)
Pullaradi shola 400 3000 / (12.14)20.85
Idivara Shola 150 3000 / (12.14)Mannavan shola 1280 3100 / (12.54) 22.50
Earlier Working Plans had also pointed out this anomaly and had prescribed for its rectification,
but till now this has not been carried out.
Presently the National Park is protected by one Forester and 2 Forest guards deployed from
Kadavari Station. The National park at present dose not have a separate vehicle, arms,
ammunitions, equipments and accommodation facilities related to protection of National Park.
22
3.6.1. Forest Plantations
The notified boundaries of the National Park also encompass plantations of the following
categories.
Eucalyptus Plantation - 365.995 ha
Wattle Plantation - 455.60 ha
Pine Plantation - 23.83 ha
Miscellaneous - 10.00 ha
Total - 855.425 ha
The details of the plantations are given in Table 7 and Fig.5.
Table.7: Details of plantations in ASNPSl.No
Name ofPlantations
LocationExtent (Ha)
KFD HNL1 1976 Wattle Pazhathottam 40.00 02 1977 Wattle Pazhathottam 80.00 03 1998 Pine Pazhathottam 23.83 04 1993 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 120.80 05 1977 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 6.07 34.506 1982 Eucalyptus Valsapatty 0 70.007 1978 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 3.67 6.338 1975 Wattle Pazhathottam 33.45 09 1976 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 5.599 34.526
10 1991 Wattle Valsapatty 33.61 011 1973 Wattle Iddalimutta 38.85 012 1960 Wattle Koodallar, Mannavan
Shola32.386 0
13 1981 Eucalyptus Santhankadu 0.865 19.135Noolimala 3.14 26.86
14 1964 Wattle Pullaradishola 57.00 015 1962 Wattle PR Division. Pullaradishola 40.00 016 1993 Eucalyptus Iddalimutta,
Mannavanshola30.00 0
17 1978 EucalyptusAugmentation
Iddalimutta 4.50 0
18 1998 Wattle Valsapetti 50.00 019 1987 Miscellenous Kudallar 10.00 020 1984 Wattle Pazhathottam I & II and
Mannavanshola50.30 0
Total (855.425) 664.070 191.355
23
Fig.5: Plantations in ASNP
3.6.1.1. HNL captive plantation
The notified boundary of National Park encompass 191.355 ha Eucalyptus captive plantation of
HNL. The Management Plan prepared by HNL for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10 is
approved by the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No. F(c)
A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 (Annexure 8). The captive plantation by HNL were raised
in accordance with the Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93 (Annexure
9). The Government of Kerala had an agreement on 04-10-2007 with HNL for making available
raw material annually to the company 50,000 metric ton. Eucalyptus wood, 1,00,000 metric ton
24
of Acacia, Manjium and other pulpwood species 75,000 metric ton of reeds and 75,000 metric
ton of Bamboo (Annexure 10).
The extraction of eucalyptus, wattle from National Park was stopped as per the Supreme Court
Order dated 14-02-2000 in IA No. 548 in Civil Writ Petition No. 202/95 which prohibit the
removal of trees including dead, dying and diseased trees and grasses from PAs. In IA No.
1220(interring report of CEC in IA No. 548) and IA No. 994 in Writ petition No. 202/1995 the
Supreme Court has issued orders on 25th November 2005 and 14th Sept. 2007 wherein certain
activities in PA are permitted. The presence of wattle and eucalyptus plantation in National
Park has deleterious impact on wildlife habitat. The Wildlife Warden has not moved any
proposal under Section 29 of Wildlife Protection Act 1972 for removal of wattle and eucalyptus
for improving the habitat.
Most of the original grasslands have been transformed as plantations. The existence of above
plantations of alien species inside the National Park is a mater of grave concern. These
plantations need to be removed to restore the originality of the Shola-Grassland ecosystem.
3.6.1. Legal Status
Anamudi Shola was declared as National Park in December 2003 as per notification No.
12876/F2 2003/F & WLD dated 14.12.2003 of the Kerala Government under section 35(1) of
Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. The final notification is pending. The ASNP consists of three
Reserve Forests namely Mannavan Shola Reserve No. 58, Pullaradi Shola Reserve No. 57 and
Idivara Shola Reserve No. 56 which were notified on 22nd October 1901 under Section 18 of
regulation II of 1068.
The public right admitted in Mannavan Shola Reserve is the right of way to Devikulam, right of
water and the right of cutting small timber for agricultural purposes. No private right is
admitted in this Reserve. In the Pullaradi Shola Reserve, public right admitted is the right of
way, and the right of collecting small wood for agricultural purposes. No private right is
admitted in this Reserve also. In Idivara Shola Reserve no public or private right is admitted.
The right of way in Manavan Shola Reserve was originally for a foot path, but over the years the
path morphed into a road. This 6 km. stretch through the heart of Mannavan Shola became a
25
bone of contention when the state PWD tried to widen this stretch and convert it into a
highway. But as a result of the stiff resistance put up by conservationists and NGOs, the Central
Empowered Committee issued a stop order to the road development work initiated by the
PWD authorities.
3.6.2. Illegal activities
3.6.2.1. Hunting
There is no history of game hunting in any of these Shola Reserves.
3.6.2.2. Poaching
No poaching cases have been reported in the National Park.
3.6.2.3. Illegal cutting of trees
There is no valuable species in the sholas and most of the cases of illegal cutting involve
removal of planted species (Table 8).
Table.8: Details of illegal cutting of trees for the last 10 years
Sl. No Date of offence No. of accusedvalue of
seizures(Rs.)Loss(Rs.)
1 27.05.1995 2 300 5002 16.03.1997 3 200 50003 31.03.2002 2 10004 04.04.2003 16 250005 14.11.2003 3 250 20006 13.01.2007 1 3300 1000
3.6.2.4. Illegal removal of NWFP
The details of illegal removal of NWFP is shown in Table 9.
Table.9: Details of illegal removal of NWFP for the last 10 years
Sl.No Date of offence No. of accusedvalue of
seizures(Rs.)Loss(Rs.)
1 02.02.2004 2 4000 500
26
3.6.2.5. Ganja cultivation
There have been instances of Ganja cultivation in the past as some of the remote areas are
vulnerable to ganja cultivation that calls for constant vigil on the part of Park management
3.6.2.6. Encroachment
The boundary is vague in some areas like Samiyaralakudy and the settlements are not yet
demarcated. The land rights and resource rights under the Tribal Rights Act are pending
settlement.
3.6.2.7. Live stock grazing
In grasslands that are proximate to tribal colonies moderate grazing occurs. It may become a
source of communicable disease, foot and mouth etc. The tribals also use mules belonging to
outsiders for transportation of goods and agricultural products.
3.6.3. Wild fires
The plantations of Wattle and Eucalyptus inside the National Park are subjected to frequent
fires. No reliable records of fire occurrence are available.
3.6.4. Insect attacks and pathological problems
Insect attacks and pathological problems are not reported
3.6.5. Wildlife Health
The presence of cattle on the fringes poses the threat of outbreak of foot and mouth disease
and other communicable diseases. The surrounding villages have large number of cattle and all
this could be a potential threat to the National Park. The mules used for transportation of
goods may also cause communicable diseases to wildlife.
3.6.6. Inter agency Programs and Problems:
In the notification issued for declaring Anamudi National Park, certain Eucalyptus and wattle
plantations were included. The following plantations that are captive plantations of HNL were
also included in the notified area (Table 10).
27
Table.10: Details of plantations with HNL
Sl.No Name of Plantations LocationExtent
(ha)1 1977 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 34.52 1982 Eucalyptus Valsapatty 703 1978 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 6.334 1976 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 34.5265 1981 Eucalyptus Santhankadu 19.135
Noolimala 26.86191.36
The total area of the above plantations comes to 191.36 ha, the extraction of raw material by
HNL has been stopped after declaration of the National Park.
The activities of other departments and development agencies like Panchayats in the tribal
hamlets within the Park often end up in conflict with the Park management primarily because
of the incompatability between the objective of conservation and the unsustainable nature of
the activities. Social service organizations also come up with various welfare programs. At
present, there is no system of integrating and dovetailing the activities of different agencies.
Because of the haphazard ways in which different agencies operate, the ongoing
ecodevelopment programme keeps losing its focus and the tribals often confuse it as negative
programme that thwarts other developmental opportunities.
3.7. Ecotourism
ASNP is within easy reach of the tourism hotspot of Munnar. This National Park has fascinating
features like the largest shola forest in South India namely the Mannavan Shola, the presence
of the unique giant fern Cyathia crinita and great landscapes. Before declaration as National
Park private tour operators used to take tourists through Mannvan Shola on jeep safaris. The
attempt to convert this forest road into a highway was motivated by the prospects of
promoting mass tourism.
An ecodevelopment committee of trekkers has also been formed for promoting genuine
ecotourism, but the programme is still in its initial stages. The available infrastructure facilities
28
include log houses at Methapu, Jandamala and Thamburankavala and a watch tower at
Methapu.
3.7.1. Visitor Management
The number of visitors visiting this Park is very low. The Park has a small information centre at
Methap, the entrance to the Park.
3.7.2. Conservation Education
The Park lacks basic infrastructure facilities for conservation education. Even without the basic
infrastructure facilities conservation education among the hamlets surrounding the Park has
been attempted and ecodevelopment committees (EDC) have been formed in the tribal
settlements.
3.8. Research, monitoring and training
3.8.1. Research & monitoring
Being the last remnant of the unique shola system and ecological riddles associated with it, the
National Park provides excellent opportunities for research and monitoring. There were many
studies in the past conducted by different research institutions. Some of the notable studies
were Nameer (2001) on avifauna of this shola, Brijesh C M (2004) on the diversity of
Lepidoptera (Insecta) in Shola Forest, Mathew and Mohandas (2001) on Insects, and Kishore
Kumar K(2004) on the taxonomy and ecology of shola forests. All these studies emphasis the
need for continuous monitoring of fauna and flora. Long-term studies are needed to
understand the status of the animal and avifaunal populations, which will be incorporated in
the prescriptions of this plan. Data on animal fauna is essential for planning the management
strategies for the National Park.
3.8.2. Training
Except for study tours for ecodevelopment and brief training courses, the staff is under trained.
They have not undergone any form of wildlife training or training in the maintenance and use of
firearms, wireless, etc. Absence of any specialized training for the front line staff deters their
29
efficiency. Inadequacy of staff and the large array of activities make it difficult for them from
undergoing any training program seriously.
3.8.3. Census
No census has been done in the Park other than the All India Elephant census (2007) and the
Tiger census (2006).
3.9. Wildlife conservation strategies & evaluation
The National Park prior to its notification consisted of three Shola Reserve Forests in the
erstwhile Maryoor Range of Munnar Forest Division. These small shola forests were protected
as reserve forests and neither hunting nor any wildlife management practices were in
existence. Initially the sholas were included in the protection working circle of the Working
Plans. Later during 80s and 90s, prescriptions were made for planting up the grasslands with
species like wattle and eucalyptus. Only fire protection was carried out in the sholas.
3.10. Administrative set up
Anamudi Shola NP is one of the administration units of Munnar wild life Division under the
jurisdiction of Wildlife Warden, Munnar. The Head Quarters of the Division is at Munnar, 40 KM
away from the National park. There are no posts earmarked for the administration of the
National Park. At present the Assistant Wild life Warden Shola National Parks, whose office is
situated 18 KM away from the Park is in charge of this National Park in addition to the two
other National Parks namely Pambadum shola and Mathikettan and also the Kurijimala
Sanctuary. One forester and three guards are in charge of the National Park. They are deputed
from Kadavari forest station under the Shola National Park Range and are stationed at
Kanthallur. For protection and day to day activities, they are supported by 6 protection
mazdoors who are enlisted on NMR.
3.11. Infrastructure facilities
Infrastructure consist of one check post at Methap, 3 anti poaching sheds/log houses (at
Methap, Jandamala and Thamburankavala), one watch tower and information center at
Methapu, 3 watcher sheds (at Methap, Perumala and Thampurankavala) and section office at
30
Kanthalloor. There is one walkie talkie and one 315 rifle with 5 rounds. There are 68.30km of
trek paths as given Table 11.
Table.11: Trek paths in ASNP
Sl.No.
NameDistance
(Km.)1 Nattakamkadu to Noolimala 3.002 Antrikkadu to Iddalimotta 6.003 Pulivizhunthanpara to Iddalimotta 5.004 Santhankodu to Mattushola 5.005 Padikkettu to Pullaradi 5.006 Thamburankavala to Koodallar 1.507 Bhagavathikovil to Idivarachola 4.008 Padikkettu to Idivarachola 6.009 Mammattychola to Koodallar 1.5010 Kulachivayal to Theerthamala 5.0011 Irikkamedu to Santhankadu 1.5012 Santhankadu to Valsappetty 5.0013 Valsapetty to Mattuchola 4.8014 Puthoor to Koodallar 4.0015 Cholathadam to PR 6.0016 3rd Mile to Anivara 5.00Total 68.30
3.12. Communication
Being a new National Park no basic communication facilities like telephone, wireless etc. are
available. The Wildlife Warden’s office at Munnar has telephone and E-mail facilities as well as
mobile phone. They are as follows:
POSTEL ADDRESSWildlife WardenMunnar - 685612Telephone No. 04865 231587Email address: [email protected] phone No.9447979093
Assistant Wild life wardenShola National ParksVattavadaYellapatty P.O., Top Station.
3.13. Summary of threats to wildlife
Old plantations of wattle and eucalyptus present in the Park and the extension of area under
wattle by subsequent natural regeneration has caused shrinkage of natural grasslands.
31
Illicit firewood collection is a major problem within the National Park. The practice is
widespread due to the existence of tribal settlements within the National Park and a large
number of local people in the fringe area. Most of the families are depending up on firewood
for domestic use.
The boundaries of the National Park are not permanently demarcated. Hence detection of old
encroachments is difficult and there are chances of marginal encroachments.
The ASNP is rich in Non Timber Forest Produce. People of tribal settlements and locals are
regularly engaged in collection of Non Timber Forest Produce. People are using Non Timber
Forest Produce mainly for self-use and sale. The unscientific collection practices of Non Timber
Forest Produce causes severe damage to the ecosystem. Moreover the illegal practice is leading
to the extinction of many locally endemic plants within the Protected Area.
The population in human inhabitations within and adjacent to the National Park is estimated to
be more than 2000. Majority people are engaged in agricultural practices. Since agricultural
crops raised by the people attract wildlife animals, human –animal conflicts take place.
Moreover people have to go deep forest areas to collect fodder grasses, firewood, Non Timber
Forest Produces, poles, etc.
Cattle grazing is another problem for management. There are also problems of soil erosion in
the Park mainly due to over grazing, deforestation, faulty cultivation by tribals etc.
The most serious threat to wildlife is the possibility of further fragmentation of the available
habitat due to the possible shrinkage of the adjoining revenue forests.
The developmental impacts mainly due to networking of roads and resultant fragmentation of
the landscape also pose a serious threat for the Park.
32
CHAPTER 4THE PROTECTED AREA AND THE INTERFACE AND LAND USE SITUATION
4.1. The existing situation in the zone of influence
There are 3 Muthuva settlements; Koodallarkudy, Valsapetty Kudy and Samiyarala Kudy inside
the Park located on the northeastern side and another Muthuva settlement (Kulachuvayal
Kudy) adjoining to the boundary of this National Park. The Valsapetty Kudy is formed by 4 small
settlements namely Mel-valsapetty, Eda-valsapetty, Kizh-valsapetty and Vayiltharakudy. The
settlements adjoining to the boundary are Samyarlakudy on the north- eastern side and
Kulachuvayalkudy on northwestern side. 3 colonies of Tamil speaking and local people namely
1. Perumala 2 Puthur and 3 Kanthalloor are situated outside the park on the northern side and
one labour colony of Chittuvarai division of KDHP (Pvt) Ltd company is also situated
southwestern side of the park. Muthuvas by and large daily waged laborers in the agricultural
and plantation fields of Chilanthyer, Pazhathottam and Koviloor. The details of settlements
within and on the fringe of ASNP are given in Table 12.
Table.12: Details of settlements
Name of settlement Family PopulationApproximateextent (km2)
Remarks
Koodallarkudy 86 343 0.95 Within PAValsapetty Kudy 65 283 1.51 Within PASamiyarala Kudy 72 377 0.21 Within PAKulachivayalkudy 70 258 - Fringe
Muthuvas were involved as labourers in the Gunja cultivation raised earlier in Kambakallu and
Kadarvary areas. Badraksham and Honey are collected and marketted now. They are also
cultivating vegetables like carett, cabage, beens, potato, garlics, and lemongrass for marketing.
Panjapullu is cultivated for their lively hood. Thatching grass is collected for construction of
house. Small poles are collected for fencing and stands for agricultural crop.
33
4.1.1. PA People Mutual impact
Being inside and adjoining the forest, the 4 settlements and the 3 colonies have significant
impact on the park and vice-versa. All the settlements are non-demarcated and no serious
restraint on the activities of the people in terms of meeting their necessities like firewood
collection cattle grazing NWFP collection etc. There is intense grazing pressure on the forests
around the settlements and colonies leading to degradation of forest and soil.
All the settlements suffer badly from crop depredation by wild animals especially wild boar,
elepant, Sambar deer etc. Apart from the inability to shift their settlement, wild life damage
appears to be the most oppressive aspect of the PA. Mules are used for transporting their
agricultural products. These domestic animals may cause spreading of epidemic decease like
foot and mouth, Anthrax etc. to the wild animals
4.2. The development programmes and conservation issues
4.2.1. An evaluation of Government and nongovernmental agencies
The different Government and non-government agencies operates in all the settlements inside
and adjoining the park. All of them do so, without intimating the management of the P A. These
leads to the paradoxical situation like proliferation of cattle inside the P A legally and
ecologically and unimplemented developmental schemes prepared by the local bodies etc.
4.2.2. The interplay of market forces and their impact
For the people inside the P A, Kanthalloor and Kovilloor control their economic life as they sell
their products and buy necessities from these areas. The long existing exploitative relationship
of the debt trap system still continues unabated
4.2.2.1. Ecodevelopment initiatives
Ecodevelopment activities are at their initial stage. In all the settlements Participatory Rural
Appraisal has been conducted and detailed microplan for each settlement has to be prepared.
The Park does not have trained manpower for microplanning.
34
Vision“Conservation of fragile shola grassland ecosystem for
biological diversity, ecological services and water security”.
