occasional_papers_3_2002 [romania's westernization and nato membership]

7/30/2019 Occasional_papers_3_2002 [Romania's Westernization and NATO Membership]

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OCCASIONAL PAPERS No.3(I)/2002

ROMANIAS WESTERNIZATIONAND NATO MEMBERSHIP

- A HISTORICAL APPROACH -

By Brig.Gen. MIHAIL E. IONESCU, Ph.D.

Director of Institute for Political Studies

of Defense and Military History

Romanias Ministry of National Defense


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data. Fourthly, historical and contemporary examples indis-

solubly link these processes or make them coincide (the caseof Japan, the Meiji era or the Asian tigers in the XXth cen-tury or the present tentative of Russia). Last but not least, geo-graphically speaking Romania is nowadays surrounded by

the West both from the West, being naturally included in theprocesses of NATO and EU enlargement towards East, andfrom the East> the West already has its outposts (economic andmilitary ones) in what is geopolitically considered GreaterMiddle East (the proper Middle-East, the Caucasian area, thepost-Soviet Central Asia).

Therefore, for a country like Romania, a moderniza-tion outside the westernization is a historical, cultural,geographical and practical impossibility.

NOTES1 See {tefan Zeletin, Burghezia rom=n\. Originea [i rolul ei istoric,

Humanitas, Bucharest, 1991, p.54< idem, Neoliberalismul. Studii

asupra istoriei [i politicii burgheziei rom=ne, Scripta, Bucharest,

1992, pp.26-27< Eugen Lovinescu, Istoria civiliza]iei rom=ne mod-

erne, Scientific Publishing House, Bucharest, 1972, pp.78-78, 246.

2 I.C. Filitti, Via]a politic\ a }\rii Rom=ne[ti [i a Moldovei, in

Enciclopedia Rom=niei, vol.1, Bucharest, 1938, p.826.

3 In 1803, we find in Paris a young Moldavian student studying the

Law> it is the year when a Wallachian boyar traveled to Paris forasking Napoleon Bonaparte to restore the native rules, following

that, in the next year, to have in Ia[i a boyars memorial conta-

mined, according to the agitated authorities, by French insubordi-

nation, Eugen Lovinescu, Ibidem, p.96.

4 Adrian Niculescu, Aux racines de la democratie en Roumanie>

Pruncul Rom=n, premier journal libre roumain, Chronique de la

revolution valaque de 1848. These doctorate, Montpellier,

Decembre, 2002, pp.47-48, 90-93.

5 Eugen Lovinescu, Ibidem, p.304.

6 Adrian Miroiu, Conservatorii rom=ni> ;ntre parhiarhism [i con-

struc]ia statului modern, in Maria Bucur, Mihaela Miroiu (editor),

Patriarhat [i emancipare, p.79.

7 Rom=nia ;n timpul primului r\zboi mondial, vol.1, Bucharest,

1996, pp.26-28.

8 Gheorghe M. Dobrovici, Istoricul dezvolt\rii economice [i finan-

ciare a Rom=niei [i ;mprumuturile contractate, 1823-1933,

Bucharest, 1943, p.235.9 Dennis Deletant, Introduction in Romania within the Warsaw Pact>

Ambivalence and Ambiguities, Documents Collection, CD-ROM

edited by the Institute for Political Studies of Defense and Military

History, July 2002.

34 35

Brig.Gen. MIHAIL E. IONESCU, Ph.D. Romanias Integration into NATO and Westernization


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ANNEX 1

Letter of Application on NATO Membership from the

President of Romania to the Secretary General of NATOBucharest, 18 September 1993

Dear Mr. Secretary General,

The rapid evolution of political events in a world now free of the

constraints imposed by the Cold War calls for an ever closer commu-

nication and cooperation in order to properly react to the new oppor-

tunities in the field of international cooperation, and especially in the

field of security.Considering you a friend of Romania and of the Romanian people, a

friend who, by the understanding shown for Romanian realities and by

the support offered, decidedly contributed to enhancing our relations

with the North-Atlantic Alliance, I presented you, on the occasion of my

February visit to the NATO Headquarters, the importance Romania

attaches to its integration into the Euro-Atlantic space and its basic secu-

rity institutions.Romania, just like other countries of the region, is linking its con-

cerns for national security and stability in the area with NATO, the mostreliable political and military alliance in modern times which, subse-

quent to the collapse of the Iron Curtain, has proved its ability to adjust

to the new European realities. Therefore, we believe that NATO is the

sole organization which can provide, at present, a credible framework

for the security of the young European democracies and for the stability

in the region.

