o kno about more useful books for class-12 click here
TRANSCRIPT
Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC [ 1
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Na
ture
and
Sig
nif
ica
nce
of
Ma
na
gem
ent
�R
eco
gn
itio
nTo
ear
n f
ame
�E
xpan
sio
n i
n m
ark
et��F
ulf
il s
oci
al n
eed
sE
mp
loy
men
t o
pp
ort
un
ity
�S
oci
al S
erv
ices
��S
urv
ival
of
Bu
sin
ess
Pro
fit
Ear
nin
g�
Gro
wth
of
Bu
sin
ess
�
�S
yst
emat
ized
bo
dy
of
kn
ow
led
ge
Pri
nci
ple
s b
ased
n e
xper
imen
t�
o
Un
iver
sal
val
idit
y o
f p
rin
cip
les
�
�.
Co
ord
inat
ion
in
teg
rate
s g
rou
p e
ffo
rts
Co
ord
inat
ion
en
sure
s u
nit
y o
f ac
tio
n�
.
It i
s a
con
tin
uo
us
pro
cess
�.
It i
s th
e.
�re
spo
nsi
bil
ity
of
all
man
ager
s
Managem
ent
Man
agem
ent
has
bee
nd
efin
edas
the
pro
cess
of .
get
tin
g t
hin
gs
do
ne
wit
h t
he
aim
of
ach
iev
ing
go
als
�n
tan
gib
le.
Man
agem
ent
is a
n i
forc
eM
anag
emen
t is
a g
oal
ori
ente
d p
roce
ss.
�M
anag
emen
t is
all
per
vas
ive.
�M
anag
emen
t is
mu
ltid
imen
sio
nal
.�
Man
agem
ent
is a
co
nti
nu
ou
s p
roce
ss.
�M
anag
emen
t is
a g
rou
p a
ctiv
ity.
�M
anag
emen
t is
a d
yn
amic
fu
nct
ion
.� �M
anag
emen
t h
elp
s in
ach
iev
ing
gro
up
’s g
oal
s.
Man
agem
ent
incr
ease
s ef
fici
ency
�.
Man
agem
ent
crea
tes
dy
nam
ic o
rgan
izat
ion
�.
Man
agem
ent
hel
ps
in t
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
soci
ety
�.
Co
nce
pt
�B
ette
rmen
t o
frg
anis
atio
no
Est
abli
shin
g p
rop
er b
alan
ce�
bet
wee
nd
epar
tmen
tsv
ario
us
Sp
ecia
lisa
tio
n i
n w
ork
�
Co
ord
inat
ion
is
a p
roce
ss t
hro
ug
h w
hic
hh
arm
on
yis
esta
bli
shed
amo
ng
dif
fere
nt
acti
vit
ies
of
an o
rgan
isat
ion
.
Imp
orta
nce
�.
Pla
nn
ing
:D
eter
min
ing
in
ad
van
ce w
hat
to
do
Ass
ign
ing
du
ties
�.
Org
aniz
ing
:
To a
ssig
n r
igh
t�
job
to
rig
ht
per
son
.S
taff
ing
:
Infl
uen
cin
g a
nd
mo
tiv
atin
g e
mp
loy
ees
to p
erfo
rm t
ask
s�
.D
ire
ctin
g :
To m
ake
con
tro
l o
n m
anag
eria
l p
erfo
rman
ce�
.C
on
tro
llin
g :
Top
Man
a-g
emen
t(B
oar
d o
fD
irec
tors
,C
hai
rman
,P
resi
den
t, e
tc.)
Op
erat
ion
al M
anag
emen
t(S
up
erv
iso
r, F
ore
man
, etc
.)