35
CHAPTER 5PLAN OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEMS
5.1. Objectives of Management
1) To conserve the rich biological diversity with special emphasis on rare, endangered,
threatened and endemic species in the fragile and unique shola grassland ecosystem
2) To restore and maintain the originality of Shola grassland eco system and landscape.
3) To maintain and improve the watersheds of the National Park
4) To promote environmental conservation awareness
5) To facilitate nature-based regulated tourism
6) To strengthen People-PA interface
Objective 1. To conserve the rich biological diversity with special emphasis on rare,endangered, threatened and endemic species in the fragile and unique sholagrassland ecosystem
Constraints StrategiesPossible negative impact of exoticand invasive species on native andendemics
• Conduct study on impact of exotic and invasivespecies on native and endemics & developguidelines for phased removal.
• Phased removal based on guidelines.• Monitoring of regeneration of natural species.
Lack of data on extent of vegetationtypes
• Mapping of vegetation types.
Lack of clarity on the boundary &extent
• Survey and demarcation of boundaries.
Presence of 3 tribal (Muduvan)settlements inside the park andecologically incompatible activities ofline departments (supplied about350 goats by Tribal Dept.)
• Identify and phase out the ecologicallyincompatible activities of line departments.
• Pending settlement of land rights and resourcerights under ‘Recognition of Forest Rights Act’may be completed.
• Initiate ecodevelopment activities.Fire • Collect details of fire prone zones (Pazhathottam,
Kanthalur, Tirthamalakudi, Iddlymotta regions),impact due to fire, cause of fire, etc
• Prepare fire management plan (possible
36
activities: firelines/fire breaks, timelyengagement of fire mazdoors, construction of firewatch towers, procuring modern equipments,creation of awareness, training to staff and EDCmembers, controlled pre-burning, etc)
• Participatory fire managementGrazing • Study & monitor the number, extent and impact
of grazing• Propose for pasture land, if needed• Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate
livelihood and encourage stall feeding• Vaccination of cattle – twice an year• Form an user-group EDC
Presence of mules for transportationof goods to settlements and viceversa
• Vaccination and health care of the existing ones –twice an year
• Monitoring by the staff –about animal health andvaccination certificate
• Explore the possibilities for developing analternate arrangement with minimum impact inconsultation with people.
Lack of wildlife health monitoringmechanism
• Impart training to staff & EDC members onwildlife health monitoring
• Strengthen veterinary support for effectivemonitoring ensuring institutional collaboration
• Implement regular wildlife health monitoring• Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals
near PA as supporting agencyFirewood collection for self-use &lemon grass oil distillation
• Study the extent and impact of firewoodcollection & lemon grass oil distillation
• Prevent collection of indigenous species asfuelwood and for oil distillation
• Exotic species may be permitted to be collectedas fuelwood with mutual commitments as part ofphased removal of exotics
• Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required• Provide energy-saving devices• Form an user-group EDC
Lack of information on the status offlora and fauna including RET andendemics
• Conduct studies to document the flora and faunaof the PA including RET and endemics
• Document traditional knowledge of indigenouscommunities
• Conduct population monitoring of selectedspecies of flora and fauna
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Lack of infrastructure includingcommunication, arms, vehicles,equipments & accommodation
• Create infrastructure requirement for effectivemanagement of PA
NWFP collection • Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection(honey, badraksham, kattu padavalam, tippili,vines for constructing houses, etc)
• Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods• Provide training to EDC members for scientific/
sustainable collection of NWFP resources & valueaddition
• Define zone of collection and frame access rulesfor sustainable collection
• Propose alternate livelihood to preventunscientific/ unsustainable collection
• Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinalplant species placed in RED Data Book
Lack of separate staff for the Park • Propose for separate staff for the Park foreffective management of PA & checkposts
• Create posts of Muduvan watchersLack of welfare amenities for staff • Identify required welfare amenities for staff and
propose to implementPresence of road through MannavanShola
• Control the movement of vehicles of outsiders
Potential ganja cultivation • Strengthen protection with improved amenitiesand ensure support of local people for preventingall illegal activities.
• Prepare protection plan, divide the area intosmaller field formation (patrolling units) foreffective protection.
Presence of invasive species • Study and identify invasive species that havenegative impact on ecosystem
• Control/removal/prevent growth of invasivespecies with appropriate method.
• Explore possibilities of using invasive species forincome generating activities
• Monitoring of intrusion and regeneration ofinvasive species
Poaching & Illicit felling • Prepare protection plan, divide the area intosmaller field formation (patrolling units) foreffective protection.
• Strengthen Intelligence gathering• Capacity building for staff in intelligence
gathering, identifying wildlife article, acts and
38
rules, etc.• Incentives to informants• Anti-poaching camp sheds in crucial points.• Strengthen communication facilities, arms and
mobility of staffLack of information on judiciousdistribution of water sources forwildlife
• Study and identify the spatial and temporaldistribution of water sources in view of animal’srequirement
• Ensure judicious distribution of water sourcesthroughout the park
Absence of zonation • Propose zones (core, restoration/multi-purpose)
Objective 2: To restore and maintain the originality of Shola grassland eco system andlandscape.
Constraints StrategiesLack of information on extent ofexotics
• Collate information on the plantations fromplantation journals and other documents andground truthing
Lack of information on mechanism ofrestoration
• Roadside restoration of sholas as this is the bestfire break
• Assisted regeneration of indigenous species• Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion• Establishment of a permanent plot for monitoring
succession and ecorestorationLack of rules for removal ofplantations from PA
• Warden may move a proposal for removal ofplantations from the Park
Fire • Collect details of fire prone zones (Pazhathottam,Kanthalur, Tirthamalakudi, Iddlymotta regions),impact due to fire, cause of fire, etc
• Prepare fire management plan (possible activities:firelines/fire breaks, timely engagement of firemazdoors, construction of fire watch towers,procuring modern equipments, creation ofawareness, training to staff and EDC members,controlled pre-burning, etc)
• Participatory fire managementGrazing • Study & monitor the number, extent and impact of
grazing• Propose for pasture land, if needed• Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate
livelihood and encourage stall feeding• Vaccination of cattle – twice an year• Form an user-group EDC
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NWFP collection • Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection(honey, badraksham, kattu padavalam, tippili,vines for constructing houses, etc)
• Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods• Provide training to EDC members for scientific/
sustainable collection of NWFP resources & valueaddition
• Define zone of collection and frame access rulesfor sustainable collection
• Propose alternate livelihood to preventunscientific/ unsustainable collection
• Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinalplant species placed in RED Data Book
Firewood collection • Study the extent and impact of firewood collection& lemon grass oil distillation
• Prevent collection of indigenous species asfuelwood and for oil distillation
• Exotic species may be permitted to be collected asfuelwood with mutual commitments as part ofphased removal of exotics
• Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required• Provide energy-saving devices• Form an user-group EDC
No legal protection for adjoiningRevenue forests
• Declare the adjoining revenue forests in MarayurDn. And KDH as EFL/ RF
Objectvie 3: To maintain and improve the watersheds of the National ParkConstraints Strategies
Lack of data on hydrology of the PA • Mapping of water sources• Prepare drainage map• Install metereological stations for regular
monitoringLack of water retaining mechanismswithin (Koodalar, Valsapetty) andoutside PA (Thalachor kadavu) for 12wards
• Conduct feasibility study to retain water in cruciallocations.
• Implement feasible suggestions of the study.
Presence of exotics like eucalyptus andwattle plantations
• Phased removal and eco-restoration
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Objective 4: To promote environmental conservation awarenessConstraints Strategies
Lack of infrastructure • Explore feasibility for developing a centralizedinterpretation centre/Information centre incollaboration with DTPC/local bodies/TourismDepartment/ NGO at appropriate locationpreferably on the land near KSRTC Bus stand inMunnar.
Lack of resource persons • Create a post of Wildlife Assistant at Divisionlevel.
Inadequate education materials fordifferent target groups
• Develop education materials for various targetgroups, brochures, posters, movies, etc
Insufficient awareness campaigns • Conduct nature awareness camps for varioustarget groups including people within PA and onthe fringe.
• Creation of a websiteLack of signage • Develop appropriate signages.
Objectives 5: To facilitate nature-based regulated tourismConstraints Strategies
Lack of trained human-resource • Engage trained resource persons by Anamudi FDA
Lack of training to local people andstaff
• Capacity building & training to guides and staff
Lack of equipments like binoculars,leech-proof socks, etc
• Procure adequate equipments to be given totourists on rent
Lack of ban on waste accumulationincluding plastics
• Legal Enforcement with fine• Involvement of EDCs in removal of plastics as part
of mutual commitment.• Ensure support of local bodies• Create awareness among local communities /
visitors to parkLack of dissemination of nature-basedregulated tourism potentials
• Develop dissemination mechanisms
Lack of specified nature-basedregulated tourism activities
• Develop appropriate nature based tourism planconsidering protection of PA and ensuringlivelihood security of dependant community andPA management
Lack of benefit sharing mechanismfrom tour operators for the benefit ofthe local people/forest dependentcommunities
• Identify and initiate dialogues with tour operatorsand formulate benefit sharing mechanisms
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Lack of recycling of entry fee for thebenefit of park & the local peopleLack of impact monitoring mechanism
• Move proposal for recycling entry fee
Objective 6: To strengthen People-PA interfaceConstraints Strategies
Human-Wildlife Conflict at Koodalar(elephant problem), Kanthalur,Perumala, Puthur, Kolachuvayal,Theerthamala, Guhanathapuram,Pazhathottam, Swamyaralakudy,Valsapattykudy
• Addition of Iddalymotta area of Munnar Divisionto Anamudi NP & eco-restoration of the area
• Declare the adjoining area as Eco-Sensitive Areasto regulate land use in tune with themanagement objectives
• Develop appropriate barriers to prevent wildlifeentering the farmlands
• Timely payment of compensation• Institution of crop insurance• Appropriate habitat improvement programmes
within the ParkLack of information on the extent ofconflict
• Study the extent of the problem and wildlife andcrops involved
Lack of ecodevelopment programmes • Constitute EDCs and design appropriateecodevelopment programmes
Lack of funds for implementingecodevelopment programme
• Seek funds from various sources (Local bodies /other line departments/ Govt of India) throughFDA
Inadequate supporting team forimplementing ecodevelopmentprogrammes
• Deploy adequate trained support team includingsocial workers /voluntary services
Absence of information on needs andnatural and cultural resources of localand ethnic communities (muthuvans)
• Identify the needs /aspirations and natural andcultural resources of local community
• Identify the potentials to be utilised for thelivelihood security of local people
Lack of training to staff • Impart training to staffLack of drinking water facility in thehuman habitations
• Conduct feasibility study to retain water in cruciallocations inside and outside PA
Lack of fuel wood plantations forbonafide use
• The exotics removed in phased manner fromplantations may be used for the purpose
• Planting miscellaneous species of fuel wood incommunity lands
• Make use of solar water heaters for firewooddependent communities funded by linedepartments / tourism industry
Difficlty for access to hospitals andmarkets
• Study and develop infrastructure with minimumimpact on shola systems
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THE STRATEGIES
43
CHAPTER 6STRATEGIES
BOUNDARIES, ZONATION, ZONE PLANS AND THEME PLANS
6.1. Boundaries
6.1.1. Legal Boundary
North: Starting from Ottakombumala (hill point 2164) on the south western corner of Tirthalar
proposed reserve forests, thence along the southern boundary of the said reserve till it reaches
the north eastern corner of Mannavan shola reserve thence along the north eastern boundary
of the said reserve up to Madavarimala, thence north east along the southern boundary of
Idivara Shola reserve passing along hill points 2153, 2104, 2199, 2132, 2127 (Velligirimala)
East: Starting from hill point at 2127 (Velligirimala) runs along the eastern boundary of Idivara
Shola Reserved Forests and Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forest till it the south eastern corner of
Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forests adjoining the boundary of Kannan Devan Hills village
concession lands.
South: Starting from the south eastern corner of Pullaradi Shola reserved Forests runs more or
less south along the southern boundary of Pullaradi Shola Reserved forests, Idivara Shola
Reserved Forest and Mannavan Shola reserved Forests adjoining to the Northern Boundary of
Kannan Devan Hills Village Concession Lands till it reaches Tirthamala.
West: Starting from Tirthamala runs along eastern boundary of Mannavan Shola Reserved
Forests till it reaches hill point 2164, Ottakombumala
Remarks: The proposed National Park includes all the areas notified as Reserved Forest under
Idivara Shola reserve No.56, Pullardi Shola Reserve No. 57 and Mannavan Shola Reserve No. 58
Within the legal boundaries notified, there is a difference in extent of area notified than the
actual. The area as per SOI topo sheets is 33.45 sq. km where as the notified extent is only 7.50
km2. As per the GPS survey conducted by KFRI, the extent of the Park within the notified
boundaries is 43.45 km2. The area mentioned in the Working Plan for the Moovattupuzha part
of Malayattur Division for the period from 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan is 36.82
44
km2. The Wildlife Warden may survey the area and take action to notify the actual in the
ground within the notified boundaries. The Widlife Warden may also take action for final
notification of the National Park.
The legal boundaries of ASNP are already been surveyed up to 75% and marketed with
permanent cairns and the remaining area needs to be demarcated with cairns.
6.1.2. Ecological Boundaries
On the northern side, the Park is bordered by the forests of Marayoor Sandal Division. The
eastern side is bordered partly by the Kurinjimala Sanctuary and the Kottakombur and
Vattavada revenue villages. On the southern and western side are the Kannan Devan Hills area
and the tea estates. The area has continuity with Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Eravikulam
National Park and Munnar and Mankulam Forest Divisions (Fig. 6).
Fig.6: Park and its adjancent landscape
Internal Boundaries
The Park is divided into two sections – Mannavan Shola Section and Idivara-Pullaradi Shola
Section. There are 365.995 ha Eucalyptus plantations, 455.60 ha Wattle plantations, 23.83 ha
45
Pine plantations and 10 ha of miscellaneous plantations within the Park. The Wildlife Warden
will submit proposals for notification of sections to the Field Director.
The Wildlife Warden shall take immediate action to make proposals for notifying the
adjoining Revenue forests lying within the ecological boundaries of the Park as EFL or RF.
6.2. Zonation
The park management zoning scheme has been developed to:
· Provide a geographical framework in which to manage the Park
· Indicate which management directions have priority in different parts of the Park
· Indicate the types and levels of use appropriate throughout the Park
· Assist in minimizing existing and potential conflicts between uses and activities, or
between these and the protection of park values
· Provide a basis for assessing the suitability of future activities and development
proposals
6.3. Zone plans
In order to achieve the objective the park is divided into the following zones.
1. Core zone
2. Restoration zone
3. Buffer zone or multiple use area
6.3.1. Plan for Core zone
The core zone is the fully protected zone where human interference is strictly prohibited.
Except for the plantations (855.425 ha) rest of the Park will be treated as Core. The core area is
having an extent of 24.3km2 (Fig.7) (the total area for the Park is calculated as 32.85km2 as
estimated by GIS Cell at Forest Headquarters). The focus of management will be total
protection of natural resources. The following activities subject to specific proposals in
respective chapters of this management plan will be allowed to be implemented.
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Fig.7: Management Zones of ASNP· Anti poaching initiatives
o Construction, maintenance and improvement of small anti-poaching
camps/chowkies, patrolling camps, check posts, barriers, boundary walls,
constructions of small staff quarters for the frontline staff, etc.
· Communication and protection measures
o Construction of wireless towers, improvement and maintenance of fair weather
forest roads not exceeding three meters in width, small bridges, culverts, fences,
etc.
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· Fire protection measures
o Clearance and maintenance of fire lines as prescribed in the Management Plan by
undertaking controlled cool or early burning and construction of watch towers
o No fireline should be taken on the edge of the shola forest. The fireline around the
shola should be taken giving the reasonable space for the extension of shola forest.
o Scraping of grass around the shola patches as fire preventive measure should be
avoided. The system followed in Eravikulam NP by Mudhuvans for creation of
fireline without scrapping may be followed.
· Habitat improvement activities
o Weed eradication, maintenance and development of meadows/grassland required
for wild herbivores which are prey base for the carnivores, digging and maintenance
of small water holes and small anicuts, earthen tanks, impoundment of rain water
· Management of grassland habitats
o Early or cool controlled winter burning of grassland habitats to facilitate growth of
fresh grass
· Studies/data collection
o The studies like mapping of vegetation, wildlife health monitoring, documentation
of flora and fauna including RET and endemic, population monitoring of selected
flora and fauna, habitat utilization and movement pattern of elephants, invasive
species that have negative impact on ecosystem, spatial and temporal distribution
of water sources, mapping of water sources, drainage map, etc.
6.3.2. Plan for Restoration zone
The areas planted with eucalyptus (365.995 ha), wattle (Acacia mearnsii) (455.60 ha), pine
(23.83 ha) and miscellaneous plantations (10ha) are taken into Restoration zone. The total
extent of the restoration zone is 8.55 km2 (Fig. 7). This includes 1.91km2 of captive plantations
raised by HNL. The Management Plan prepared by HNL for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10
48
is approved by the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No.
F(c)A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 (Annexure 8). The captive plantation by HNL were
raised in accordance with the Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93
(Annexure 9). The Government of Kerala had an agreement on 04-10-2007 with HNL for
making available raw material annually to the company 50,000 metric ton. Eucalyptus wood,
1,00,000 metric ton of Acacia, Manjium and other pulpwood species, 75,000 metric ton of
reeds and 75,000 metric ton of Bamboo (Annexure 10).
The extraction of eucalyptus, wattle from National Park was stopped as per the Supreme Court
Order dated 14-02-2000 in IA No. 548 in civil Writ petition No. 202/95 which prohibit the
removal of trees including dead, dying and diseased trees and grasses from PAs. In IA No.
1220(interring report of CEC in IA No. 548) and IA No. 994 in Writ petition No. 202/1995 the
Supreme Court has issued orders on 25th November 2005 and 14th Sept. 2007 wherein certain
activities in PA are permitted. The presence of wattle and Eucalyptus plantation in National
Park has deleterious impact on wildlife habitat. The Wildlife Warden has not moved any
proposal under Section 29 of Wildlife Protection Act 1972 for removal of wattle and eucalyptus
for improving the habitat.
The restoration zone after removal of the planted species will be included in the core zone.
For restoration and maintenance of the originality of the shola grassland ecosystem and
landscape, the following strategies and activities are proposed.
§ Warden may move a proposal for removal of plantations from the Park to improve the
habitat and restore the original vegetation.