37

Romanias Integration into NATO and Westernization


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and the Alliance apply to the partner countries in this region relying on

the strategic NATO concept stating the indivisibility of security in

Europe, a concept Romania fully subscribes to.

We consider the Center and South-East of Europe as a unitary

region sharing common problems and high degree of integration in

terms of security. That is the reason why only nondiscriminatory treat-

ment applied by the NATO to the new democracies in this region can

strengthen the Alliances own potential.

I insisted on conveying these thoughts to you, Mr. Secretary

General, as an expression of the particular importance Romania and

the Romanian society attach to the cooperation with the North-AtlanticAlliance, to the furthering of its values, which we entirely share and

have adopted as our own.

Hoping that in due time the relations between Romania and NATO

will develop in such way as to enable us to fully participate in our joint

security efforts, please accept the assurance of my highest consideration.

Sincerely yours,

Ion Iliescu

His ExcellencyMr. Manfred Wrner

Secretary General of the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization

Bruxelles

ANNEX 2

Statement

Gathered today, June 21, 1995 in Snagov, the below signatories ofthe present Statement, found that the National Strategy on Romanias

Adhesion Preparation to European Union worked out by the

Commission specially established for this purpose from the represen-

tatives of parliamentary political parties, Government, academic cir-

cles, and of civil society, expressed the Romanias firm orientation of

focusing its development on promoting the characteristics of a demo-

cratic society rule of law, political plurality, power division, free

elections, respect of human rights, including those of national minori-

ties, creation of an efficient and lasting market economy compatiblewith the European Unions principles, standards, mechanisms, institu-

tions and policies.

The national strategic objective of Romanias adhesion to European

Union constitutes a crucial point of solidarity and convergence of the

countrys political and social forces, representing an historical opportu-

nity for promoting the ideals and fundamental interests of Romanian

people, its identity and traditions in a wide international openness, giv-

ing the possibility of mitigating and eliminating the gaps to the advanced

countries through our own efforts backed by a broad co-operation, and

of modernizing Romania, according to exigencies of transition to infor-

mational society and creation, on this basis, of the conditions for rising

the Romanias citizens living standard and quality of life.

The below signatories support the Commissions conclusion

according to which through persevering efforts there should be

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conditions that, in the offing of the year 2000, Romania would have,

as well as other associated countries, the capacity to fulfil the funda-

mental conditions of adhesion.

The signatories of the Statement appreciate the spirit in which the

working out of this Strategy and the proceedings on its substantiation

took place, the entirely free confrontation of opinions in a constructive

debate climate of high scientific rigor, dialogue that allowed to favor

the conviction that Romanias rebirth, its general recovery has been

decided now.

This spirit must be promoted further on, in order to establish a cli-

mate of political realism, of active solidarity, which would direct theconstructive confrontation of opinions towards the national interests,

the destiny of Romania in the contemporary world.

The Statement is signed by:

n THE PRESIDENT OF ROMANIA

- Mr. Ion Iliescu

n THE PRIME MINISTER

- Mr. Nicolae V\c\roiun THE PRESIDENT OF SENATE

- Mr. Oliviu Gherman

n THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES

- Mr. Adrian N\stase

n THE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY PARTY OF ROMANIA

- Mr. Oliviu Gherman and Adrian N\stase

n THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY (N.S.F.)