�e
Exi
sten
ce o
f th
eor
tica
l k
no
wle
dg
e
Per
son
alis
ed a
pp
lica
tio
n�
Bas
ed o
n p
ract
ice
and
cre
ativ
ity
�
�W
ell
def
ined
bo
dy
of
kn
ow
led
ge
Pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
(n
ot
full
y p
rese
nt)
�E
thic
al c
od
e o
f co
nd
uct
(n
ot
full
y p
rese
nt)
�
Mid
dle
Man
agem
ent
(Fin
ance
man
ager
,P
rod
uct
ion
man
ager
, etc
.)
chap
ter
- 1 na
ture
and
significa
nce
of
mana
gem
ent
2 ] Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Pri
nci
ple
s of
Ma
na
gem
ent
Tayl
or's
Scie
nti
fic
Man
agem
ent
Wo
rkm
an
Fac
tory
man
ager
Pla
nn
ing
In
char
ge
Pro
du
ctio
n I
nch
arg
e
Inst
ruct
ion
Car
d c
lerk
Ro
ute
cler
kT
ime
and
Co
stcl
erk
Sp
eed
Bo
ssG
ang
Bo
ssR
epai
rB
oss
Insp
ecto
rD
isci
pli
nar
ian
Man
agem
ent
Pri
nci
ple
sar
eb
road
and
gen
eral
gu
idel
ines
fo
r d
ecis
ion
mak
ing
and
beh
avio
r.T
hey
are
no
tas
rig
idas
up
ure
scie
nce
.T
hey
dea
lw
ith
hu
man
beh
avio
rso
tob
eap
pli
edcr
eati
vel
yu
acco
rdin
g t
o d
eman
d o
f th
e si
tuat
ion
.�
Un
iver
sal
Ap
pli
cab
ilit
y
Gen
eral
Gu
idel
ines
�F
orm
ed b
y P
ract
ice
and
Exp
erim
ent
� �F
lexi
ble
Ca
and
Eff
ect
Rel
atio
nsh
ip�
use
Co
nti
ng
ent
�
�(S
cie
nce
, no
t ru
le o
f th
um
b
�H
arm
on
y, n
ot
Dis
card
�C
oo
pe
rati
on
, no
t in
div
idu
alis
m
De
ve
lop
me
nt
of
eac
h a
nd
ev
ery
pe
rso
n t
o h
is o
r h
er
gre
ate
st e
ffic
ien
cy�
and
pro
spe
rity
).
�D
ivis
ion
of
wo
rkA
uth
ori
ty a
nd
res
po
nsi
bil
ity
�D
isci
pli
ne
�U
nit
y o
f d
irec
tio
n�
Su
bo
rdin
atio
n o
f in
div
idu
al�
inte
rest
to
gen
eral
in
tere
stR
emu
ner
atio
n o
f em
plo
yee
s�
Cen
tral
izat
ion
an
d�
dec
entr
aliz
atio
nS
cala
r ch
ain
�O
rder
�E
uit
y�
qS
tab
ilit
y o
f p
erso
nn
el�
Init
iati
ve
�E
spri
to
rps
�i
De
C
Bas
isF
ayo
lT
ay
lor
Per
spec
tiv
eTo
p l
evel
of
Man
agem
ent
Sh
op
Flo
or
lev
elo
f M
anag
emen
t
Ap
pli
cab
ilit
yU
niv
ersa
lly
app
lica
ble
Ap
pli
cab
le t
osp
ecia
lise
dsi
tuat
ion
s
Per
son
alit
yP
ract
itio
ner
Sci
enti
st
Sta
tus
Fat
her
of
Gen
eral
man
agem
ent
Fat
her
of
Sci
enti
fic
man
agem
ent
�H
elp
to
tak
e sc
ien
tifi
c d
ecis
ion
Mee
tin
g c
han
gin
g e
nv
iro
nm
ent
req
uir
emen
ts�
Op
tim
um
uti
lisa
tio
n o
f re
sou
rces
�P
rov
ide
man
ger
s w
ith
in
sig
hts
in
to r
eali
ty�
Tech
niq
ue
s
�To
Mai
nta
in q
ual
ity
stan
dar
ds.
To s
et u
p p
erfo
rman
ce�
stan
dar
ds.
To a
chie
ve
targ
eto
n t
ime.
�s
�M
eth
od
Stu
dy
Mo
tio
n S
tud
y�
Tim
e S
tud
y�
Fat
igu
e S
tud
y�
Wa
ge
sa
rep
aid
on
the
bas
is o
f w
ork
do
ne
It a
dv
oca
tes
the
coo
per
atio
n b
etw
een
wo
rker
s an
d m
anag
emen
t.
chap
ter
- 2
principl
es o
f ma
nagem
ent
Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC [ 3
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Bu
sines
sE
nvi
ronm
ent
•Eco
no
mic
En
vir
on
me
nt
:In
clu
des
in
tere
st
,ra
tes,
in
flat
ion
rat
es e
tc.