§ Fine tune techniques of restoration by studying ecorestoration works in similar habitats
elsewhere especially in the neighbouring Kodaikanal Division and Valparai in Anamalai
Tiger Reserve. The accepted method of removing A. mearnsii is cutting at the base for
older plants (it doesn’t coppice) while younger plants need to be carefully uprooted
over a 3-5 years period. Uprooting has to be done by pulling by the roots and pressing
the soil back to avoid erosion. The soil seed bank might contain A. mearnsii seeds which
are usually stimulated by fire. Therefore, controlled burning can be carried out in such
49
sites after the initial removal to stimulate germination of all the seeds in the soil seed
bank, which can then be removed as and when they germinate. This process is to be
continuous over a 3-5 years period, using volunteers and paid labour.
§ Assisted regeneration of indigenous species like Acronychia pedunculata, Actinodaphne
bourdilloni, Alseodaphne semicarpifolia, Beilschmiedia wightii, Canthium dicoccum,
Chionanthus ramiflorus, Cinnamomum sulphuratum, Cryptocarya bourdillonii, Cyathia
nilgiriensis, Daphniphyllum neilgherrense etc.
§ The species (listed in Table 13) recommended by Sri. U.M. Chandrasekharan, Sri. P.K.
Muraleedharan and Sri. V. Sibichan suitable for shola forest may be tried for assisted
regeneration on trial basis.
Table.13: List of species for assisted regeneration
Mannavan shola Pullaradi shola Mathan sholaAcronychia pedunculata Elaeocarpus serratus Neolitsea scrobiculataActinodaphne bourdillonii Elaeocarpus munronii Presea macranthaAlseodaphne semecarpifolia Elaeocarpus recurvatus Rhododendron nilgiricumBeilschmiedia wightii Glochidion neilgherrense Schefflera racemosaCanthium dicoccum Gomphandra coriacea Symplocos cochinchinensisChionanthus ramiflorus Hydnocarpus alpina Syzygium cuminiCinnamomum sulphuratum Litsea floribunda Syzygium densiflorumCinnamomum sp. Litsea wightiana Syzygium gardneriCryptocarya bourdillonii Mastuxua arborea Turpinia nepalensisCyathea nilgiriensis Meliosma pinnata Vaccinium leschenaultiaDaphniphyllumneilgherrense
Microtopis raniflora Viburnum coriaceum
Neolitsea cassiaSource: Chandrasekharan et. al. 2000 in Shola forests of Kerala, Environment and biodiversity.
§ Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion
§ Establishment of a permanent plot for monitoring succession and ecorestoration
The activities prescribed for core zone are applicable to restoration zone also.
6.3.3. Plan for Buffer zone or multiple use area
The areas of the settlements such as Valsapattykudy, Kudallarkudy and Swamyaralakudy on the
eastern part of National Park is included in the buffer zone. (Fig. 7).
50
The buffer zone will perform the functions of
1. Promoting environmental conservation awareness
2. Nature based regulated tourism
3. Strengthen People-PA interface
The core and restoration zone activities are applicable to buffer zone also. The activities to be
carried out in buffer zone are covered in respective theme plans.
Grazing and collection of natural resources for commercial purposes are prohibited in the
National Park. At the same time the Tribal Rights Act permit traditional rights of people.
Wildlife Warden may review the Management Plan on settlement of rights under Tribal Right
Act and declaration of Critical Wildlife Habitat.
6.4. Theme Plans
The ASNP will be managed under the following theme plan
1. Theme plan for Protection
2. Theme plan for Fire protection
3. Theme plan for water shed and water resources management
6.4.1. Theme plan for Protection
The ASNP is having total extent of 7.50 km2 (as per notification) and 43.45 km2 as per GPS
survey conducted by KFRI. The park is having threats like cultivation of ganja, illicit distillation,
poaching, smuggling of timber, etc. The park is also having pressures on natural resources like
grazing, firewood collection, NWFP collection, etc. Although the park was notified in 2003,
there are many gaps in protecting the natural resources of the park. In order to protect the
natural resources of the park the following strategies and activities are proposed.
6.4.1.1. Administration of the Park
The Wildlife Warden is based at Munnar which is 30 km away from the park and the office of
the Assistant Wildlife Warden of the park is at Top Station which is 18 km away from the park.
The Assistant Wildlife Warden is having administrative control over Pambadum shola NP,
51
Mathikettan Shola NP, Anamudi Shola NP and Kurinjimala Sanctuary. Presently the area is
functioning as one section manned by one Forester and two Forest Guards deployed from
Kadavari station for the protection of the park.
The extent of the Park is 33.45 km2 (as per SOI toposheet) having difficult and hostile terrain. It
is proposed to manage the area under two sections, namely, Mannavan Shola Section and
Idivara-Pullaradi Shola Section having an extent of 13.03 km2 and 20.42 respectively with
headquarter at Perumala and Thamburankavala respectively. The Wildlife Warden will move a
proposal for declaration of sections as per the providsions in the Forest Code.
It is also prescribed that the adjoining forested areas of Idlimotta in KDH and Manthan shola
areas above Kanthalloor are declared as EFL/RF and added to the Park.
It is proposed to redeploy one Deputy Ranger, two Foresters and seven Forest Guards from
Kadavari /Kambakkallu Station to the ASNP. The Deputy Ranger will look after the overall
management of the Park and report to Assistant Wildlife Warden. Each Section will be
managed by one Forester and three Forest Guards. One Guard will be placed on Checkpost
duty at Methapu.
6.4.1.2. Infrastructure
Administrative building
Mannavanshola Section – Headquarters at Perumala
At present the Forester does not have office cum accommodation facilities and hence
construction of a Forester quarters is proposed at Perumala. The two Forest Guards at
Perumala are also not having accommodation facilities. A duplex quarter for the Forest Guards
is proposed during the plan period. The Wildlife Warden may take action to provide required
facilities like cots, table, chairs, almirah etc at section headquarters.
Idivara-Pullaradi Shola Section – Headquarters at Thamburankavala
At present the Forester does not have office cum accommodation facilities and hence
construction of a Forester quarters is proposed at Thamburankavala. The existing camp shed at
Thamburankavala may be provided with toilet facilities for the stay of two Forest Guards. The
52
Wildlife Warden may take action to provide required facilities like cots, table, chairs, almirah
etc at section headquarters.
6.4.1.3. Perambulation procedure
The Wildlife Warden will divide the park into patrolling units and communicate to the staff. The
perambulation schedule will be communicated to the staff on monthly basis for
implementation. The Assistant Wildlife Warden and Wildlife Warden will also join for patrolling
and make frequent surprise checks. The staff will maintain the movement register and wildlife
monitoring register which will be subject to frequent inspection by Assistant Wildlife Warden
and Wildlife Warden.
Frequent special ganja raids may also be arranged by the Wildlife Warden / Asst. Wildlife
Warden.
6.4.1.4. Staff welfare activities
The Wildlife Warden will have meetings with the staff and include the staff amenities items in
the APO funded by Government of India. At present the Govt. of India is providing staff welfare
inputs like residential accommodation for the childrens of frontline staff in nearby
town/villages, supply of kerosene, medicine, field kit, mosquito net, torch, etc.
6.4.1.5. Infrastructure related to protection
(a) Arms and ammunitions
At present the staff is having 1 Rifle (315) and ammunition (5 nos). It is proposed to provide
one gun and minimum 50 nos of ammunitions in each section.
(b) Communication facilities
At present there is only one walkie talkie. It is proposed that each section should have one
main station and two walkie talkies.
(c) Anti poaching shed
At present, the vulnerable areas do not have any antipoaching campsheds except the one at
Jandamala. It is proposed to construct antipoaching camp sheds at Pazhathottam and
53
Iddalimutta. The Wildlife Warden will take action to man the camp sheds through Muduvan
Watchers.
(d) Vehicle
At present the Assistant Wildlife Warden with head quarter at Top Station has a vehicle and the
same is used for the protection of Anaimudy shola NP, Pambadam shola NP, Mathikettan shola
NP and Kurinjimala WLS. It is proposed that a vehicle with wireless sets may be procured for
Anamudi Shola NP. Wildlife Warden may also take steps to procure two motor bikes for the
Section Foresters.
(e) Roads and Trekpath
Road
The following roads are passing through the park.
S.P. Puram – Kanthallur road - 6km
Methapu to Valsapetty - 9 km
Koodallarkudy to Kovilur - 1.5 km
All these roads are fair weather roads. Future maintenance of these roads may be decided in
consultation with the Field Director (PT). No new road is proposed during the plan period.
Trekpath
The total length of trek paths in the Park is 68.30 km. The details of trek paths are given in
Table 14.
Table.14: List of trek paths in ASNP
Sl.No.
NameDistance
(Km.)1 Nattakamkadu to Noolimala 3.002 Antrikkadu to Iddalimotta 6.003 Pulivizhunthanpara to Iddalimotta 5.004 Santhankodu to Mattushola 5.005 Padikkettu to Pullaradi 5.006 Thamburankavala to Koodallar 1.50
54
7 Bhagavathikovil to Idivarachola 4.008 Padikkettu to Idivarachola 6.009 Mammattychola to Koodallar 1.5010 Kulachivayal to Theerthamala 5.0011 Irikkamedu to Santhankadu 1.5012 Santhankadu to Valsappetty 5.0013 Valsapetty to Mattuchola 4.8014 Puthoor to Koodallar 4.0015 Cholathadam to PR 6.0016 3rd Mile to Anivara 5.00
The Wildlife Warden may review and study the necessity of maintaining important trek paths in
the checklist mentioned above. As far as possible, the trekpaths through the sholas may not be
maintained.
(f) Check post and chain gate
The people settled at Koodallarkudy, Valsapettykudy and Samiyaralakudy are having the right
of way through the following routes.
Methapu to Valsapetty - 9 km
Koodallarkudy to Kovilur - 1.5 km
Puthur – Koodallar - 4 km. (This route is used for transportation ofgoods using mules.)
The S.P. Puram – Kanthallur road is already manned by a checkpost and the Methapu to
Valsapetty road is provided with a chain gate. It is proposed to put chain gates on the
Koodallarkudy to Kovilur route.
(g) Uniforms and Field Equipments
It is proposed to procure field equipments such as Tents, Compass, GPS, Binoculars, Range
finder, Digital camera, Rain Gauge, Thermometer, Hygrometer, Camera trap, field kits, etc.
6.4.1.6. Strengthening intelligence
The Wildlife Warden, Assistant Wildlife warden and staff will develop liaison with NGOs,
peoples’ representatives, EDC members Tribal Heads, interstate officers, Crime Control bureau
officials, in sharing information. The informants may be paid suitably. The Wildlife Warden
55
may move proposal for fixing the rewards to the informants depending on the type of crime
and information. The legal support if any required may also be availed by the Wildlife
Warden in special / serious cases.
The wildlife Warden may review and monitor the implementation of the protection plan.
6.4.2. Theme plan for Fire protection
Forest fire is the basic threat to the forest, which cause considerable damage to the flora and
fauna in the area. The existing road, trekpaths, rivers, etc. may be considered while preparing
fire plan. In order to protect the natural resources of the Park from fires, the following
strategies and activities are proposed.
6.4.2.1. Fire lines
The Wildlife Warden will maintain the following fire lines in the fire prone areas.
1. Pazhathottam - Swamiyaralakudi - 12.00 km2. Idivara - Kudallar - 9.00 km3. Santhankadu - Thamburankavala - 4.00 km4. Santhankadu – HNL Plantation - 5.00 km5. Methappu - Kudallar - 6.00 km6. Padikkettu - P.R. division - 3.00 km7. Pattivirippan - Theertham - 3.00 km8. Erikkamedu - 3rd mile - 4.00 km9. Noolimala - 3rd Mile - 6.00 km10. Jandamala - Padikettu - 5.00 km11. Onnamkurukku - 3rd Mile - 3.00 km12. Noolimala - HNL Plantation - 5.00 km13. Pulivizhunthanpara - Varayadi - 2.00 km14. Attala - Idivara - 3.00 km15. Jandamala - Kudallar - 6.00 km16. Pazhathottam - Jandamala - 4.00 km17. P.R. Division - Theerthamala - 13.00 km18. Mattuchola - Theerthamala - 14.00 km19. Mattuchola - P.R. Division - 18.00 km
Total 125.00 kmWhile taking the fire lines, the following precautions will be taken:
• No fire line should be taken on the edge of the shola forest. The fireline around the shola
should be taken giving the reasonable space for the extension of shola forest.
56
• Scrapping of grass as fire break around sholas should be avoided. The system followed in
Eravikulam NP by Muduvans for creation of fireline without scrapping may be followed.
6.4.2.2. Fire Watchers Camps
The fire watchers camps will be established at following vulnerable locations.
1. Santhankadu
2. Pulivizhunthanpara
The Wildlife Warden may ensure the engagement of fire watchers from the fringe area people,
priority may be given to provide livelihood and employment to resource dependent
communities.
6.4.2.3. Participatory Fire Management
The fringe area people from Kulachivayalkudy may be involved in Participatory Fire
Management. A microplan may be prepared for each settlement detailing the extent of area,
people involved, benefit sharing, etc.
6.4.2.4. Awareness and Training
Wildlife Warden will arrange awareness and training for the staff and EDC members before the
fire season every year. Awareness campaigns may be arranged for fringe area people on the
impact of fires on forests. This may be done by mass involvement of people in procession, talks
in nearby schools, display boards, street play, etc.
6.4.2.5. Construction of fire watchtowers and communication network
The fire watch towers may be erected at Idalimotta and Pazhathottam. Any fire incident should
be communicated to the headquarter for mobilizing the additional force for fire prevention.
6.4.2.6. Equipments to extinguish fire
The equipments like gum boots, fire resistant suit, etc may be procured and made available to
the fire camps.
57
The Wildlife Warden may review the fire plan every year after the fire season. The gap in fire
protection may be identified and suitable proposals may be made in the ensuing year to make
Mathikettan Shola National Park total fire free.
6.4.3. Theme plan for water shed and water resources management
The utilization of habitat by the wild animals depends on the availability of water resources
within their reach. The people within the settlements and local people of Kathallur, Kizhanthur,
Silandiyar, Perumala and Puthur also depend on the water discharged from the National Park
for drinking and irrigation purposes. To provide judicious distribution of water sources for
wildlife and to fulfill the water needs of the local people, following strategies and activities are
proposed.
• Mapping of water sources – water holes, checkdams, streams and other natural
sources with seasonality.
• Preparation of drainage map.
• Installation of meteorological stations for regular recording of weather data.
• Initiation of dialogue with local bodies and beneficiaries for water sharing and
watershed conservation.
• Conduct feasibility study to retain water in crucial locations inside and outside PA.
• Implementation of suitable measures for maintaining and improving watersheds –
revegetation of habitats especially in restoration zone, soil and moisture conservation
measures etc.
• Enhancement of water discharge capacity through habitat improvement activities.
Wildlife Warden may prepare a Status Paper on water resources and seasonality and propose
future development of water holes and checkdams /anicut accordingly.
58
CHAPTER 7Tourism, Interpretation and Conservation Education
The main goal is to strengthen the cause of conservation in general and of the management of
the PA concerned in particular through conservation oriented tourism. This can be achieved
through (i) providing informed wilderness experience to visitors (ii) enabling the visitors to view
a cross section of PA values.
The Tourism, Interpretation and Conservation Education zone will be overlapping with the
restoration zone and buffer zone. The existing facilities related to environmental conservation
awareness and nature based tourism are only the following.
1. Information Centre at Methapu.
2. Watch Tower at Methapu.
3. Log house at Methapu, Jandamala, Thamburankavala.
4. Present section headquarter at Kanthallur.
Strategies and Activities
7.1. Environmental conservation awareness
· Develop an interpretation centre/Information centre in collaboration with DTPC/
Tourism Department/local bodies / NGOs etc at appropriate location preferably on the
land near KSRTC Bus Stand in Munnar.
· Create a post of Wildlife Assistant at Division level.
· Develop education materials for various target groups - leaflets, brochures, pamphlets,
posters, movies, etc
· Conduct nature awareness camps for various target groups including people within and
on the fringe.
· Procure equipments such as computer, LCD projector etc for conducting nature
education camps effectively.
59
· Create a website
· Develop appropriate hoarding and signages and display at strategic locations.
7.2. Facilitating nature-based regulated tourism
· Engage trained resource persons through Anamudi FDA
· Capacity building & training to guides and staff on human behaviour, identification of
flora and fauna (butterflies, birds, animal evidences etc)
· Procure adequate equipments to be given to tourists on rent (binoculars, leech proof
socks, tents, sleeping bags, solar lights, torches etc.)
· Create awareness among local communities / visitors to park
· Legal Enforcement with fine to control littering of National Park.
· Involvement of EDCs in removal of plastics as part of mutual commitment.
· Develop dissemination mechanisms on tourism packages available through website
· Develop appropriate nature based tourism packages considering protection of PA and
ensuring livelihood security of dependant community and PA management
· Identify and initiate dialogues with tour operators and formulate benefit sharing
mechanisms
· Move proposal for recycling entry fee
· Prepare site specific microplan for each package with baseline information and conduct
annual impact assessment through participatory process.
The Wildlife Warden will conduct annual review of environmental conservation awareness
programmes and nature-based regulated tourism activities.
60
CHAPTER 8ECODEVELOPMENT
The problems related to people-PA interface are human-Wildlife (elephant, boar) Conflict at
Puthur, Perumala, Pazhathottam, Koodalarkudy, Samiyaralakudy, Kulachuvayalkduy, Silandiar,
Valsapattykudy, etc. Lack of information on the extent of conflict, lack of ecodevelopment
programmes, lack of funds for implementing ecodevelopment programme, inadequate support
team for implementing ecodevelopment programmes, absence of information on needs and
natural and cultural resources of local and ethnic communities (muthuvans) and lack of training
to staff.
The ecodevelopment zone will be overlapping with the buffer zone and restoration zone.
8.1. To strengthen the People-PA interface, the following strategies and activities are proposed.
· Addition of Iddalimutta area of Munnar Divisin to Anamudi NP and eco restoration of
the area for water conservation.
· Declare the adjoining areas as Eco-Sensitive Areas to regulate landuse in tune with the
management objectives.
· Development of appropriate barriers to prevent wildlife entering the farmlands
(elephant proof trench, solar power fence etc) at Puthur, Perumala, Pazhathottam,
Koodalarkudy, Samiyaralakudy, Kulachuvayalkduy, Silandiar, Valsapattykudy, etc.
Wildlife Warden may involve the people in the future management of solar power
fence.