- Mr. Petre Roman

n NATIONAL-PEASANT CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY

- Mr. Gabriel }epelea

n ROMANIAN NATIONAL UNITY PARTY

- Mr. Gheorghe Funar

n HUNGARIAN DEMOCRATIC UNION FROM ROMANIA

- Mr. Bela Marko

n GREAT ROMANIA PARTY

- Mr. Corneliu Vadim Tudor

n CIVIC ALLIANCE PARTY

- Mr. Nicolae Manolescu

n LABOUR SOCIALIST PARTY

- Mr. Ilie Verde]

n 93 LIBERAL PARTY

- Mr. Horia Rusu

n ROMANIAN DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL PARTY

- Mr. Sergiu Cunescu

nNATIONAL LIBERAL PARTY DEMOCRATIC

CONVENTION

- Mr. Niculae Cerveni

n ROMANIAN DEMOCRATIC AGRARIAN PARTY

- Mr. Victor Surdu

n ROMANIA ECOLOGIST PARTY

- Mr. Otto Weber

n THE PRESIDENT OF THE COMMISSION FOR WORKING

OUT THE NATIONAL STRATEGY ON ROMANIAS

ADHESION PREPARATION TO EUROPEAN UNION- Mr. Tudorel Postolache

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public at large, in order to maintain the support for joining NATO and

to enhance the level of knowledge and understanding regarding secu-

rity and defense issues.On behalf of the parliamentarian political parties which they repre-

sent, the signatories of this statement believe a Parliament decision on

Romanias integration into NATO would be welcomed. They also

agree on the need to improve inter-institutional co-operation for the

Annual National Programme implementation process.

We fully share the view that Romanias admission as a full-fledged

NATO member will grant substance and credibility to the open door

policy and will benefit the security of the member states, as well as that

of the whole Euro-Atlantic area.

Taking into consideration the populations support for the objective

of Romanias integration into NATO as well as the progress achieved

so far in our preparations, the signatories are convinced that Euro-

Atlantic integration is a catalyst for the solidarity and convergence of

all political forces in promoting this national interest, reaching beyond

the differences in our various political and doctrinaire views.

Firmly convinced that this document serves Romanias national

interest, we believe that, through persistent efforts and a genuine soli-darity of the political forces, we can build a strong foundation for

Romania to be invited to join NATO at the 2002 Summit.

Bucharest, the 7th of March, 2001

n Social Democrat Party of RomaniaPresident - Adrian Nastase, Prime-minister

n Great Romania PartyPresident - Corneliu Vadim Tudor, Senator

n Democratic PartyPresident - Petre Roman, Senator

n National Liberal PartyPresident - Valeriu Stoica, MP

n Hungarian Democratic Union from RomaniaPresident - Bela Marko, Senator

n Romanian Democratic Social PartyPresident - Alexandru Athanasiu, Senator

n Humanist Party of RomaniaPresident- Dan Voiculescu

n Parliamentarian Group of National MinoritiesLeader - Varujan Pambuccian, MP

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ANNEX 4

Romanian Favourable Public Opinion for NATO Integration

Source> Barometrul de opinie pu-blic\, Metromedia Transil-vania, IMAS, IRSOP.

ANNEX 5

Study on NATO Enlargement

Chapter 5: What are the implications of membership for

new members, including their rights and obli-

gations, and what do they need to do to prepare

for membership?

[...]

A. What will be Politically Expected from the New Members

69. Commitments entered into by new member states should be thesame as for present Allies, including acceptance of the principles, poli-

cies and procedures already adopted by all members of the Alliance at

the time when new members join. Willingness and ability to meet such

commitments, not only on paper but in practice, would be a critical

factor in any decision to invite a country to join.

70. Bearing in mind that there is no fixed or rigid list of criteria for

inviting new members to join the Alliance, possible new member

states will, nevertheless, be expected to :

- Conform to basic principles embodied in the Washington Treaty:

democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law;

- Accept NATO as a community of like-minded nations joined

together for collective defence and the preservation of peace and

security, with each nation contributing to the security and defence

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well as certain others by invitation. They will also make avail-

able personnel, assets, facilities and capabilities necessary and

appropriate for carrying out the agreed Partnership Program-me. NATO will assist them, as appropriate, in formulating and

executing their individual Partnership Programmes.