Incl
ud
es s
oci
al f
orc
es•S
oci
al
En
vir
on
me
nt
:li
ke
, v,
cust
om
s, t
rad
itio
ns
alu
es, s
oci
al t
ren
ds
etc
.
Incl
ud
es s
cien
tifi
c an
d•T
ech
nic
al
En
vir
on
me
nt
:
tech
no
log
ical
in
no
vat
ion
s an
d i
mp
rov
emen
ts.
Incl
ud
es p
oli
tica
l•P
oli
tica
l E
nv
iro
nm
en
t :
c.
on
dit
ion
s o
f a
cou
ntr
y Incl
ud
es v
ario
us
po
lici
es•L
eg
al E
nv
iro
nm
en
t :
,
.ru
les
and
reg
ula
tio
ns
of
the
go
ver
nm
ent
•It
en
able
s th
e fi
rm t
o i
den
tify
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
.an
d g
etti
ng
th
e fi
rst
mo
ver
ad
van
tag
e
It h
elp
s th
e fi
rm t
o i
den
tify
th
reat
s an
d e
arly
•w
arn
ing
sig
nlas.
•It
hel
ps
in o
pti
mu
m u
tili
sati
on
of
use
ful
reso
urc
es.
It h
elp
s in
op
ing
wit
h c
han
ges
•c
.
It h
elp
s in
ass
isti
ng
in
pla
nn
ing
an
d p
oli
cy•
form
atio
n.
.•
It h
elp
s in
im
pro
vin
g p
erfo
rman
ce
Bu
sin
ess
En
vir
on
men
t re
fers
to
th
e
surr
ou
nd
ing
s o
r to
tali
ty o
f fo
rces
in
wh
ich
th
e b
usi
nes
s ex
ists
•To
tali
ty o
f ex
tern
al f
orc
es
Sp
ecif
ic a
nd
gen
eral
fo
rces
•In
ter–
rela
ted
nes
s•
Dy
nam
ic i
n n
atu
re•
Un
cert
ain
ty•
Co
mp
lexi
ty•
Rel
ativ
ity
•
•In
crea
se i
n c
om
pet
itio
n
•In
crea
se i
n d
eman
d
•R
apid
ch
ang
e in
tec
hn
olo
gic
al e
nv
iro
nm
ent
•N
eces
sity
of
mo
dif
icat
ion
s in
op
erat
ion
s
•D
evel
op
men
t o
f h
um
an r
eso
urc
es
•S
hif
t fr
om
pro
du
ct o
rien
tati
on
to
mar
ket
ori
enta
tio
n
chap
ter
- 3
busines
s e
nvironm
ent
4 ] Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Pla
nnin
g
Impor
tan
ceo
fP
lan
nin
g
•S
etti
ng
ob
ject
ives
fo
r th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
Dev
elo
pin
g p
rem
ises
•Id
enti
fyin
g a
lter
nat
ive
cou
rses
of
acti
on
•E
val
uat
ing
alt
ern
ativ
e co
urs
es o
f ac
tio
n•
Sel
ecti
ng
an
alt
ern
ativ
e•
Imp
lem
enti
ng
th
e p
lan
•F
oll
ow
up
act
ion
s•
Pla
nn
ing
is
dec
idin
g i
n a
dv
ance
wh
at t
o d
o a
nd
ho
w t
o d
o
•P
rov
ides
irec
tio
nd
Red
uce
s th
eo
f u
•ri
skn
cert
ain
ty
Fac
ilit
ates
dec
isio
n m
akin
g•
Est
abli
shes
sta
nd
ard
s fo
r co
ntr
oll
ing
•
•Pla
nn
ing
lea
ds
to r
igid
ity
in
th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
al w
ork
.
Pla
nn
ing
may
no
t w
ork
in
a d
yn
amic
en
vir
on
men
t•
.