· Timely assessment of wildlife damages and payment of compensation
· Institution of crop insurance
· Undertaking appropriate habitat improvement programmes within the Park for
improving the availability of forage and water.
· Studying the extent of the wildlife damage problem including the wildlife and crops
involved
61
· Constitution of EDCs and designing appropriate site-specific ecodevelopment
programmes
· Seeking funds from various sources (Local bodies / other line departments/ Govt of
India) through FDA.
· Identify and phase out the ecologically incompatible activities (especially the supply of
goats) of line departments.
· Settlement of land rights and resource rights under ‘Recognition of Forest Rights Act’
may be completed.
· Deployment of adequate trained support team including social workers /voluntary
services for microplanning and collating data on socio-economic status of people.
· Identification of the needs /aspirations and natural and cultural resources of local
community during microplanning.
· Identification of the potentials to be utilised for ensuring the livelihood security of local
people – nature based tourism packages. The nature-based tourism packages may be
designed to peovide livelihood security and protection of National Park.
· Imparting training to staff on microplanning, ecodevelopment concept, ecotourism
including visit to other areas in the State and outside.
8.2. For regulating and control over grazing, firewood and NWFP collection and
transporation of goods through mules, the following strategies are proposed.
8.2.1. Grazing
o Study and monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing
o Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate livelihood and encourage stall feeding
o Ensure vaccination of cattle – twice a year
o Form an user-group EDC with access rules.
o Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals near PA as supporting agency.
62
8.2.2. Firewood collection
§ Study the extent and impact of firewood collection & lemon grass oil distillation
§ Prevent collection of indigenous species as fuelwood and for oil distillation
§ Exotic species may be permitted to be collected as fuelwood with mutual commitments
as part of phased removal of exotics
§ Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required within community land/
ecodevelopment zone.
§ Provide energy-saving devices
§ Form an user-group EDC
8.2.3. NWFP collection
o Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, kattupadavalam,
tippali, vines for constructing houses etc)
o Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods
o Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP
resources & value addition
o Define zone of collection and frame access rules for sustainable collection
o Propose alternate livelihood to prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection
o Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal plant species placed in RED Data Book
o Promote planting of selected endemic NWFP species in the homesteads.
8.2.4. Presence of mules for transportation of goods to settlements and vice versa
• Vaccination and health care of the existing ones – twice an year
• Monitoring by the staff –about animal health and vaccination certificate
63
• Explore the possibilities for developing an alternate arrangement with minimum impact
in consultation with people. Study the option of an alternate route for accessing
markets and hospitals with minimum impact on shola system.
Grazing and collection of natural resources for commercial purposes are prohibited in the
National Park. At the same time the Tribal Rights Act permit traditional rights of people.
Wildlife Warden may review the Management Plan on settlement of rights under Tribal Right
Act and declaration of Critical Wildlife Habitat.
64
CHAPTER 9RESEARCH, MONITORING AND TRAINING
Research, monitoring and training are among the weakest areas in wildlife management. The
need is acknowledged but there is very little progress. Research has mainly suffered due to lack
of policy, clarity of objectives, priorities and therefore inadequate funding support; lack of
adequate employment opportunities inclusive of reasonable career advancement prospects
and therefore want of suitable personnel.
The Park was declared during 2003 and not explored much from the biodiversity point of view.
In order to accomplish the plan objectives, the following research, monitoring and training are
proposed.
9.1. Research
1. Mapping of the extent of wattle, eucalyptus and pine plantations to restore the areas.
2. Mapping of vegetation types
3. Study & monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing
4. Conduct studies to document the flora and fauna of the PA including RET and endemics
5. Study and document traditional knowledge of indigenous communities
6. Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, kattupadavalam,
tippali, vines for constructing houses etc)
7. Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods for NWFP management.
8. Study and identify invasive species that have negative impact on ecosystem and evolove
techniques for ecorestoration.
9. Study and identify the spatial and temporal distribution of water sources and generate
maps.
10. Studying the extent of the wildlife damage problem including the wildlife and crops
involved.
65
11. Study the extent and impact of firewood collection and lemon grass oil distillation.
9.2. Monitoring
1. Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion
2. Regular wildlife health monitoring
3. Population monitoring of selected species of flora and fauna and annual census of
wildlife
4. Monitoring of intrusion and regeneration of invasive species
5. Monitoring of regeneration of natural species in the restoration zone.
6. Identify and monitor the special habitats/micro-habitats sch as talush, cliff, dens, caves,
snags, old growth forests and riparian forests for future habitat management.
9.3. Training
1. Impart training to staff & EDC members on wildlife health monitoring
2. Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP resources &
value addition
3. Capacity building for staff in intelligence gathering, identifying wildlife article, acts and
rules, etc.
4. Capacity building & training to guides and staff on ecotourism
5. Impart training to staff on wildlife census techniques
6. Training on wildlife evidences, collection of biological materials and their interpretation.
7. Training in weapon handling and maintenance.
8. Training on modern fire fighting.
66
CHAPTER 10ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION
10.1. Structure
The organizational structure of the Park is as shown below
10.2. Responsibilities
10.2.1. The ASNP will be headed by the Wildlife Warden who will have overall responsibility for
the implementation of the Management Plan. The Wildife Warden will develop a pocket field
guide with schedule of operations for the implementation of management plan and supply it to
Assistant Wildlife Warden, Deputy Ranger and Section Foresters.
Field Director
Wildlife WardenMunnar
Assistant Wildlife Warden,Shola NP Range
Deputy Ranger,Anamudi Shola NP
Forester, MannavanShola Section
Forester,Idivara-PullaradiShola Section
Forest GuardsIdivara-PullaradiShola Section
Forest GuardsMannavan SholaSection
67
10.2.2. The Wildlife Warden will make arrangements to supply the below mentioned control
forms (Annexure 11) to the Assistant Wildlife Warden, Deputy Ranger and Section Foresters
and compile the information about the Park.
FORM - 1 Creation of new artificial waterholesFORM - 2 Maintenance of waterholes : NaturalFORM - 3 Maintenance of waterholes : ArtificialFORM - 4 Restoration of habitat : weed controlFORM - 5 Restoration of habitat : Prescribed burningFORM - 6 Restoration of habitat : Soil Conservation measures – initial operations and
subsequent maintenanceFORM - 7 Restoration of habitatFORM - 8 Animals : Measuring trends in populationsFORM - 9 Animals : New recordsFORM - 10 Animals : Mortality other than that attributable to an offenceFORM - 11 Animals : Mortality attributed to poaching or an act of vandalismFORM - 12 Animals : Predation on domestic livestock by wild carnivoresFORM - 13 Animals : Killing of a human by wildlife or injury causedFORM - 14 Animals : Wildlife damage to private or public propertyFORM - 15 Plants : New recordsFORM - 16 NWFP collection : Plants and other produceFORM - 17 Grazing of domestic livestockFORM - 18 Inter-agency programmes : Agencies and schemes (Government)FORM - 19 Programmes of NGOsFORM - 20 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure : Roads and Bridges
(*existing/new)FORM - 21 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure : buildings (*existing/new)FORM - 22 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure : communication
(*existing/new)FORM - 23 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure : vehicles (*existing/new)FORM - 24 Developing infrastructure : construction of boundaries
Fences, EPTs, (*existing/new)FORM - 25 Developing infrastructure : firelines (*existing/new)FORM - 26 TourismFORM - 27 Outbreak of firesFORM - 28 Offence cases detectedFORM - 29 Incentives and awardsFORM - 30 Research projects under implementation through PA manpower with or
without collaboration with other agenciesFORM - 31 Survey and inventoriesFORM - 32 The Monitoring ProgrammeFORM - 33 Ecodevelopment
68
10.2.3. The Wildlife Warden, Munnar shall prepare Annual Plan of Operations and Schedule of
Operations every year in the first week of April.
10.2.4. The Wildlife Warden shall not deviate from the Management Plan prescriptions without
the prior permission in writing of the Chief Wildlife Warden.
10.2.5. The Wildlife Warden shall also take action for reviewing the Management Plan after five
years.
69
BUDGET FOR ANAMUDI SHOLA NATIONAL PARK
Sl.No.
Para ofManage-
ment PlanActivity
Financial RequirementTotal1st
Year2ndYear
3rdYear
4thYear
5thYear
6thYear
7thYear
8thYear
9thYear
10thYear
1 6.1.1Survey of boundaries andconstruction of cairns
2.25 2.25 2.00 6.50
2 6.1.1GPS survey for delineationof plantations & preparingmaps
2.00 1.50 3.50
3 6.3.2
Removal of plantations ofexotic species forimprovement of habitatand restoration of originalvegetation
3.00 3.60 3.60 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.00 3.00 3.00 32.40
4 6.3.2Assisting regeneration ofindegenous species
3.00 4.50 6.50 7.5010.0
031.50
5 6.3.2
Establishment ofpermanent plots andmonitoring succession &eco-restoration
2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 11.00
6 6.4.1.1Salary of 1 Dy Ranger, 2Foresters & 7 ForestGuards
14.00 14.50 15.00 15.5016.0
016.50 17.00
17.50
18.00 18.50162.5
0
7 6.4.1.2
Construction & furnishingof office cumaccommodation facilityfor Forester at Perumala& Thamburankavala
10.00 10.00 20.00
6.4.1.3Construction & furnishingof duplex quarters for
10.00 10.00
70
Sl.No.
Para ofManage-
ment PlanActivity
Financial RequirementTotal1st
Year2ndYear
3rdYear
4thYear
5thYear
6thYear
7thYear
8thYear
9thYear
10thYear
Guards at Perumala
9 6.4.1.2Maintenance of existingpatrol camp sheds andwatch tower
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00
13 6.4.1.3 Ganja raids 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 9.50
14 6.4.1.4House rent for residentialaccomodation forchildrens of frontline staff
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 4.00
15 6.4.1.4Supply of kerosene, fieldkit, mosquito net, torchesto staff
1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 15.00
16 6.4.1.5Purchase of arms andammunition
1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.50
17 6.4.1.5Purchase & Maintenanceof wireless set andwalkie-talkie
1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 6.50
6.4.1.5
Construction ofantipoaching camp shedsat Pazhathottam andIddalimutta andmaintenance
4.20 4.20 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.70 10.70
6.4.1.5Engaging mazdoors forantipoaching activities
5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 50.00
19 6.4.1.5Purchase of 1 Jeep & 2Bikes and maintenance
1.00 1.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 8.50
20 6.4.1.5 Maintenance of roads 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 30.0021 6.4.1.5 Maintenace of trek paths 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 50.0022 6.4.1.5 Erection of Chaingatesand 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.80
71
Sl.No.
Para ofManage-
ment PlanActivity
Financial RequirementTotal1st
Year2ndYear
3rdYear
4thYear
5thYear
6thYear
7thYear
8thYear
9thYear
10thYear
maintenance
23 6.4.1.5
Purchase of equipments -Tents, Compass, GPS,Binoculars, Range Finder,Digital Camera, CameraTrap, Field Kit etc
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 10.00
25 6.4.1.6Intelligence gathering andrewards to informers
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 3.00
26 6.4.1.6Legal support in specialcases.
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00
27 6.4.2.1 Creation of firelines. 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 50.00
28 6.4.2.2Engaging fire watchersduring fire season
3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 30.00
29 6.4.2.3Participatory FireManagement
1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 15.00
30 6.4.2.4Awareness to Staff & EDCduring fire season.
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00
31 6.4.2.5Fire Watch Towers (2 nos)and maintenance
1.00 1.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 2.80
32 6.4.2.6Purchase of fire fightingequipments (gum boots,fire resistant suit etc.)
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50
33 6.4.3Maintenance & creationof water holes / checkdams.
2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 24.00
34 6.4.3Mapping of waterresources and preparationof drainage map.
0.50 0.50
72
Sl.No.
Para ofManage-
ment PlanActivity
Financial RequirementTotal1st
Year2ndYear
3rdYear
4thYear
5thYear
6thYear
7thYear
8thYear
9thYear
10thYear
35 6.4.3Installation ofmeteogological station
0.50 0.50
36 6.4.3Soil & moistureconservation measures(Gully Plugging, Bunds)
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 20.00
37 7.1Construction ofInformation Centre atMunnar
25.00 25.00
39 7.1Education & awarenessmaterials.
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00
40 7.1 Awareness camps 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00
41 7.1Procurement of LCD,Computer for awarenesscampaigns
1.00 1.50 2.50
42 7.1 Creation of websites. 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.00
43 7.1Erection of signages atstrategic location
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00
44 7.2
Engaging a resourceperson for awareness andnature based tourismthrough Anaimudi FDA
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.00
45 7.2Training to staff andguides on Tourism
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00
46 7.2Purchase of solar lights,torches, sleeping bags,tents, binoculars etc.
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00
47 7.2Preparation of microplansfor tourism packages
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00
73
Sl.No.
Para ofManage-
ment PlanActivity
Financial RequirementTotal1st
Year2ndYear
3rdYear
4thYear
5thYear
6thYear
7thYear
8thYear
9thYear
10thYear
48 8.1
Construction of elephantproof trenches / solarfences at Puthur,Perumala, Pazhathottam,Koodalarkudy,Samiyaralakudy,Valsapettykudy,Kulachuvayalkudy etc
5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 50.00
49 8.1Constitution of EDCs andpreparation of microplans
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00
50 8.1Ecodevelopment activities(as per microplan)
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 20.00
51 8.1
Training to staff onecodevelopment,microplanning and visitsto other sites.
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50
52 8.2.1Study the impacts ofgrazing
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.80
53 8.2.1 Vaccination of cattle 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50
54 8.2.2Study the extent andimpact of firewoodcollection
0.25 0.25 0.50
55 8.2.3Study the extent andimpact of NWFP collection
0.25 0.25 0.50
56 8.2.3Training on scientificcollection of NWFP &value addition
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.90
57 8.2.3 Regeneration of NWFP & 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.00
74
Sl.No.
Para ofManage-
ment PlanActivity
Financial RequirementTotal1st
Year2ndYear
3rdYear
4thYear
5thYear
6thYear
7thYear
8thYear
9thYear
10thYear
medicinal plants in REDData Book
58 8.2.3Planting of NWFP speciesin Homesteads
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 4.50
59 8.2.4
Vaccination and healthcare of mules used fortransportation of goodsfrom settlements
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.00
60 9.1Mapping vegetation typein the National Park
2.00 2.00
61 9.1Document flora & faunaincluding RET & Endemics
2.00 2.00
62 9.1Study & document ontraditional knowledge ofindigenous communites
0.50 0.50
63 9.1
Study and identifyinvasive species that havenegative impacts onecosystem
0.50 0.50 1.00
64 9.2.1Monitoring regenerationstatus and soil erosion
0.50 0.50 0.50 1.50
65 9.2.2 Wildlife health monitoring 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0066 9.2.3 Wildlife census 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00
67 9.2.4Identify and monitoringspecial habitat
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60
68 9.3Training to staff onweapon handling, firefighting, census tecnique
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50
75
Sl.No.
Para ofManage-
ment PlanActivity
Financial RequirementTotal1st
Year2ndYear
3rdYear
4thYear
5thYear
6thYear
7thYear
8thYear
9thYear
10thYear
etc.
69Chapter 6
& 7Building maintenance 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00
70 Chapter 6Overhead and officeexpenses
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00
TOTAL104.8
5122.5
588.45 79.05
84.55
72.25 75.5573.9
575.25 74.55
851.00
Note: Wildlife Warden may sought funds from other sources (State Budget Head at present in operation)
76
Annexure 1
Notification of ASNP
GOVERNMENT OF KERALAForest and Wildlife (F) Department
NOTIFICATIONNo. 12876/F2 2003/F & WLD Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 14th December 2003
WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala consider that the area, the situation and limits of which aredefined in the Schedule below is of great ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological and zoologicalsignificance;AND WHEREAS, it appears to the Government of Kerala that the said area is needed to be constituted asa National Park for ensuring long-term protection for this majestic vegetal stretch, which contains manybotanical rarities and novelties to Science;NOW, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 35 of Wildlife(Protection) Act, 1972 (Central Act 53 of 1972), the Government of Kerala hereby declare their intentionto constitute the said area as a National Park to be known as “ASNP”.
SCHEDULEDistrict IdukkiTaluk DevikulamVillage MarayoorExtent 750 ha (approximate)
Situation and limits of the said areaNorth: - Starting from Ottakombumala (hill point 2164) on the south western corner of Tirthalarproposed reserve forests, thence along the southern boundary of the said reserve till it reaches thenortheastern corner of Mannavan shola reserve thence along the northeastern boundary of the saidreserve up to Madavarimala, thence northeast along the southern boundary of Idivara Shola reservepassing along hill points 2153,2104, 2199, 2132, 2127 (Velligirimala)
East: - Starting from hill point at 2127 (Velligirimala) runs along the eastern boundary of Idivara SholaReserved Forests and Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forest till it reaches the south eastern corner of PullaradiShola Reserved Forests adjoining the boundary of Kannan Devan Hills village concession lands.
South: - Starting from the south eastern corner of Pullaradi Shola reserved Forests runs more or lesssouth along the southern boundary of Pullaradi Shola Reserved forests, Idivara Shola Reserved Forestand Mannavan Shola reserved Forests adjoining to the Northern Boundary of Kannan Devan Hills VillageConcession lands till it reaches Tirthamala.
West: - Starting from Tirthamala runs along eastern boundary of Mannavan Shola Reserved Forests till itreaches hill point 2164, Ottakombumala
Remarks:- The proposed National Park includes all the areas notified as Reserved Forest under IdivaraShola Reserve No.56, Pullaradi Shola Reserve No. 57 and Mannavan Shola Reserve No.58.