6. The other subscribing states accept the following understand-

ings:

- those who envisage participation in missions referred to

in paragraph 3(d) will, where appropriate, take part in

related NATO exercises;

- they will fund their own participation in Partnership

activities, and will endeavour otherwise to share the

burdens of mounting exercises in which they take part;

- they may send, after appropriate agreement, permanent

liaison officers to a separate Partnership Coordination

Cell at Mons (Belgium) that would, under the authority

of the North Atlantic Council, carry out the military

planning necessary to implement the Partnership pro-

grammes;

- those participating in planning and military exerciseswill have access to certain NATO technical data rele-

vant to interoperability;

- building upon the CSCE measures on defence planning,

the other subscribing states and NATO countries will

exchange information on the steps that have been taken

or are being taken to promote transparency in defence

planning and budgeting and to ensure the democratic

control of armed forces;

- they may participate in a reciprocal exchange of infor-mation on defence planning and budgeting which will

be developed within the framework of the NACC/

Partnership for Peace.

7. In keeping with their commitment to the objectives of this

Partnership for Peace, the members of the North Atlantic

Alliance will:

- develop with the other subscribing states a planning and

review process to provide a basis for identifying andevaluating forces and capabilities that might be made

available by them for multinational training, exercises,

and operations in conjunction with Alliance forces;

- promote military and political coordination at NATO

Headquarters in order to provide direction and guidance

relevant to Partnership activities with the other sub-

scribing states, including planning, training, exercises

and the development of doctrine.

8. NATO will consult with any active participant in the

Partnership if that Partner perceives a direct threat to its terri-

torial integrity, political independence, or security.

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clearly defined phases of NATO-only exercises when Council

decides to open these in accordance with current procedures.

Priority consideration will be given to ensuring exercise effec-tiveness.

i. Any future NATO facilities established for the assessment of

Partner forces for NATO-led peace support operations and of

Partner performance in NATO/PfP exercises and operations will

be used to assess the degree of interoperability and the range of

capabilities of aspirants' forces. If these assessment facilities are

extended to encompass forces beyond those for peace support

operations, they will be used to assist aspirants.

j. Appropriate use may be made of simulation technology for train-

ing forces and procedures.

III. Resource Issues

1. New Alliance members would be expected to commit sufficient

budget resources to allow themselves to meet the commitments

entailed by possible membership. National programmes of aspirants

must put in place the necessary structures to plan and implement

defence budgets that meet established defence priorities and make

provision for training schemes to familiarise staff with NATO practices

and procedures in order to prepare for possible future participation in

Alliance structures. [...]

IV. Security Issues

1. Aspirants would be expected upon accession to have in place

sufficient safeguards and procedures to ensure the security of the most

sensitive information as laid down in NATO security policy.

Implementation

2. Appropriate courses may be made available, on request, to aspir-

ing countries on Personnel, Physical, Document, Industrial Security

and INFOSEC. Individual programmes for aspirants may be developed

as warranted. The NATO Security and Special Committees may wish to

meet with aspirants, whenever they judge it necessary or useful.

V. Legal issues

1. In order to be able to undertake the commitments of member-

ship, aspirants should examine and become acquainted with the appro-

priate legal arrangements and agreements which govern cooperation

within NATO. This should enable aspirants to scrutinize domestic law

for compatibility with those NATO rules and regulations. In addition,

aspirants should be properly informed about the formal legal process

leading to membership. [...]

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ANNEX 8

What is the most important problem in Romania?

Source> Barometrul Politic Na-]ional - iunie-iulie 2002,Metro Media Transilvania,in www.mmt.ro

Expectaions concerning the integration in European Union

When Romaniawill enter the

European Union?

Source> Barometrul Politic Na]ional - Iunie-Iulie2002, Metro Media Transilvania, inwww.mmt.ro

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What chances has Romania to enter NATO?

Sources> Barometrul Politic Na]io-nal - Iunie-Iulie 2002, Me-tro Media Transilvania, inwww.mmt.ro

ANNEX 9

ROMANIAS ANNUAL NATIONAL PLAN OF PREPARATION

FOR NATO MEMBERSHIP 2002-2003 *

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ANP IV marks a change compared with previous plans drafted by

Romania as it takes into account the new security environment and

details our countrys present and future contribution to the global

coalition against terrorism. Combating terrorism, and organised crime

that supports terrorist networks, is one of the main focuses of ANP IV.

ANP IV has been drafted during the preparations for the NATOPrague Summit. Therefore, the Plan takes into consideration the fact that

Romania has pledged to subscribe to all the decisions that will be takenin Prague, and is prepared to contribute to NATOs new capabilities.