Pla
nn
ing
red
uce
s cr
eati
vit
y•
.
It i
s a
tim
e co
nsu
min
g p
roce
ss•
.
Pla
nn
ing
pro
vid
es o
nly
bas
e fo
r su
cces
s b
ut
it i
s n
ot
a• g
uar
ante
e o
f su
cces
s.
Da
j.
evel
op
ed f
or
on
e ti
me
even
t o
r p
roec
t , p, p
,•
Pro
gra
mm
es
:T
hes
e o
utl
ine
ob
ject
ives
oli
cies
roce
du
re e
tc.
d.
•B
ud
ge
t :
Est
imat
ion
of
inco
me
anex
pen
dit
ure
It i
s u
sed
fo
r ac
tiv
itie
s th
at o
ccu
r .re
gu
larl
y o
ver
a p
erio
d o
f ti
me
•O
bje
ctiv
es
:T
hes
e ar
e en
ds
wh
ich
the
man
agem
ent
seek
s to
ach
iev
eb
y i
ts o
per
atio
n.
It r
efer
s to
fu
ture
dec
isio
n•
Str
ate
g:
ies
def
inin
g t
he
org
aniz
atio
ns’
dir
ecti
on
.an
d s
cop
e in
th
e lo
ng
ru
n
Po
lici
es a
re g
ener
al•
Po
lic
:ie
s
stat
emen
ts t
hat
gu
ide
thin
kin
g o
rch
ann
eliz
e en
erg
ies
tow
ard
s a
par
ticu
lar
dir
ecti
on
.
Th
ese
are
rou
tin
e st
eps
•P
roce
du
re:
s
.to
on
ho
w t
o c
arry
ou
t ac
tiv
itie
s
Th
ese
pro
vid
e th
e•
Me
tho
d:
s
pre
scri
bed
way
s o
r m
ann
er i
n w
hic
ha
task
to
be
do
ne.
Th
ey i
nfo
rm w
hat
is
to b
e•
Ru
les
: .d
on
e
chap
ter
- 4
plan
ning
Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC [ 5
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Org
anis
ing
Mea
nin
g
Fu
nct
ion
alSt
ruct
ure
Div
isio
nal
Str
uct
ure
Centralization
Imp
ort
ance
Imp
ort
ance
of
Org
anis
ing
An
org
aniz
atio
n s
tru
ctu
re i
n w
hic
hd
epar
tmen
tsar
ecr
eate
do
nth
e.
bas
is o
f d
iffe
ren
t fu
nct
ion
s
An
org
aniz
atio
nst
ruct
ure
inw
hic
hv
ario
us
dep
artm
ents
are
cre
ated
on
,th
eb
asis
of
pro
du
cts
terr
ito
ryo
r.
reg
ion
Itis
asy
stem
of
wel
l–d
efin
edjo
bs,
each
,b
eari
ng
a d
efin
ite
mea
sure
of
auth
ori
ty.
resp
on
sib
ilit
y a
nd
acc
ou
nta
bil
ity
It i
s a
net
wo
rk o
f p
erso
nal
an
d s
oci
al r
elat
ion
sn
ot
esta
bli
shed
or
rep
aire
db
yth
efo
rmal
org
aniz
atio
nb
ut
aris
ing
spo
nta
neo
usl
yas
.p
eop
le a
sso
ciat
e w
ith
on
e an
oth
er
It r
efer
s to
sy
stem
atic
eff
ort
to
del
egat
e to
th
e,
low
est
lev
elal
lau
tho
rity
exce
pt
that
wh
ich
can
be
exer
cise
d a
t ce
ntr
al p
oin
t
It r
efer
s to
ret
ain
all
au
tho
rity
in f
ew h
and
s.