By Order of the Governor,LIZZIE JACOB
Principal Secretary to Government
77
Annexure 2List of Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers
1. Acacia dealbata Link.2. Acacia mearnsii de Wilde.3. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.4. Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq.5. Actinodaphne malabarica Balakr.6. Aglaia apiocarpa (Thw.) Hiern7. Antidesma menasu (Tul.) Miq. ex Muell.-Arg.8. Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex Hook. f.9. Bhesa indica (Bedd.) Ding Hou10. Bischofia javanica Blume11. Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teijsm. & Binn. var. umbellatum (Wight) Sant.& Merch.12. Celtis tetrandra Roxb.13. Chionanthus linocieroides (Wight) Bennet & Raizada14. Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. var. peninsularis, Ravikumar & Lakshmanan15. Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.16. Cinnamomum macrocarpum Hook. f.17. Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. f.) Blume18. Cinnamomum wightii Meisner19. Cocculus laurifolius DC.20. Cryptocarya bourdillonii Gamble21. Daphniphyllum neilgherrense (Wight) K. Rosenth.22. Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast.23. Elaeocarpus recurvatus Corner24. Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.25. Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maid.26. Eurya nitida Korth.27. Ficus laevis Blume var. macrocarpa (Miq.) Corner28. Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg29. Gomphandra coriacea Wight30. Gordonia obtusa Wall. ex Wight & Arn.31. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.32. Hydnocarpus alpina Wight33. Litsea coriacea (Heyne ex Meisner) Hook. f.34. Litsea glabrata (Wall. ex Nees) Hook. f.35. Litsea wightiana (Nees) Hook. f. var. wightiana36. Macaranga indica Wight37. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg.38. Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz.39. Mastixia arborea (Wight) Bedd.40. Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. barbulata (Cufod.) Beus.41. Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. ssp. simplicifolia42. Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm.43. Neolitsea fischeri Gamble44. Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm.45. Phoebe wightii Meisner46. Photinia integrifolia Lindl. var. sublanceolata Miq.
78
47. Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq.48. Rhododendron arboreum Smith ssp. nilagiricum (Zenk.) Tagg.49. Scolopia crenata (Wight) Clos50. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Moore51. Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex A. DC. ssp. rosea (Bedd.) Nooteb.52. Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston53. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels54. Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn.55. Syzygium gardneri Thw.56. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume57. Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv.58. Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.59. Vaccinium leschenaultii Wight60. Vaccinium neilgherrense Wight61. Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham.62. Xantolis tomentosa (Roxb.) Raf. var. elengioides (A. DC.) Vajr.
Herbs and shrubs1. Acanthospermum hispidum DC.2. Achyranthes aspera L. var. aspera3. Achyranthes aspera L. var. pubescens (Miq.) Townsend4. Acmella calva (DC.) R. K. Jansen5. Aerides ringens (Lindl.) Fischer6. Aeschynanthus perrottetii A. DC.7. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robins.8. Ageratum houstonianum Mill.9. Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. ex Wight10. Amaranthus viridis L.11. Anaphalis aristata DC.12. Anisomeles indica (L.) O. Ktze.13. Asystasia crispata Benth.14. Begonia malabarica Lam.15. Bidens pilosa L.16. Calceolaria gracilis Kunth.17. Cardamine africana L.18. Carex baccans Nees ex Wight19. Carex brunnea Thunb.20. Carex filicina Nees21. Cassia mimosoides L. var. leschenaultiana (DC.) Ohashi22. Celosia pulchella Moq.23. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban24. Chenopodium ambrosioides L.25. Chrysopogon nodulibarbis (Steud.) Henrard26. Clinopodium umbrosoum (M. Bieb.) K. Koch27. Conyza stricta Willd.28. Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith29. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.30. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Wats.
79
31. Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm32. Cyperus compressus L.33. Dendrobium anamalayanum Chandr.34. Desmodium microphyllum (Thunb.) DC.35. Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC.36. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.37. Diplocentrum recurvum Lindl.38. Drosera peltata Sm.39. Elatostema lineolatum Wight var. falcigera Thw.40. Elatostema sessile J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.41. Emilia scabra DC.42. Eria dalzellii Lindl.43. Eria pauciflora Wight44. Erigeron karvinskianus DC.45. Eulalia phaeothrix (Hack.) O. Ktze.46. Fimbristylis kingii Gamble ex Boeck.47. Fimbristylis uliginosa Hochst. ex Steud.48. Galinsoga parviflora Cav.49. Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Rosc.50. Hedyotis anamalayana (Gamble) Rao & Hemadri51. Hedyotis articularis R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. ssp.santapaui (Shetty & Vivek.) Deb. & Dutta52. Hedyotis leschenaultiana DC.53. Helichrysum buddleioides DC.54. Heracleum ceylanicum Gardn. ex. Clarke55. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.56. Juncus leschenaultii Gay57. Justicia japonica Thunb.58. Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC. var. hookeriana Bhattacharjee & Deb.59. Korthalsella japonica (Thunb.) Engl.60. Leucas chinensis (Retz.) R. Br.61. Leucas suffruticosa Benth.62. Lilium neilgherrense Wight63. Lobelia heyneana Roem. & Schult.64. Lobelia leschenaultiana (Presl.) Skottsb.65. Lobelia nicotianiifolia Roth ex Schult.66. Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten67. Molineria trichocarpa (Wight) Balakr.68. Myriactis wightii DC.69. Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) Lackey70. Oberonia chandrasekharanii Nair et al.71. Oberonia thwaitesii Hook. f.72. Oberonia verticillata Wight73. Oberonia wightiana Lindl.74. Oldenlandia corymbosa L.75. Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don76. Ophiorrhiza brunonis Wight & Arn.77. Oxalis corniculata L.78. Oxalis latifolia Kunth
80
79. Parthenium hysterophorus L.80. Peliosanthes courtallensis Wight81. Peperomia portulacoides (Lam.) Dietr.82. Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst.) Hook. & Arn.83. Physalis peruviana L.84. Pilea kingii Fischer85. Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd.86. Plantago erosa Wall.87. Portulaca oleracea L.88. Rhynchosia rothii Benth. ex Aitch.89. Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne90. Rungia laeta Clarke91. Satyrium nepalense D. Don92. Sida rhombifolia L.93. Sigesbeckia orientalis L.94. Spergula arvensis L.95. Spermacoce ocymoides Burm. f.96. Themeda triandra Forssk.97. Triumfetta pilosa Roth98. Viola betonicifolia Smith ssp. nepalensis (Ging.) Becker99. Viola pilosa Blume100. Xyris capensis Thunb. var. schoenoides (Mart.) Nilsson101. Alstonia venenata R. Br.102. Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen103. Ardisia rhomboidea Wight104. Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp.105. Atalantia wightii Tanaka106. Barleria involucrata Nees107. Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston108. Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thw. var. ophioxyloides (Wall.) Deb & Krishna109. Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.110. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon111. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.112. Crotalaria pallida Dryand.113. Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn.114. Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd.115. Dodonaea angustifolia L. f.116. Eurya japonica Thunb.117. Fagraea ceylanica Thunb.118. Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arn.119. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br. ex Ait.120. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.121. Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis122. Glochidion ellipticum Wight123. Helixanthera obtusata (Schult.) Danser124. Hypericum mysurense Heyne ex Wight & Arn.125. Indigofera cassioides Rottl. ex. DC.126. Indigofera spicata Forssk.
81
127. Isonandra lanceolata Wight128. Isonandra perrottetiana A. DC.129. Lantana camara L.130. Lantana indica Roxb.131. Lasianthus acuminatus Wight132. Lasianthus venulosus (Wight & Arn.) Wight133. Ligustrum perrottetii DC.134. Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume walkeri (Decne.) Green135. Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC.136. Mahonia leschenaultii (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Takeda ex Gamble137. Microtropis ramiflora Wight138. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack.139. Mussaenda hirsutissima (Hook. f.) Hutch. ex Gamble140. Myrsine wightiana Wall. ex DC.141. Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Grah.) Mabber.142. Osbeckia aspera (L.) Blume var. aspera143. Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC.144. Osbeckia parvifolia Arn.145. Osbeckia reticulata Bedd.146. Persicaria chinensis (L.) Gross147. Phytolacca octandra L.148. Pittosporum neilgherrense Wight & Arn.149. Plectranthus barbatus Andr.150. Plectranthus coleoides Benth.151. Plectranthus mollis (Ait.) Spreng.152. Pogostemon pubescens Benth.153. Pogostemon wightii Benth.154. Polyscias acuminata (Wight) Seem.155. Psychotria nilgiriensis Deb & M.G. Gangop. var. nilgiriensis156. Rauvolfia densiflora (Wall.) Benth. ex Hook. f.157. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk.158. Ricinus communis L.159. Saprosma foetens (Wight) K. Schum.160. Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.-Arg.161. Schefflera racemosa (Wight) Harms162. Solanum anguivi Lam. var. multiflora (Roth. ex Roem. & Schult.) Chitra163. Solanum nigrum L.164. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi165. Strobilanthes foliosus (Wight) T. Anders.166. Strobilanthes gracilis Bedd.167. Strobilanthes kunthianus (Nees) T. Anders. ex. Benth.168. Strobilanthes luridus Wight169. Taxillus cuneatus (Heyne ex Roth) Danser170. Taxillus tomentosus (Heyne ex Roth) Tieghem171. Urena lobata L.172. Viburnum coriaceum Blume173. Viburnum punctatum Buch.- Ham ex D. Don174. Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roemer & Schult.) Steud.
82
Climbers1. Allophylus concanicus Radlk.2. Argyreia hirsuta Wight & Arn.3. Calamus gamblei Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f.4. Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. ex Gagnep.5. Cissampelopsis corymbosa (Wall. ex DC.) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen6. Cissampelopsis walkeri (Arn.) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen7. Clematis munroiana Wight8. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.9. Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker10. Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey11. Dumasia villosa DC.12. Elaeagnus kologa Schlecht.13. Embelia ribes Burm. f.14. Gardneria ovata Wall.15. Grewia umbellifera Bedd.16. Jasminum brevilobum. A.DC.17. Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv.18. Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch.19. Passiflora edulis Sims20. Passiflora leschenaultii DC.21. Piper hymenophyllum Mqi.22. Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don23. Piper nigrum L.24. Piper schmidtii Hook.f.25. Piper wightii Miq.26. Rosa leschenaultiana Red. & Thory ex Wight & Arn.27. Rubus ellipticus Smith28. Rubus fairholmianus Gard.29. Rubus niveus Thunb.30. Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don31. Shuteria vestita Wight & Arn.32. Smilax aspera L.33. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers34. Tetrastigma nilagiricum (Miq.) B. V. Shetty35. Thunbergia tomentosa Wall. ex Nees36. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.37. Tylophora mollissima Wight & Arn.38. Zehneria scabra (L. f.) Sond.39. Zizyphus rugosa Lam.
83
Annexure 3Birds of Mannavan Shola and immediate surroundings
SN Common Name Scientific Name Status*ICICONIIFORMES1) Ardeidae
1 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii R2 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R
II. FALCONIFORMES2) Accipitridae
3 Sparrowhawk sp. Accipiter sp. M4 Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Crested Hawk-Eagle) Spizatus cirrhatus R5 Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis R
III. GALLIFORMES3) Phasianidae
6 Grey Junglefowl Gallus sonneratii RIV. CHARADRIFORMES4) CharadriidaeCharadriinae
7 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R8 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos M
V. COLUMBIFORMES5) Columbidae
9 Pompadour Green-Pigeon (Grey-fronted Green-Pigeon) Trenon pompadora R10 Mountain Imperial-Pigeon (Jerdon’s Imperial Pigeon) Ducula badia R11 Nilgiri Wood Pigeon Columba elphinstonii EN12 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis R13 Emerald Dove (Bronze-winged Dove) Chalcophaps indica R
VI. PSITTACIFORMES6) Psittacidae
14 Malabar Parakeet (Blue-winged Parakeet) Psittacula columboides EN15 Vernal Hanging-Parrot (Malabar Lorikeet) Loriculus vernalis R
VII. CUCULIFORMES7) Cuculidae
16 Greater Coucal (Crow-Pheasant) Centropus sinensis RVIII. APODIFORMES8) ApodidaeApodinae
17 Indian Swiftlet (Edible-nest Swiftlet) Collacalia unicolor RIX.TROGONIFORMES9) Troginidae
18 Malabar Trogon Harpactes fasciatus RX. CORACIIFORMES10) Alcedinidae
19 White-throated Kingfisher (White-breasted Kingfisher) Halcyon smyrnensis R11) Meropidae
20 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaultia R
84
SN Common Name Scientific Name Status*XI. Order PICIFORMES12) Family Capitonidae
21 White-cheeked Barbet (Small Green Barbet) Megalaima viridis R/EN22 Crimson-fronted Barbet (Crimson-throated Barbet) Megalaima rubricapilla R
13) Family Picidae23 Black-rumped Flamebacked Woodpecker
(Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker) Dinopium benghalense R24 Brown-capped Pigmy Woodpecker Dendrocopos nanus R25 Great Flamebacked Woodpecker
(Larger Golden-backed woodpecker) Chrysocolaptes lucidus RXII. Order PASSERIFORMES14) Family Hirundinidae
26 Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica R15) Family Laniidae
27 Long-tailed Shrike (Rufous-backed Shrike) Lanius schach R16) Family Oriolidae
28 Eurasian Golden Oriole (Golden Oriole) Oriolus oriolus M17) Family Dicruridae
29 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus M30 Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus R
18) Family Sturnidae31 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus R32 Hill Myna (Grackle) Gracula religiosa R
19) Family Corvidae33 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos R
20) Family Campephagidae34 Barwinged Flycatcher-Shrike (Pied Flycatcher-Shrike) Hemipus picatus R35 Large Woodshrike (Lalabar Wood-Shrike) Tephrodornis gularis R36 Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus R
21) Family Irenidae37 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia R38 Gold-fronted Leabird (Gold-fronted Chloropsis) Chloropsis aurifrons R
22) Family Pycnonotidae39 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus R40 Yellow-browed Bulbul Iole indica R41 Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus R
23) Family MuscicapidaeSubfamily Timaliinae
42 Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldit R43 Dark-fronted Babbler (Black-headed Babbler) Rhopocichla atriceps R44 Grey-breasted Laughingthrush
(White-breasted Laughingthrush) Garrulax jerdoni EN45 Brown-cheeked Fulvetta (Quaker Babbler) Alcippe poioicephala R
Subfamily Muscicapinae46 Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa daurica R/M
85
SN Common Name Scientific Name Status*47 Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa muttui M48 Black-and-Orange Flycatcher Ficedula nigrorufa EN49 White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornis pallipes EN50 Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae R51 Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina M52 Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias ablicaudata EN53 Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis R
Subfamily Sylviinae54 Grey-breasted Prinia (Franklin’s Wren-Warbler) Prinia hodgsonii R55 Blyth’s Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum M56 Tickell’s Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus affinis M57 Larg-billed Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus magnirostris M58 Greenish Warbler (Greenish Leaf Warbler) Phylloscopus trochiloides M59 Western Crowned Warbler
(Large Crowned Leaf Warbler) Phylloscopus occipitalis MSubfamily Turdinae
60 Indian Blue Robin (Blue Chat) Luscinia brunnea M61 Oriental Magpie-Robin (Magpie-Robin) Copsychus saularis R62 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R63 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R64 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myiophonus horsfieldii R65 Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula R
24) Family ParidaeSubfamily Parinae
66 Great Tit (Grey Tit) Parus major R67 Black-Iored Yellow Tit (Yellow-cheeked Tit) Parus xanthogenys R
25) Family SittidaeSubfamily Sittinae
68 Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Sitta frontalis R26) Family Motacillidae
69 Nilgiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis EN70 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea M
27) Family Dicaeidae71 Tickell’s Flowerpecker Dicaem erythrorhynchos R72 Plain Flowerpecker (Nilgiri Flowerpecker) Dicaem concolor R
28) Family Nectariniidae73 Small Sunbird Nectarinia minima EN74 Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostris R
29) Family Zosteropidae75 Nilgiri White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa R
30) Family FringillidaeSubfamily Carduelinae
76 Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus M
86
Annexure 4List of butterflies recorded from Mannavan Shola in Munnar
Order/Family/Species Remarks
LEPIDOPTERANymphalidaeEuploea core core Cramer Schedule IV
Parantica nilgiriensis Moore Threatened IUCNTirumala limniace Cram.Tirumala septentrionis ButlerLibythea celtis leptoides MooreLibythea lepita (Moore) Schedule II, Part IILibythea myrrha GodartLethe nilgiriensis GuerinLethe rohria Frus.Lethe drypetis Moore†
Melanitis leda Lin.Mycalesis oculus Mar.‡
Zipoetis saitis Hewit.‡
Ypthima philomela (Linnaeus)Ypthima ypthimoides Moore‡
Ypthima ceylonica Hewit.†
Ypthima chenui (Guérin-Méneville)‡
Ypthima avanta MooreNeptis jumbah Moore Schedule I, Part IVAthyma nefte DoubledayAriadne merione (Cram.)Eriboea athamas Moore Schedule II, Part IIHypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus)Elymnias caudata ButlerDanaus chrysipus Lin.Junonia lemonias Frust.Moduza procris Cram.Danaus genuita genuita Cram.Argynnis hyperbius JohannsenEuthalia lubentina Cram. Schedule IVAthyma nefte DoubledayCirrochroa thais Fb.†
Cupha erymanthis DruryCyrestis thyodamas KollarHypolimnas bolina Lin.Hypolimnas missipus Lin.† Schedule II, Part IIJunonia almana Lin.Junonia lemonias vaisya FruhstorferJunonia stygiaJunonia heirta Fb.
87
Junonia iphita Cram.Kaniska canace MooreNeptis hylas MooreAthyma perius Lin.Athyma ranga Moore Schedule II, Part IIPhalanta phalantha DruryRohana parisatis Cram.Vanessa indica (Herbst)Cynthia cardui Lin.PapilionidaeGraphium sarpedon teredon Feld.Papilio demoleus Lin.Papilio polytes Lin.Papilio helenus Lin.Papilio paris tamilana MoorePapilio polymnestor parinda Moore†
Papilio clytia Linnaeus Schedule I, Part IVPapilio polytes LinnaeusTroides minos CramerPieridaeCatopsilia florella Fb.Anaphaeis aurota Fb.Appias indra shiva Moore Schedule II,Appias libythea Fb. Schedule IVAppias indira Moore Schedule II, Part IICatopsilia pomona Fb.Catopsilia pyranthe (Lin.)Colotis fausta Oliv.Delias eucharis Drury†
Artogeia canidia SparrmanEurema laeta BoisduvalEurema hecabe Lin.Eurema brigitta StollEurema blanda Boisd.Colias nilagiriensis‡
Colias erate (Esper)LycaenidaeHyolycaena nilgirica†
Catachrysops strabo (Fb.)Celastrina lavendularis MooreUdara akasa Horsfield†
Udara singalensis Horsfield †
Jamides bochus Cram.Prosotas nora FelderAbisara echerius StollAcytolepis puspa (Horsfield)
88
Zizula hylax Fb.Zizeeria karsandra MooreJamides alecto (Cram.)Jamides celeno (Cram.)Castalius rosimon (Fb.) Schedule I, Part IVCuretis thetis Drury†
HesperiidaeChoaspes benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville)Coladenia indrani (Moore)Udaspus folus Cram.Gangara thyrsis MoorePotanthus pava EvansPotanthus palnia (Evans)Halpe porus (Mabille)Aeromachus pygmaeus‡
Celaenorrhinus leucocera Fb.Telicota acigias Lin.Telicota ancilla Lin.