Romania shares the view that continuation of the MAP process willassist MAP countries in accelerating their preparations for member-ship and will ensure that new members will be better prepared to con-

tribute effectively to the Alliance. Continuation of the MAP process iskey to maintaining the cohesion, relevance and efficiency of theenlarged Alliance. It is also paramount to a smooth integration of thenew members into the Alliance.

Chapter I Political and economic issues

This chapter concentrates on steps to be taken by the Romanian

70

Brig.Gen. MIHAIL E. IONESCU, Ph.D.

71

Romanias Integration into NATO and Westernization

_______* Romanias Annual National Plan of Preparation for NATO

Membership 2002-2003 in www.mae.ro


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ANNEX 10

Romanian Participation in PSO-s Under the Aegis

of UN, NATO, OSCE and in the Fight Against Terrorism

as of 15 August 2002 *

76 77


NO. OPERATION/

MISSION

COUNTRY ORGANIZATION/

COALITION

TOTAL PERIOD

10 KFOR Kosovo NATO 218 December 2000/December 2001 -

present day

11 UNMEE Eritrea UN 8 1990 - present

day

12 MONUC Congo UN 26 1996 - present

day

13 UNIK Iraq-Kuwait UN 5 1991 - present

day

14 UNMIBH BosniaHerzegovina UN 18 2002 - presentday

15 UNMIK Kosovo UN 185 1999 - present

day

16 OSCE

Spillover

Mission to

Skopje

FYROM OSCE 10 2001 - present

day

17 OSCE Mission

to Georgia

Georgia OSCE 4 1999 - present

day

18 OSCE Missionin Kosovo

Kosovo OSCE 19 1999 - presentday

19 OSCE

Presence in

Albania

Albania OSCE 3 2002 - present

day

20 OSCE

Mission to the

Federal

Republic of

Yugoslavia

The

Federal

Republic of

Yugoslavia

OSCE 2 2002 - present

day

21 OSCE Missionto Bosnia and

Herzevogina

Bosnia-Herzevogina

OSCE 4 2002 - presentday

22 OSCE

Assistance

Group in

Chechnya

Chechnya OSCE 1 2002 - present

day

NO. OPERATION/

MISSION


COALITION

TOTAL PERIOD

1 DESERT

STORM

Kuweit COALITION OF

THE WILLING

384 February 1991

2 OSCE MIS-

SION TO

MOLDOVA

Moldova OSCE 24 1992 - 1993

3 UNSOM II Somalia UN 400 1993-1994

4 UNAMIR Rwanda UN 5 1994

5 UNAVEM III Angola UN 100+

750 +

May/June 1995 -

June/May 1997

6 MONUA Angola UN 900 June 1997 -

August 1999

7 ALBA Albania European

coalition

400 + April-July 1997

8 IFOR Bosnia

Herzegovina

NATO 200+ March

- October 1996

9 SFOR BosniaHerzegovina

NATO 122 July/December

2000 - present day_______* Romanian Participation in PSO-s Under the Aegis of UN, NATO, OSCE

and in the Fight Against Terrorism as of 15 August 2002 in www.mapn.ro,www.mae.ro


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78

Brig.Gen. MIHAIL E. IONESCU, Ph.D.

Institute for Political Studies of Defense

and Military History

ROMANIA, Bucharest, 70100

6 Constantin Mille Street, sector 1

Tel. +40 21 315 17 00

Fax. +40 21 411 22 01e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

www.ispaim.ro

Desktop publishing - I.P.S.D.M.H.

Printed by Military Publishing House

NO. OPERATION/

MISSION


COALITION

TOTAL PERIOD

23 OSCEMission to

Croatia

Croatia OSCE 1 2002 - presentday

24 Personal

Representativ

e of the CIO

on the Conflict

Dealt with by

the Minsk

Conference

Nagorno

Karabakh

OSCE 1 2002 - present

day

25 "ISAF"

Operation

Afghanistan Coalition of the

Willing

57 February 2002 -

present day

26 Operation

"Enduring

Freedom"

Afghanistan Coalition of the

Willing

411 July 2002 - pres-

ent day