•w
thIt
fac
ilit
ates
gro
,
It g
ives
rel
ief
to t
op
man
agem
ent,
•
elp
s in
qu
ick
dec
isio
n m
akin
g ,
•It
h
It d
evel
op
s m
anag
eria
l ta
len
t to
th
e fu
ture
.•
Org
anis
the
pro
cess
of
def
inin
gan
dg
rou
pin
gis
ing
the
acti
vit
ies
of
the
ente
rpri
se a
nd
est
abli
shin
g a
uth
ori
ty
.re
lati
on
ship
s am
on
g t
hem
•Id
enti
fica
tio
n a
nd
div
isio
n o
f w
ork
Dep
artm
enta
liza
tio
n• A
ssig
nm
ent
of
du
ties
• Est
abli
shin
g r
epo
rtin
g r
elat
ion
ship
s•
•Eff
ect
ive
ma
na
ge
me
nt
Em
plo
yee
dev
elo
pm
ent
•s’
Mo
tiv
atio
nto
emp
loy
ees
• Bet
ter
coo
rdin
atio
n•
Au
tho
rity
:It
im
pli
es t
he
rig
ht
of
an i
nd
ivid
ual
to
tak
e d
ecis
ion
s an
d t
o c
om
man
d h
is s
ub
ord
inat
es.
It i
s an
ob
lig
atio
n o
f a
sub
ord
inat
eR
esp
on
sib
ilit
y :
.
It i
mp
lies
bei
ng
an
swer
able
fin
al o
utc
om
e.A
cco
un
tab
ilit
y :
for
the
Itre
fers
toth
ed
ow
nw
ard
tran
sfer
of
auth
ori
tya
fro
msu
per
ior
to s
ub
ord
inat
e to
op
erat
e w
ith
inth
e p
resc
rib
ed l
imit
.
•Ben
efit
s o
f sp
ecia
liza
tio
n
Cla
rity
in
wo
rkin
g r
elat
ion
ship
• Op
tim
um
uti
liza
tio
n o
f re
sou
rces
• Eff
ecti
ve
adm
inis
trat
ion
• Exp
ansi
on
an
d g
row
th•
chap
ter
- 5
org
anising
6 ] Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Sta
ffin
gD
isco
ver
ing
an
d o
bta
inin
g c
om
pet
ent
per
son
nel
Hig
her
per
form
ance
Co
nti
nu
ou
s su
rviv
al a
nd
gro
wth
of
ente
rpri
seu
Op
tim
um
tili
sati
on
of
hu
man
res
ou
rces
.Im
pro
ve
job
sat
isfa
ctio
n
Em
plo
yin
g p
eop
leJo
b A
nal
ysi
sD
evel
op
ing
co
mp
ensa
tio
n p
lan
Trai
nin
g a
nd
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Mai
nta
inin
g l
abo
ur
rela
tio
ns
Gri
evan
ce h
and
lin
gP
rov
idin
g s
oci
al s
ecu
rity
to
em
plo
yee
s
Sources
Mer
its
No
in
du
ctio
n o
f fr
esh
tal
ent
No
t su
itab
le f
or
a n
ew e
nte
rpri
seL
ack
of
com
pet
itio
nN
ot
suit
able
in
cas
e o
f fr
equ
ent
tran
sfer
s
Em
plo
yee
mo
tiv
atio
nS
imp
le P
roce
ssD
o n
ot
nee
d m
uch
tra
inin
gS
hif
tin
g s
urp
lus
wo
rk f
orc
eE
con
om
ical
Web
ub
lish
ing
PA
dv
erti
sin
g o
n t
elev
isio
n, n
ewsp
aper
, etc
.L
abo
ur
on
trac
tors
CR
eco
mm
end
atio
no
f em
plo
yee
ss
Cam
pu
sec
ruit
men
tR
Man
agem
ent
Co
nsu
ltan
ts &
lace
men
tP
Ag
enci
esC
asu
al C
alle
rsD
irec
t R
ecru
itm
ent
Em
plo
ym
ent
Exc
han
ge
Merits
Wid
e ch
oic
eQ
ual
ifie
d a
nd
tra
ined
per
son
nel
Co
mp
etit
ive
spir
itF
resh
alen
tt
Len
gth
y p
roce
ssC
ost
ly p
roce
ssD
issa
tisf
acti
on
am
on
g e
xist
ing
em
plo
yee
s
Av
oid
s w
asta
ge
of
effo
rts
and
mo
ney
En
han
ces
emp
loy
ees'
pro
du
ctiv
ity
Eq
uip
fu
ture
man
ager
sIn
crea
se e
mp
loy
ees'
per
form
ance
Ob
tain
s ef
fect
ive
resp
on
se t
o e
nv
iro
nm
ent
Cla
ssro
om
lec
ture
s/co
nfe
ren
ces
(sem
inar
s ar
e co
nd
uct
ed t
o c
on
vey
sp
ecif
ic i
nfo
rmat
ion
,p
roce
du
re,e
tc.)