‘‡’ indicates Endemic to Western Ghats and ‘†’ indicates Endemic to Western Ghats shared only by SriLanka
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Annexure 5List of moths recorded from Mannavan Shola in Munnar
PyralidaeSylepta sp.Chilo sp.1Chilo sp.2Dichocrocis surusalis Wlk.Endotrichia sp.Bradina sp.Euclasta sp.Corgatha semiparata Wlk.Patissa sp.Pycnarmon caberalis Guen.Asura nebulosa MooreMaruca testulalis GeyerNymphula depunctalis Snel.Nymphula fluctuosalis Zell.Syngamia abruptalis Wlk.Syngamia abruptalis Wlk.Glyphodes laticostalis Guen.Glyphodes caesalis Wlk.Pyrausta sp.1Diasemia sp.Bocchoris onychinalis Guen.Endotrichia sp.Nephopterix sp.Talanga sexpunctalis MooreAulacodes sp.Aulacodes peribocalis Wlk.Psara sp.1Psara sp.2Myelopsis sp.Phlyctaenodes nudalis Hubn.Symitha sp.PterophoridaeLantanophaga pusillidactyla Wlk.GeometridaeHypomecis sp.Semiothisa epicharis WehrliSemiothisa emersaria Wlk.Eclitoptera subapicalis Hamp.Timandra responsaria Moore
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Chionaema peregrina Wlk.Hypochrosis abstractaria Wlk.Scopula sp.5Scopula sp.2Ourapteryx marginata Hamp.Clorea ?alienaria Wlk.Scopula opicata Fb.Clorea sp.Craspedia intensata Moore?Cusiala raptaria Wlk.Sabaria rondelaria Fb.Sabaria costimaculata MooreCidaria perficita Wlk.Larentia flavistrigata Warr.Dirades sp.Pingasa sp.Corymica arnearea Wlk.Semiothisa eleonora StollAbraxes ? latizonata Hamp.Mixochlora vittata MooreHypomecis sp.Gnamptoloma aventiaria (Guen.)Buzura suppressaria Guen.Abraxes poliaria SwinhoePolynesia sunandava Wlk.Comibaena integranota Hamp.Teldinia specca Wilk.Hypomecis pallida Hamp.Hypochrosis festivaria Fb.Racotis sp.Aplochlora vivilaca Wlk.Scopula sp.Abraxas etridoides Hamp.Hypomecis sp.NoctuidaeOphiusa dotata Wlk.Mocis undata Fb.Mocis frugalis Fb.Maliatha erecta MooreHadena pannosa MooreAtacira caesia RoepkeAtacira pala Holloway
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Helicoverpa armigera Hubn.Condria sp.LymantriidaeSangatissa subcurvifera Wlk.Eupterote hibisci Fb.Euproctis guttata Wlk.Eupterote mollis MooreEupterote flavidomre MooreEupterote sp.2Euproctis sp.1Rahica rosea Hamp.Euproctis diagramma Guer.ArctiidaeAsura sp.Siccia taprobanis Wlk.Macotasa nubecula MooreLemyra sp.Paraplastis hampsoni SwinhoeCyme gratiosa Guerin-MenevilleSpilosoma stigmata MooreSpilosoma bifasciatum Hamp.Paraplastis sp.Neochera dominio Cram.Spilosoma casignetum KollarMicorolepidopteraCossidaeCossus sp.HepialidaeSahyadrases malabaricus MooreBombycidaeUnidentified sp.SyntomidaeCeryx sp.LimacodidaeThosea lutea HeylaertsSpatulifimbria castaneiceps Hamp.NotodontidaeEupydna testacea SwinhoeSaturnidaeActias luna Lin.Attacus atlas Lin.Zygaenidae
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Histia nilgira MooreChalcosia affinis Guer.
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Annexure 6RET species of Pteridophytes
Family Species StatusAngiopteridaceae Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Roff. RAspleniaceae Asplenium aethiopicum (Bunn. F.) Becherer RAspleniaceae Asplenium auritum Swartz RAspleniaceae Asplenium erectum Bory ex Willd. RAspleniaceae Asplenium polyodon G. Forster RAspleniaceae Asplenium tenuifolium D. Don RAthyriaceae Dryoathyrium boryanum (Willd.) Ching RCyatheaceae Cyathea crinita (Hook.) Copel. RCyatheaceae Cyathea nilgirensis Holttum var. lobatus E RDryopteridaceae Arachnoides aristata (Forster f.) Tindale R TDryopteridaceae Dryopteris juxtaposita Christ. RGleicheniaceae Dicranopteris linearis (Bunn.f.) Underwood E R TGrammitidaceae Citenopteris subfalcata (Blume) Kunze RGrammitidaceae Grammitis attenuate Kunze RHymenophyllaceae Trichomanes schmidianum Zenker ex Taschn. RLomariopsidaceae Elaphoglossum stelligerum Sledge RLycopodiaceae Huperzia ceylanica (Spring) Trey. RLycopodiaceae Huperzia hamiltonii (Spring) Trey. RLycopodiaceae Lycopodiumjaponicum Thunb ROphioglossaceae Botrychium daucifolium Wal1. R TOphioglossaceae Botrychiumlanuginosum R TPolypodiaceae Loxogramme chinensis ching RPolypodiaceae Loxogramme cuspidate (D.Don) C. Presl. RPolypodiaceae Lepisorus amaurolepidus (Sledge) Bir & Trikha RPsilotaceae Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauy, RPteridaceae Pteris argyraea T. Moore RPteridaceae Pteris onfuse T.G. Walker RPteridaceae Pteris cretica L. RPteridaceae Pteris linearis Poir. RSelaginellaceae Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring. R TSinopteridaceae Cheilanthesfarinosa (Forsk.) Kaulf. R TThelypteridaceae Pseudocyclosorus ochthodes (Kurz) Holttum E R TThelypteridaceae Pseudocyclosorus ochthodes (Kunze) Holttum E R T
Total 4 33 8
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Annexure 7RET species of Angiosperms
Family Species StatusAcanthaceae Andrographis neesiana Wight var. neesiana Clarke E RAcanthaceae Asystasia crispate Benth. E RAcanthaceae Barleria involucrata Nees var. elata (Dalz.) Clarke E RAcanthaceae Rungia laeta Clarke E RAcanthaceae Strobilanthes kunthianus (Nees) T. And. ex Benth. E RAcanthaceae Strobilanthes neilgherrensis Bedd. E RApiaceae Heracleum sprengelianum Wight & Arn. E RApiaceae Pimpinella candolleana Wight & Arn. E RApiaceae Pimpinella pulneyensis Gamble E R TApiaceae Vanasushava pedata (Wight) Mukh. & Constance E R TAsclepiadaceae Tylophora mollissima Wight & Arn. RAsteraceae Anaphalis aristata DC. E RAsteraceae Anaphalis law ii (Hook.f.) Gamble E RAsteraceae Anaphalis meeboldii W.W. Smith E RAsteraceae Anaphalis travancorica W.W. Smith E RAsteraceae Emilia javanica (Burm.f.) C. Robinson RAsteraceae Gynura travancorica W.W. Smith E RAsteraceae Helichrysum perlanigerum Gamble E R TAsteraceae Lactuca hastate DC. RAsteraceae Notonia walkeri (Wight) Clarke RAsteraceae Phyllocephalum courtallense (Wight) Narayana RAsteraceae Senecio corymbosus Wall. ex DC. RAsteraceae Vernonia bourneana W.W. Smith E R TAsteraceae Vernonia conyzoides DC. E RAsteraceae Vernonia heynei Bedd. ex Gamble E R TAsteraceae Vernonia peninsularis (Clarke) Clarke ex Hook.f. E R TAsteraceae Vernonia saligna DC. Var. nilghirensis Hook.f. E RBalanophoraceae Balanophora dioica R.Br. RBalanophoraceae Balanophora sp. RBalsaminaceae Impatiens cordata Wight E RBalsaminaceae Impatiens elegans Bedd. E R TBalsaminaceae Impatiens goughii Wight E R TBalsaminaceae Impatiens herbicola Hook.f. E RBalsaminaceae Impatiens jerdoniae Wight E RBalsaminaceae Impatiens phoenicea Bedd. E R TBalsaminaceae Impatiens tangachee Bedd. E RBalsaminaceae Impatiens uncinata Wight E RBalsaminaceae Impatiens wightiana Bedd. E R TBerberidaceae Berberis tinctoria Lesch. RBerberidaceae Mahonia leschenaultia (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) E RCaprifoliaceae Viburnum coriaceum Blume E R
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Celastraceae Euonymus crenulatus Wall. E R TCucurbitaceae Zehneria maysorensis (Wight & Arn.) Arn. E RElaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast. E R TElaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus recurvatus Corner E R TEuphorbiaceae Glochidion neilgherrense Wight E REuphorbiaceae Phyllanthus macraei Muell.-Art. E RFabaceae Crotalaria fysonii Dunn E RFabaceae Crotalaria Ieschenaultii DC. E RFabaceae Crotalaria ovalifolia Wall.ex Fyson E RFabaceae Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arn. E RGentianaceae Exacum courtallense Arn. Var. laxiflorum E RGentianaceae Exacum wightianum Arn. E RGentianaceae Swertia corymbosa (Griseb.) Wight ex Clarke E RGentianaceae Aeschynanthus perrottetii A. DC. E RIcacinaceae Apodytes dimidiate E. Meyer ex Arn. E RLamiaceae Leucas hirta (Heyne ex Roth) Spreng. E RLamiaceae Leucas lamifolia Desf. E RLamiaceae Leucas lanceaefolia Desf. E RLamiaceae Pogostermon wightii Benth. E RLauraceae Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble E RLauraceae Actinodaphne salicina Meissner E RLauraceae Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Hook.f. E RLauraceae Cinnamomum wightii Meissner E RLauraceae Litsea wightiana (Nees) Hook.f. E RLauraceae Neolitsea fischeri Gamble E RLauraceae Neolitsea scrobiculata (Meissner) Gamble E RLoranthaceae Dendrophthoe memecylifolia (Wight & Arn.) Danser E RLoranthaceae Helixanthera intermedia (Wight) Danser E RLoranthaceae Helixanthera obtusata (Schultes) Danser E RMelastomataceae Medinilla malabarica Bedd. E RMelastomataceae Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC. E RMelastomataceae Sonerila speciosa Zenk. E RMyrsinaceae Ardisia rhomboidea Wight E RMyrsinaceae Rapanea thwaitesii Mez. E R TMyrtaceae Syzygium densijlorum Wall. E R TOleaceae Ligustrum perrottetii DC. E R TOnagraceae Circaea alpine L. ssp. Imaicola Asch. & Magn. R TOnagraceae Oenothera tetrapetala Cav. R TOrobanchaceae Campbellia cytinoides Wight E ROrobanchaceae Christisonia bicolor Grand R RPiperaceae Piper wightii Miq. E RPodostemaceae Zeylanidium olivaceu (Gard.) Engl. RRosaceae Photinia serratifolia (Desf.) Kalkman RRubiaceae Hedyotis buxifolia Bedd. E RRubiaceae Hedyotis stylosa R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. E RRubiaceae Hedyotis swertioides Hook.f. E R
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Rubiaceae Ixora notoniana Wall. ex G.Don E RRubiaceae Lasianthus acuminatus Wight E RRubiaceae Neanotis monosperma (Wall. ex Wight. & Arn.) E RRubiaceae Ophiorrhiza grandijlora Wight E RRubiaceae Pavetta brevijlora DC. E RSapotaceae Isonandra candolleana Wight E RScrophulariaceae Pedicularis perrottetii Benth E RSymplocaceae Symplocos anamalayana Bedd. E R TSymplocaceae Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex A. DC E R TSymplocaceae Symplocos pendula Wight RTernstroemiaceae Gordonia obtuse Wall. E RUrticaceae Pouzolzia wightii Benn. E RValerianaceae Valeriana beddomei Clarke E R TValerianaceae Valeriana hookeriana Wight & Arn. E RVitaceae Tetrastugna leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston E RArecaceae Calamus gamblei Beccari ex Beccari & Hook.f. E RAraceae Arisaema attenuatum barnes & Fischer E R TCyperaceae Fimbristylis kingii Clarke E REriocaulaceae Eriocaulon pectinatum Ruhl. E RLiliaceae Lilium wallichianum Schultes & Schult. F. E ROrchidaceae Anoecochilus elatus Lindl. E ROrchidaceae Brachycorythis splendida Summerh. E ROrchidaceae Bulbophyllumfischeri Seidenfaden ROrchidaceae Cheirostylis flabellate Wight ROrchidaceae Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe E ROrchidaceae Dendrobium anamalayanum Chandrabose E ROrchidaceae Eria nana A. Rich. E ROrchidaceae Eria pseudoclavicaulis Blatter E ROrchidaceae Habenaria elliptica Wight E ROrchidaceae Habenaria heyneana Lindl. E ROrchidaceae Habenaria longicomiculata Graham E ROrchidaceae Habenaria perrottetiana A.Rich. ROrchidaceae Oberonia chandrasekharanii Nair et al. E ROrchidaceae Oberonia sebastiana Shetty & Viyek. E ROrchidaceae Seidenfadeniella chrysantha (Alston) Sathish RPoaceae Agrostis peninsularis Hook.f. E RPoaceae Arundinella vaginata Bor E RPoaceae Sinarundinaria densifolia (Munro) Chao & Reny. E R TPoaceae Sinarundinaria microphylla (Munro) Chao RPoaceae Tripogon ananthaswamianus Sreekumar et al. E RPoaceae Zenkeria elegans Trin. E RSmilacaceae Smilax wightii A.DC. E R T
Total 109 128 26
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Annexure 8Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No. F(c) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER
dt. 02-05-2005ToNo. F(C)A/11.6/172/MISC/KER
The Principal Secretary to Dated: 02.05.2005Government of KeralaForest & Wildlife DepartmentSecretariatThiruvananthapuram.
Sub: Approval for the Management Plan for the Captive Plantation of M/s. HindustanNewsprint Limited for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10 – reg
Ref: 1) State Govt.’s Letter No. 2893/B1/2005/F&WLD dated 14.03.20052) This office letter of even no. dated 20.04.20053) CCF(Planning), Kerala Letter No. Plg1-163/2005 dated 28.04.2005
*****Sir,
Kindly refer to the subject and references cited above. I am directed to inform you that thedraft management plan for captive plantations of Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period 2005-06to 2009-10 furnished by State Government has been examined by this office and the State Govt. wasrequested by this office that a reconciliation of the area may be done and the statement indicating theactual extent and location of the leased area, status of land leased toM/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited may be furnished to this office. The CCF(P) vide letter at Sl.No. 3above has furnished a statement showing reconciliation of area. The statement furnished by ChiefConservator of Forests (P) above has been examined by this office and found to be adequate.
The Management Plan has been examined along with the area reconciliation details furnishedby Chief Conservator of Forests (P), with reference to the provisions of the F(C) Act, 1980 and NationalForest Policy, 1988. After careful consideration, I am directed to convey in-principle approval of CentralGovernment to the Management plan of M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period 2005-06 to2009-10 subject to the following conditions:
i) The modified copy of the management plan incorporating the reconciliation of area figures asfurnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (Planning) vide letter as Sl. No. 3 above, shall befurnished to this office within a period of one month. The actual implementation of theprescriptions of management plan shall be undertaken only after the modified plan is forwardedto this office.
ii) No clear felling should be carried out in hilly areas having slope more than 30 degrees.
iii) The controlled burning of debris in plantations felled for regeneration will not be undertaken.
iv) Fodder/fruit trees which attract birds and animals should be retained and nurtured.
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v) The felling of trees in areas having slope more than 30 degree and along the bank ofriver/streams shall not be undertaken.
vi) The felling of standing trees other than eucalyptus shall not be undertaken in pursuance of thedirections of the Hon’ble High Court of Kerala vide order dated 05.03.1998 in W.P. No.314/1995.
vii) No permanent building, road, bridges etc. should be constructed on the forest land. However,temporary operational facilities like nurseries, protection sheds, kutcha approach roads forplantation/extraction path can be prepared as per the standard practices without resorting tofelling of trees. The temporary structures when not needed may be removed / demolished andthe area should be reverted to its normal condition.
viii) It may be ensured that non non-forestry activity is permitted/allowed in forest area in violationof the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
ix) The plantation areas harvested in a year shall be regenerated next year as per the prescriptions.However, if there is a shortfall in area regenerated in a year vis-à-vis the area harvested inprevious year then report to that effect shall be made to this office and further clearance ofplantation shall not be undertaken unless specifically permitted by this office. The detailedreport indicating area harvested in a year and area to be regenerated shall be sent to this officeby 30th June of each year.
x) The maintenance of forest boundary and fire lines shall be taken up each year in accordancewith the established practice and annual expenditure incurred thereon shall be reported to thisoffice by 30th June of each year.
I am further directed to inform you that prior approval of Central Govt. shall be obtained if anydeviation is to be made from the prescriptions of approved management plan. It may also be ensuredthat provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and guidelines issued there under are strictly followedwhile implementing the management plan prescriptions. The Central Govt. reserves the right to review,modify or withdraw this approval if any of the conditions of approval are not implemented oramendment to plan is necessitated keeping in view the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,guidelines issued there under or general instructions issued by Central Govt. for the scientificmanagement of forests. This management plan will be due for revision in the year 2010-2011 andtimely steps may please be initiated for revision of management plan.
Yours faithfully-sd-
(K.S.P.V. Pavan Kumar)Deputy Conservator of Forests (C)
Copy to:1) The Director General of Forests & Special Secretary to Govt. of India, Ministry of Env. & Forests,
Paryavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex, New Delhi – 3.2) The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Forest Department, Govt. of Kerala, Forest Head
Quarters, Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram.3) The Managing Director, Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Newsprint Nagar, Kottayam, Kerala.
(K.S.P.V. Pavan Kumar), Deputy Conservator of Forests (C)
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Annexure 9Government of Kerala GO (Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93
GOVERNMENT OF KERALAAbstract
Forest Department – Production of Eucalyptus for industrial use-Making forest area available to M/s.Hindustan Newsprint Ltd. For captive Plantation – Orders issued.Forest & Wildlife © Department.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G.O. (Ms) No. 42/93/F&WLD Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 11-6-1993.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Read:- Letter No. G3-21796/89 dated 5/11/1992 from the Chief Conservator of Forests.
O R D E R
There are a few major Wood-based industrial units in Kerala, which have been receivingsubstantial supplies of eucalyptus wood from the existing eucalyptus plantations of the ForestDepartment of the State. It has however been found from experiences that the annual eucalyptus cropsharvested from the plantations of the Forest Department are not adequate to meet the actualrequirements of the industries. The question as to how this problem of short supply of raw-material canbe solved has been engaging the attention of the government for some time.
It has been suggested that the above problem can be solved to a considerable extent if theindustrial units which utilize the eucalyptus as raw-material are themselves permitted to cultivate it ontheir own in the most scientific and efficient manner with the objective of achieving maximumproductivity, to freely harvest their own product and to use it for their own purpose.
M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Vellur, Kottayam district is a public sector industrial unitbelonging to the Government of India which is utilising about 1.5 lakhs tonnes of eucalyptus annually asraw-material for producing newsprint. They have come forward with a proposal to cultivate eucalyptuson their own in the forest land of Kerala for being used as raw-material in their factory. The ChiefConservator of Forests has also recommended this proposal.
After having examined the matter in all its aspects, the Government are [leased to order asfollows:
(i) An area of 5600 ha of existing plantation of Eucalyptus Grandis belonging to the ForestDepartment will be made available to M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd., Vellur, for thepresent for the purpose of their own captive plantation to meet the raw-materialrequirement of their existing plant.
(ii) If M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd. Vellur take over Punalur Paper Mill, which is nowclosest, and make it operational, the following additional areas will also be madeavailable to them in future for captive plantation.
(a) An area of 4400 ha of existing eucalyptus plantation of the Forest Departmentfor the raw-material requirement of the major expansion project of Ms/ H.N.L.which is now under active consideration.
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(b) An area of 1000 ha of existing eucalyptus plantation of the Forest Departmentfor the raw-material requirement of Punalur Paper Mill.
(iii) The Forest area (ie. Existing eucalyptus plantation) which is made available to M/s. HNLfor captive plantation as mentioned above will continue to be Reserve Forest belongingto the State; its control protection and administration will remain with the State’s ForestDepartment; and the role of M/s. HNL will be confined to the cultivation and harvestingof the eucalyptus crop subject to the guidance and supervision of the Chief Conservatorof Forests.
(iv) The price of the existing eucalyptus trees standing in the area, which is allotted to them,will be collected from M/s. HNL at the time of making the area available to theCompany-for which the Chief Conservator of Forests will (in consultation with the ChiefExecutive of M/s. HNL) estimate the value of the standing trees and get it approved bythe Government.
(v) As and when the eucalyptus planted by M/s. HNL is harvested in future, they will pay aroyalty of Rs. 150/- (rupees. One hundred and fifty only) to the Forest Department ofthe State for every metric tonne of eucalyptus wood at 50% moisture content.
(vi) The above arrangement will be valid for a period of twelve years from1993-94 to 2005-2006 and will be reviewed thereafter.
(vii) The Chief Conservator of Forests will take immediate action to take immediate action toidentify the area of 5600 ha of existing Eucalyptus Grandis Plantation to be madeavailable to m/s. HNL and make the area available to the Company for cultivation asearly as possible.
(By Order of the Governor)-sd-
R. RAMACHANDRAN NAIER,Commissioner & Secretary to Govt.
To
The Chief Conservator of Forests (Protection)The Chief Conservator of Forests (Development)The Executive Director, HNL NewsPrint Nagar, Vellur, Kottayam district.The Executive Director, HNL, Newsprint Nagar, Vellur, Kottayam district.The Accountant General (this issues with the concurrence of the Finance
Department)The Finance Department (Vide No. 2219/AWAI/93/Find)The Industries © Department.Copy to the Forest (B) Dept. For further necessary action.Copy to the Forest (D) Dept. For further necessary action.
Forwarded/By Order
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Annexure 10GoK agreement with HNL 04-10-2007
THIS AGREEMENT is executed on this the 4th day of OCTOBER Two Thousand Seven BETWEENthe Governor of Kerala (hereinafter referred to as the Government” which expression shall, where thecontext so admits, include his successors in office and assigns) of the ONE PART and the HindustanNewsprint Limited, registered under Indian Companies Act, 1956 and having its Registered office atNewsprint Nagar, Velloor, Vaikom Taluk, Kottayam District; Kerala (hereinafter referred to as“Company” which expression shall, where the context so admits, include its successors and assigns) ofthe OTHER PART:
WHEREAS an agreement was entered into on the 7th day of October, 1974 between the partieshereto (hereinafter called “the Principal Agreement”) under which the company was permitted toestablish a pulp/newsprint/paper mill and other allied Plants in Kottayam District of Kerala State, for themanufacture of pulp, newsprint, paper and other allied products of paper/boards and allied products ofdifferent qualities “(hereinafter referred to as “the products”) from Eucalyptus Grandis , Eucalyptustereticornis and other pulp woods, reeds and other cellulosic material grown in the forests of Kerala) allof which are hereinafter collectively called “the raw materials”);
AND WHEREAS as per Clause 8 of the Principal Agreement it shall be in force for a period of 30years starting from 07.10.1974 subject to renewal of further terms and conditions to be negotiatedbetween the parties.
AND WHEREAS, Government of Kerala has issued necessary order for renewing the long termagreement for a further period of twenty years on expiry of the Principal Agreement on Octover6, 2004,as per GO(MS) NO. 20/2006/ID dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 21.02.2006;
AND WHEREAS, based on the Government Order referred above, Company has executed theAgreement with Government of Kerala on the 8th day of May Two Thousand Six for a period of 20 yearsstarting from October 7, 2004, subject to renewal for further term on conditions to be mutually agreedbetween the parties;
AND WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala as per Clause 4(1) of the Principal Agreement hasundertaken to make available annually to the Company 150000 tonnes (One Lakh and Fifty ThousandTonnes) of Eucalyptus wood at 50% moisture content consisting of not less than 100000 (One Lakh)tones of Eucalyptus Grandis variety at 50% moisture content from the State Plantations of EucalyptusGrandis and Eucalyptus tereticornis including the yield from the plantations reserved viz Pamba,Kottayam. Punalur, Thenmala and Thiruvananthapuram Forest Divisions, for the purpose and not permitharvesting Eucalyptus grandis therefrom by any party other than the Company;
AND WHEREAS, the Government as per Clause 4(i) of the renewed long term agreement, hasundertaken to make available annually to the Company, 50000 MT of Eucalyptus wood (Grandis andhybrid) and 100000 MT of Acacia, Mangium and other pulpwood species at 50% M.C. from the StateForest Department’s plantations, 75000 MT of reeds at 50% moisture content and 75000 MT of bambooin net weight from the forest as near to the mill as possible;
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AND WHEREAS, the Company as per Clause 5 of the Principal Agreement agreed to pay to theGovernment of Kerala royalty for the raw materials supplied to the Company @Rs.11/- (Rupees Eleven)per tonne of Green Wood of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus Tereticornis (Both with 50% moisture)provided that the Government may at the end of every 5 years from the commencement ofmanufacture of products revise these rates in consultation with the Company and the Company shall bebound to pay at the rate so revised by the Government from time to time;
AND WHEREAS, the Company commenced commercial exploitation of Eucalyptus grandis fromthe reserved areas from 1982 and continues every year thereafter.
AND WHEREAS, the Government has revised the rates at the rate of Rs.335/- (Rupees ThreeHundred and Thirty Five) per MT of Green Wood of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus Tereticornis witheffect from 01.10.1991, subject to revision as and when found necessary by Government;
AND WHEREAS, it has become necessary for the Company to get assured regarding thesustained supply of Eucalyptus Grandis for production of Newsprint un interruptedly as per existingcapacity, both the parties have agreed to go for Captive Plantations at the Company’s cost in the Forestlands permitted by the Government;
AND WHEREAS, the Government vide Order No. G.O. (MS) 42/93/F&WLD dated 11.06.1993(hereinafter referred to as ‘said order’, which shall from part of this agreement as if incorporatedherein) were pleased to order an area of 5600 ha of existing plantation of Eucalyptus belonging to theForest Department to be made available to Hindustan Newsprint Limited, for the purpose of raisingCaptive Plantations at the company’s cost for producing the raw materials requirement of their existingplant subject to the terms and conditions contained therein and hereinafter mentioned;
AND WHEREAS, the Chief Conservator of Forests has been instructed to take action to identifyan area of 5600 ha of existing Eucalyptus grandis plantations to be made available to HindustanNewsprint Limited, and issue orders permitting cultivation of the area with pulpwood crop;
AND WHEREAS, as per Clause 4(v) of the renewed long term agreement for a period of 20 years,the Government of Kerala agreed to supply forest raw materials to the Company at such prices as maybe recommended from time to time by the expert Committee constituted under section 4 of the KeralaForest Product (Fixation of Selling Price) Act, 1978 provided that the price will be fixed after consultationwith the Company;
AND WHEREAS, the Captive Plantation Agreement entered into between the Company and theGovernment of Kerala on the 26th day of April, 2000 for a period of 12 years from 1993-94 to 2005-06expired in 2006;
AND WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala as per Clause 4(iv) of the renewed long termagreement for a period of 20 years, agreed to renew the existing Captive Plantation Agreement enteredinto between the Company and the Government of Kerala on its expiry in 2006 for a further period of 14years or till such period as the Company continues as a Central Public Sector Undertaking, whichever isearlier;
AND WHEREAS, the parties hereto have therefore agreed to enter into the agreement(hereinafter referred to as second supplemental agreement) on terms and conditions herein contained.
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NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS AND IT IS HEREBY MUTUALLY AGREED AS FOLLOWS1. The Company hereby agrees that the land permitted for raising Pulpwood Plantations will
not be utilized for any purpose other than permitted and the Company will have no claimfrom Government for the expense incurred for plantation activities undertaken.
2. The establishment of the Kerala Forest Department in the areas proposed for raisingplantation will be continued for all works other than works taken up by the Company forraising the plantations.
3. The forest areas permitted for raising Captive Pulpwood Plantations will continue to beReserve Forest belonging to the State, and its control, protection and administration willremain with the State Forest Department, and the role of the Company will be confined tothe cultivation, maintenance and harvesting of the pulpwood crop subject to the guidanceand supervision of the Chief Conservator of Forests governed by the terms and conditionshereinafter mentioned.
4. The Government will continue to have the ownership of the land where Captive plantationsare raised by the company without any change in legal status. The Government agree thatthe produce available from the Captive Plantation will be permitted to be extracted only bythe Company against the agreed quantity and it will not be allotted to any other partywithout the prior consent of the Company.
5 (a) The Company agrees that the area where Captive Plantation is found to be a failure shall beresumed to the Department and proportionate rent for such area till it is resumed shall bepaid to the Government.
(b) The Company agrees to pay lease rent fixed by Government fro time to time for areas, forwhich permission was given for raising plantations irrespective of whether the area isplanted or not by the Company, except in the cases where the reasons for not raising theplantation are beyond the control of the Company.
6. The period of agreement shall be for 14 years from 01.04.2006 or till such period as theCompany continues as a Central Public Sector Undertaking which ever is earlier. Theagreement can be renewed thereafter by mutual consent with appropriate changes.
7 (a) When cutting, converting and stacking of pulpable wood are completed n a strip, theCompany shall furnish a list in duplicate to the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officerconcerned showing the details of pulpable wood stacks. The same shall be verified by theRange Officer / Deputy Range Officer concerned and necessary passes for the removal shallbe issued by the Range Officer / Deputy Ranger Officer concerned. The extension of periodof passes shall also be allowed by the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officer concerned;For piece-meal transport of raw materials covered by the departmental passes, subsidiarypass books in Form No. IV of Kerala Forest Produce Transit Rules 1975 can be had onapplication from the Deputy Conservator of Forests / Assistant Conservator of Forestsconcerned on payment of value and tax thereof. No subsidiary pass shall be issued forproduce not covered by current departmental passes.A subsidiary pass for each lorry load shall be issued taking care that all columns therein areduly filled up by the nominee of the Company approved by the Deputy Conservator ofForests / Assistant Conservator of Forests concerned. The counterfoils of the used uppasses together with all unused shall be returned to the Deputy Conservator of Forests /Assistant Conservator of Forests within thirty days from the date of expiry of the workingseason.
104
(b) The pulpwood on arrival at the premises of the Company at Velloor shall be weighed in thepresence of the Forest officers stationed at the Mill Site and the Company shall maintainrecords thereof and copy of such records shall be sent to the concerned DFOs.
(c) The Company agrees that the Pulpwood extracted from the Captive Plantations shall not besold or utilized for any purpose other than as raw material for their own use within the Stateexcept with specific permission of the Government.
(d) The Company agrees that no burning other than that required Silviculturally, be done in theareas and that all natural tree growth and animals available in the area shall be retained assuch.
8. The Government agree to permit the Company for insuring the entire plantations raised andmaintained by them against untoward happenings like fire, theft etc. and further agree thatthe company can receive the insurance claim, if any, in full from the insurance Company forthe claims put forth by the Company without any liability to the Government;
9. The Company shall pay the lease rent fro every hectare of area permitted to raise CaptivePlantations.
10. Both the Government and the Company shall be responsible for the protection of the andagainst encroachment. The actual areas for Captive Plantations will be verified by a JointInspection by officers of the Government and of the Company and surveyed anddemarcated.
11. The Company shall abide by Section 29 of Kerala Forest Act with reference to fire protection(for fire incidents and damages if any, that occur within the Captive Plantations, Companyonly shall be liable and responsible).
12. Company shall furnish a lost of Company’s staff, agents and Workmen to the concerned DFOand get his approval. The Government agree that the Company can engage these approvedagents, staff and workmen for the purpose of the work and utilize the exiting roads, watersource or any other natural resources available within the area permitted for the purpose ofthe plantation, free of charge. The Government also agree that the Company can improveexisting roads and other facilities for extraction of the crop and also construct semi-permanent structures if required for facilitating effective supervision without damaging anddetrimenting the natural growth, for the purpose of the cultivation and harvest of thepulpwood with the prior permission of the concerned DFO in writing. Any or all structuresconstructed in the work area shall be demolished / handed over to the Government at theexpiry of the Agreement period.
13. The Government agree that the Company can resort to mechanization activities required forraising and harvesting the captive plantation, without damaging natural tree growth.
14 (a) The Company shall be responsible for the safety of forest wealth in the area permitted forraising captive plantation. If any forest tree is lost, rendered useless or otherwise destroyedduring the agreement period, the Company shall be liable to pay the value of such wealth asassessed by the concerned Divisional Forest Officer at the scheduled rate, or the rate forstanding timber notified from time to time by the Government under Section 3 of the KeralaForest Product (Fixation of Selling Price) Act. 1978 whichever is higher.
(b) Company shall ensure for the protection and conservation of biodiversity of the areaadjoining to the captive plantation.
(c) The Company agrees that violation of this agreement shall forfeit the right of the Companyfor raising the captive plantation in the area and the Government is at liberty to withdrawthe permission given to the Company for raising the plantations in such areas and that such
105
areas shall be taken by the Government with all improvements made, without paying anycompensation to the Company in respect thereof.
15. The existing check post if any in the area will continue to function under the control of theForest Department.
16. In the case of any penalty imposed by Divisional Forest Officer for the infringement of Actsand Rules in force due to omissions and commissions by the Company, the staff, agents orworkmen engaged by the company, the Company is at liberty to refer the matter toConservator of forests whose decision therein shall be final.
17. The Government agree that the employees with valid identity cards of the Company andapproved by the concerned DFO’s and vehicles owned and used by the company will bepermitted to enter the plantation areas.The Company shall engage only the approved Agents, staff and workmen in the plantationand shall provide identify cards to all the persons showing the name, age and address. Theyshall produce the identity cars on demand by any forest officer. The Company will be heldresponsible for all acts and omissions of such agents, staff or workers causing damage to theareas. The Divisional Forest Officer is at liberty to direct the Company to withdraw any oftheir agents or workers and the Company shall abide by such directions. Any producecollected by persons who are not authorized shall be liable for confiscation andappropriation by the Divisional Forest Officer in such manner as he deems fit and suchpersons shall be dealtwith under the relevant Acts and Rules in force. Duly accreditedrepresentative of the Company shall be present in the area during the period of agreement.
18. The Government agree that the yield obtained at the time of every harvest from the captiveplantation shall be accounted against the committed quantity of pulpwood to be suppliedby government against that year.
19. All the Shola Forests in the area within or adjoining (within 2 chain belt around) the areaallotted to the Company shall be protected by the Company.
(a) Government reserves its right to take any part of the area for puclic purpose, without payingcompensation.
20. The Company shall at all times comply with the provisions of the Kerala Forest Act and theRules framed there under and such other laws and rules and regulations as are applicablefrom time to time.
21. The Company shall be liable and responsible for payments, if any, to the agents, staff andworkers engaged/employed by the Company including all claims as per the WorkmenCompensation Act and such claims/payments shall be settled by the Company. Allpayments due to Government from the company by virtue of the agreement, if not paidwithin the time allowed, shall be recovered from the company and their properties movableand immovable under the provisions of the Revenue Recovery Act for the time being inforce as if they were arrears of land revenue and in such other manner as the Governmentmay deem fit.
22. On expiry of the agreement period the Company shall vacate the areas after preparing ajoint mahazar with the concerned Range Officers indicating liabilities, if any, on part of thecompany. A copy of the joint mahazar shall be furnished to the Company.
106
23. The Government agree that the barks, lops and tops obtainable from the captive plantationsduring extraction of the plantation shall be the property of the Company and the Companyis free to use or dispose if of at their option.
24. The external boundaries of the Captive Plantations will be demarcated by granite Stones/concrete blocks marked CP/HNL.
25. The value of pulpwood crop raised by Forest Department available in the area permitted forraising captive plantations shall be paid by the Company to the Government as per valuationapproved by the Government.
26. No standing trees (except Eucalyptus trees and plants) shall be cut and removed by theCompany without the permission for the Hon’ble High Court from the areas ear-marked forCaptive Plantation by the Company as directed by the Hon’ble High Court in writ appealNo.314/95 filed by Kerala Forest Protective Staff Association represented by its KottayamDistrict Committee President.
27. Any dispute, doubt, difference or ambiguity which may at any time arise between theparties hereto, touching on or arising out of or in respect of this Agreement or the subjectmatters hereof, shall be referred to a committee consisting of the PrincipalSecretary/Secretary (F&WL), the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (General) and theManaging Director, HNL and their decision shall be final and binding on the parties.IN WITNESS WHEREOF
SHRI C.S. Yalakki, CCF(Prot) for and on behalf of the Governor of Kerala and Shri. N.P. PRAbhu MD.forand on behalf of Hindustan Newsprint Limited have hereunto been affixed on the day, month and yearfirst above written.
THE SCHEDULE OF PROTERTY ABOVE REFERRED TO signed by Shri. C.S. Yalakki, CCF(Prot) foron behalf of this Governor of Kerala
In the presence of Witness:
1. S. SreeRekha, U.D. Clerk, O/o. CCF (P) sd/-2. Suji Stantly, U.D. Clerk, O/o. CCF (P) sd/-
Signed by Shri. N.P. PRABHU MD for on behalf of Hindustan Newsprint Limited
In the presence of witnesses;
1. P. Govindankutty Sd/-Manager (Forestry & Liaison)HNL, Trivandrum
2. M.K. Sasindran Nair Sd/-Senior Inspector GOI,HNL, Thiruvananthapuram.
Sd/-C.S. YALAKKI, IFS
Chief Conservator of Forests(Protection)
Forest HeadquartersThiruvananthapuram.
Sd/-N.P. PRABHU
Managing DirectorHINDUSTAN NEWSPRINT LTD.,
NEWSPRINT NAGAR – P.O.,KOTTAYAM DIST. – KERALA – 686 610
107
Annexure 11
List of Control formsORM - 1
Creation of new artificial waterholes
Sl. No Category year Location Cost Performance1 2 3 4 5 6
Note : Category : Masonry anicut, earthen bund, lined depression, borewell and pump,reservoir, spring fed, tanker fed, guzzler, aquifer; permanent or temporary
Location : By compartment or by a named feature and name given if anyPerformance : Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)
FORM - 2Maintenance of waterholes: Natural
Sl.No
CategoryPerennial or
seasonalLocation Year
Natureof work
Cost Performance
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Category : Spring, seep, natural depression, a flowing stretch, reservoirLocation : By compartment or by a named feature and name given if anyNature of work: Desilting, provision of apron, any other categoryPerformance : Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)
FORM - 3Maintenance of waterholes: Artificial
Sl.No
CategoryPerennial or
seasonalLocation Year
Natureof work
Cost Performance
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Category : Masonry anicut, earthern bund, lined depression, borewell and pump, springfed, guzzler, aquifer etc.
Location : By compartment or by a named feature and name given if anyYear : Year of maintenance, with year of establishment in parenthesis.Nature of work: Desilting, grouting, repairing leaks, repair to mechanical parts, closing anicut
openings, any other workPerformance : Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)
108
FORM - 4Restoration of habitat: weed control
Sl.No
Location &name of site
YearExtent ofarea(ha)
Speciesof weed
Opera-tion
Totalcost
Costper ha
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Note : Location : By compartment, site name or land featureOperation : Uprooting, cutting, burning, ploughing, manual or by using animals or
machineryRemarks : Measure of success and or problem faced.
FORM - 5Restoration of habitat: Prescribed burning
Sl.No
Location &name of site
YearExtent ofarea(ha)
Areatreated(ha)
PeriodTotalcost
Costper ha
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Note : Location : By compartment or name of sitePeriod : Date of starting operation and completionRemarks : Mention resultant structure e.g. a mosaic, % burnt, % intact
Problems encountered in conducting the operation – e.g. fire escape.
FORM - 6Restoration of habitat : Soil Conservation measures – initial operations and subsequent maintenance
Sl.No
Location &name of site
YearExtent ofarea(ha)
Areatreated(ha)
Opera-tions
Totalcost
Costper ha
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Note : Location : By compartment, name of site or landmarksExtent of area : Total area identified for such treatment. In case of streams or gullies, the
length involvedArea treated : If linear feature then quote length; otherwise area.Operation : Structures involved such as gully plugs, trench-cum-mound, terracing, spurs
and bunds etc. quote quantity nos. and cmt. of earthwork.
Remarks : Mention if initial work or maintenance.
109
FORM - 7Restoration of habitat
Sl.No
Location YearExtent ofarea(ha)
Descriptionof site
Regulations orprotectionmeasures
Response Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Location : By compartment or landmarksDescription : % tree, shrub, ground cover, main species, impact of factors causing
perturbations.Regulations &protection measures : Social fencing, power or other kind of fencing, enforced protection by
patrolling, fire protection etc.Response : To be recorded annually. Consider trend of regeneration, vegetation
cover, change in structure and composition, wildlife use index.Remarks : Site problems or any other useful information, including alternatives if
area being used by people for specific purposes.
FORM - 8Animals: Measuring trends in populations
Sl.No.
SpeciesPopulationestimation
methodology
Adult Sub-adultsYear-lings
Fawns Cubs TotalRe-
marksMal
eFe-
maleMal
eFe-
male1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Note : Population estimation : e.g. pugmark, line transect, scan, roadside counts etc., area covered,sampling intensity, data treatment, extrapolation where involved.In case of indices of density or dung count mention those figures underthe remarks column; use details as pertinent. Describe age classes foreach species.
Remarks : Operational problems, protection problems, any other usefulinformation. Indices of density or dung count details to be recordedhere
FORM - 9Animals: New records
Sl.No
Species Location YearHow
discoveredDetails of
number, age sexHabitat
descriptionRemarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Animal will include vertebrates and invertebratesHow discovered : Sighting, dead specimen, reliability of sighting, captured specimen,
incontrovertible other evidenceNo., age, sex etc : As applicable to vertebrates
110
Habitat description : Broad habitat description such as vegetation, and elements such aswater, large old trees, den trees, snags, down log material. Usemicrohabitat descriptors only if relevant
Remarks : Any other useful information
FORM - 10Animals: Mortality other than that attributable to an offence
Sl.No
Species Location YearSex and
ageNumber
Howdiscovered
Cause ofmortality
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Note : Location : By compartment, landmark etc.Sex and age : As per parameters for age class. Sex, if possible to identify.How discovered : Carcass, complete or partial. Skull or any other recognizable remains
collected where only some remains of an animal are found.Cause of mortality : If known e.g. territorial fight, accident, possible disease (following
postmortem results),old age cause difficult to determine, predation etc.Remarks : Any other useful information
FORM - 11Animals: Mortality attributed to poaching or an act of vandalism
Sl. No Species Location Cause of mortality, number, sex age class Remarks1 2 3 4 5
Note : Location : By compartment or landmarks.Cause of mortality : Whether the animal was intact or remains found, article or trophy to be
recorded. Cause if known eg. animal snared, shot or poisoned etc.Remarks : Any other useful information, especially matters of illegal trade.
FORM - 12Animals: Predation on domestic livestock by wild carnivores
Sl.No
Range MonthCategory
of livestockkilled
Loca-tion
NumbersCompen-
sationpaid (Rs.)
Carnivoreinvolved
No. ofcasesundecided
Re-marks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Note : Category of live-stock killed : Buffalo, cow, bullock (adult, sub-adult, calf), camel, horse, donkey,
sheep, goat, poultry etc.Location : Comptt. no. or landmark where killed and the village of the ownerCarnivore involved : Indicate species responsible for the kill if identity is confirmedNo. of casesundecided : Either in progress or dropped.
111
Remarks : Record observations like - attended or unattended animal, killed inforest or waterhole or in the pen/shed, field and whether kill was in areaclosed to livestock trespass.
FORM - 13Animals: Killing of a human by wildlife or injury caused
Sl.No
Range MonthNo. of
incidents
No. ofpeople
killed, age& sex
Location,circum-
stances &species
No. ofpeople
injured, age& sex
Location,circum-
stances &species
Com-pensa-tion(Rs.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Note : Location, circumstances : Location by comptt no., the village to which the person belongsand a description of the site and
and species activity such as – open grassy patch, cutting grass; or under amahua tree collecting flowers ets. Mention species on proof.
FORM - 14Animals: Wildlife damage to private or public property
Sl.No
Range MonthThe categoryof property
Extent ofdamage
Species involvedand number
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Note : Location : By comptt. no., village survey no., name of village or landmark.Category of property : eg. agriculture field-wheat, huts in a village, any kind of vehicle.Extent of damage : Crop damage by area, estimated loss of produce and monetary loss.
Similar yardsticks for other items like partial or total destruction of hutsand belongings with estimated monetary loss
Remarks : Any relevant information or circumstances eg. a wild elephant wasprovoked by people.
FORM - 15Plants: New records
Sl.No
RangeKind ofproduce
Species QuantityRevenue
realized (Rs.)
Free ofchange
quantity
Agency involvedLocal
peopleOutsiders
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Kind of produce : Mention name, can be biological or geomorphic in originSpecies : If applicableQuantity : Use the appropriate unitLocal people : Applies to people within TUZ & ZI (buffer). This return
normally applies to TUZ & buffer. If practice exists within the
112
PA, make a special mention.
FORM - 16NWFP Collection: Plants and other produce
Year:
Sl.No
Range MonthThe categoryof property
Extent ofdamage
Species involvedand number
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Note : Location : By comptt. no., village survey no., name of village or landmark.Category of property : eg. Agriculture field-wheat, huts in a village, any kind of vehicle.Extent of damage : Crop damage by area, estimated loss of produce and monetary loss.
Similar yardsticks for other items like partial or total destruction of hutsand belongings with estimated monetary loss
Remarks : Any relevant information or circumstances eg. a wild elephant wasprovoked by people.
FORM - 17Grazing of domestic livestock
Year:
Sl.No.
Grazingunit No.
List ofvillages inthe unit
Village-wiselisted
population ofcattle
Capacity of theunit ( cattle
units) an numberof cattle grazed
Total cattleunit grazed
RemarksLegal Illegal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Remarks : (i) Mention number of cattle immunized against FMD, RP, anthrax asthe case might be and the number of cattle without the prophylacticcover(ii) If grass is allowed to be cut for cattle being stall-fed, mention thevillage and number of such cattle.
FORM - 18Inter-agency programmes: Agencies and schemes (Government)
Year:
Sl.No.
Name ofAgency
Central orState
Number andname of scheme
operated
Physical andfinancial targets
Area andlocation
RemarksGiven Achieved
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Name of the Scheme : To include all activities in the Govt. Sector, i.e. construction, use ofresources, development processes etc. mention names ofschemes, projects or normal operations. This will address all
113
departments in the management area and those activities outside butcapable of influencing the management area.
Remarks : Success, adverse impacts, incompatibility with PA managementobjectives or failures should be mentioned. Detailed notes to go in thePA book.
FORM - 19Programmes of NGOs
Year:
Sl.No.
Name ofAgency
HQlocation
Nature ofthe scheme
operated
Physical and financialtargets Area and location Remarks
Given Achieved1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Remarks : Success or adverse impacts, incompatibility with PA managementobjectives or failures should be mentioned. Detailed notes to go in thePA Book. These programmes and activities could be within themanagement area or those that are outside the management area butare capable of influencing the state of the management area – eithercomplementing efforts or adversely impacting.
FORM - 20Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure: Roads and Bridges (*existing/new)
Year:
Sl.No.
Category Range SurfaceName ornumber
Lengthcovered (km)
Cross, drainageworks, bridges
with types
Total cost andstatus
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Category of road : National/State highway, district road etc. public road or open only tomanagers should be stated
Surface type : Block topped, metal, earth etc. Applies to roads..Name or number : As the case may be.Cross drainage type : eg. for culverts – box, hume pipe culverts etc.Bridge type : Wooden trestle, suspension, metal multi span, masonry arch etc.Status : Work completed or ongoing. State also the agency responsibility;
state whether operational or non-operational* : Strike out which is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for
construction and for maintenance details.
114
FORM - 21Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure: buildings (*existing/new)
Year:
Sl.No.
RangeName of the
buildingLocation
Type ofconstruction
NumbersTotalcost
Status
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Nature of the building : eg. residential(Guard), office, store, chauki, watch tower, touristfacility, hide, barrier, patrolling camp (temporary or permanent) etc.
Location : the By compartment or village or landmark as appropriate.Type of construction : Masonry (brick/stone), log or wooden, metal, local material etc.Status : Completed or ongoing.* : Strike out which is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for
construction and for maintenance details.
FORM - 22Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure: communication (*existing/new)
Year:
Sl.No.
RangeName offacility
Location Number CostAdvantage
gainedRemarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Type of facility : eg. telephone, wirelessLocation : Staff Hq location, village, landmark etc.Advantage gained : Area’s served, staff locations connected etc.Remarks : Record status – complete, ongoing, functional, non-functional..* : Strike out that is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for
new facility and maintenance.
FORM - 23Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure: vehicles (*existing/new)
Year:
Sl. No. Kind of vehicle Number HQ if any Intended use Cost Remarks1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Note : Kind of vehicle : Jeep, trailer, tractor, truck, minibus, tanker, motorcycle, bicycle, boat(paddle or motor), launch, car, riding elephant, ponies, etc.
Intended use : Management support, patrolling/antipoaching, tourism etc.Remarks : Any other useful information. Mention written off vehicles, retired or
dead animals.* : Strike out the inapplicable. Use separate forms as required to
indicate acquisition, maintenance.
115
FORM - 24Developing infrastructure: construction of boundaries
Fences, CPTs, EPTs, exclosures, enclosures (*existing/new)Year:
Sl.No.
Category ofconstruction
Range LocationLength
(meters)Numbers Specifications Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Category : Kind of boundary eg. comptt, block, zone etc. In case of fences: powerfence, others
Location : By compartment or suitable landmark.Numbers : In case of exclosures, enclosures, number of pillars etc. as applicable.Specifications : As applicable to the construction: dry rubble, chain link, local material,
height, area, depth, width etc.Remarks : Any other relevant information.* : Strike out that is inapplicable. Use a form each for maintenance of
existing features and for new features.
FORM - 25Developing infrastructure: firelines (*existing/new)
Year:
Sl.No.
RangeFireline category
or widthName of points
connectedLength
(meters)Cost Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Note : Category : Main or subsidiary etc. Record width* : Strike out that is inapplicable. Use one form each for maintenance of
existing fireline and creation of new
FORM - 26Tourism
Total number of visitors all categories : Year:Name of complex: Total revenue earned:
Sl.No.
The category of visitors by month & numbersIndian No.
daysvisitors
No stayingovernight
andrevenue
AdultChildren Foreigners
Month Male Female Rural Urban Revenue
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Note : Column 2 to 5 will be written in three successive lines for the month pertinent, one below theother. First line information pertains to foreign tourists. Put a tick(_/) in col. 6. Second andthird line details rural and urban tourists respectively. Put a tick (_/) in Col. 7, Column 8 asapplicable.
116
FORM - 27Outbreak of fires
Year:
Sl.No.
Range LocationExtent
(ha)Dates
ReasonsEstimated
loss RemarksDetected Controlled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Location : By compartmentsReasons : Established or suspectedEstimated loss : eg. number of trees damaged, stacked firewood/timber/bamboo
destroyed/damaged by volume and cost, wild animals dead, particularsof sensitive sites affected, other property or life destroyed.
Remarks : State particularly problems encountered in detection and suppressionand any other useful information. State also whether the extent of firehas been mapped.
FORM - 28Offence cases detected
Year:
Sl.No.
Range category NumbersNumber of cases
decidedNumber ofcases under
process
Number ofcases
compoundedRemarks
Successful Failure1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Category : eg. illegal cutting of trees, illegal firewood, illegal NWFP, poaching,encroachment, illegal cattle grazing etc. category be codified by lettersof alphabet.
Remarks : Any other useful information. This should also include the number ofcases pending decision with the Department. The cases under column 8pertain to area of non PA status under management which do notinvolve an endangered species (Schedule-I).
FORM - 29Incentives and awards
Year:
Sl.No.
RangeNumber of recipients of
incentives for detecting offencesAmount
paid (Rs.)Kind ofaward
Number ofrecipients Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Note : Kinds of award : eg. a medal like the Shaurya Chakra, any other such awards institutedby the State or Central Government, includes citations, extra incrementsetc.
Remarks : Any other useful information. If an award carries cash, mention theamount.
117
FORM - 30Research projects under implementation through PA manpower with or without collaboration with
other agenciesYear:
Sl.No.
Title Completed Ongoing New Status Financialoutlay(Rs.)
Expenditureincurred
(Rs.)
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Note : Completed : State date of completion and the status of the project reportOngoing : State since when the project is under operation and expected period of
completionNew : State the date of commencement and duration.Status : State the progress towards achievement of objectives; or project which has
been dropped or held in abeyance etcRemarks : Any other relevant information. If the project is in collaboration with any
other agency or is an contractual arrangement, state the situation and thename of the collaborating agency. If animal/plant specimen are beingcollected, state authority and where the collections are being housed.
FORM - 31Survey and inventories
Year:
Sl. No.Title of survey,
inventory activityCompleted Ongoing New
ByPA
By other agency Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note : Completed : State date of completion of field work and the status of the reportOngoing : State since when is it under operation and when is it expected to be
completed.New : State the date of commencement and duration.By PA personnel: Will include collaboration or contractual arrangement. State the case as
relevant.Other agency : State the name of the agency.Remarks : If specimen of plants /animals are being collected, state where the
collection is being housed and authority. Any other useful information.
118
FORM - 32The Monitoring Programme
Year:
Sl.No.
Title of theprogramme
Date ofinitiation
Responsibleagency
TechniqueStatus of
collaboration andanalysis of data
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 8
Note : Technique : PCQ, belt transect, line transect and plots, pugmarks etc. by thetitle of the technique.
Status of collaboration : Write only if applicable.
FORM - 33Ecodevelopment Programme: Targets and implementation
Year:
Sl.No.
Nature ofthe
programme
Sector(Central /
State) or NGOsponsored
Target set Achievements Village(Buffer /
enclaved)Remarks
Physical Financial Physical Financial
Note : Nature of the programme : eg. pasture development, fodder plantations, establishing biogasunits, livestock improvement, establishment and development ofsericulture, revival of local skills such as handicraft, water harvestingsystems, adults education etc.
Village : Site where programme is being implemented – whether buffer orinside PA
Remarks : State problems, state failures and reasons thereof, reasons for notattaining targets, for non-implementation or deviation etc. Statewhether it is on the right tracks in context of achievement ofobjectives
PART - ITHE PROTECTED AREA:
THE EXISTING SITUATION
Anamudi Shola National Park - Location Map
PART-IITHE PROPOSED MANAGEMENT
THE STRATEGIES
PART-IIIAPPENDICES
CHAPTER 11
BUDGET