Cas
e S
tud
y (
heo
reti
cal
kn
ow
led
ge
on
pra
ctic
al e
xper
ien
ce o
f in
div
idu
als/
org
aniz
atio
ns)
tC
om
pu
ter
Mo
del
lin
g(c
om
pu
ter
pro
gra
mm
ed t
o i
mit
ate
real
lif
e si
tuat
ion
s)P
rog
ram
med
nst
ruct
ion
s (p
re a
rran
ged
set
of
inst
ruct
ion
s ar
e fo
llo
wed
)I
Ap
pre
nti
cesh
ipro
gra
mm
ers(
pu
ttin
g t
rain
ee u
nd
er g
uid
ance
of
mas
ter
wo
rker
)P
Co
ach
ing
(in
stru
ct a
nd
gu
ide
as a
co
ach
)se
nio
rsIn
tern
ship
(pra
ctic
al k
no
wle
dg
e im
par
ted
alo
ng
wit
h e
du
cati
on
al c
ou
rse)
Job
ro
tati
on
(sh
ifti
ng
tra
inee
to
dif
fere
nt
dep
artm
ents
)
Exter
nal
Est
imat
ing
Man
po
wer
Req
uir
emen
tsR
ecru
itm
ent
Sel
ecti
on
Pla
cem
ent
& O
rien
tati
on
Trai
nin
g &
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Per
form
ance
Ap
pra
isal
Pro
mo
tio
n a
nd
Car
eer
Pla
nn
ing
Bet
ter
care
er o
pp
ort
un
itie
sIn
crea
sed
per
form
ance
Incr
ease
d e
ffic
ien
cyIn
crea
sed
mo
rale
an
d s
atis
fact
ion
Tran
sfer
Pro
mo
tio
n
Pro
ce
ss:
Pre
lim
inar
y s
cree
nin
g (
to e
lim
inat
e u
nq
ual
ifie
d a
nd
un
fit
app
lica
nts
)S
elec
tio
n t
ests
(to
mea
sure
cer
tain
ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f ap
pli
can
ts)
Em
plo
ym
ent
(in
dep
th c
on
ver
sati
on
to
ch
eck
ap
pli
can
t su
itab
ilit
y)
Ref
eren
ce a
nd
bac
kg
rou
nd
ch
eck
s (t
o g
ain
ad
dit
ion
al i
nfo
rmat
ion
)S
elec
tio
n d
ecis
ion
(fi
nal
dec
isio
n)
Med
ical
exa
min
atio
n (
to g
ain
fit
nes
s d
etai
ls)
Job
off
er (
thro
ug
h t
he
lett
er o
f ap
po
intm
ent)
Co
ntr
act
of
emp
loy
men
t (o
nce
th
e ap
pli
cati
on
acc
epts
th
e jo
b o
ffer
)
Man
ager
ial
fun
ctio
n o
f fi
llin
gan
d k
eep
ing
fil
led
po
siti
on
sin
org
aniz
atio
n s
tru
ctu
re
chap
ter
- 6
sta
ffing
Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC [ 7
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Dir
ecti
ng
Pri
nci
ple
so
fD
irec
tin
g
Un
ity
of
com
man
d (
on
e su
per
ior
on
ly f
rom
wh
om
in
stru
ctio
ns
rece
ived
)M
anag
eria
l co
mm
un
icat
ion
(m
ust
be
effe
ctiv
e)F
oll
ow
th
rou
gh
(af
ter
giv
ing
in
stru
ctio
ns)
Lea
der
ship
Use
of
info
rmal
org
aniz
atio
nA
pp
rop
riat
enes
s o
f d
irec
tio
n t
ech
niq
ue
(use
of
pro
per
tec
hn
iqu
es o
fle
ader
ship
an
d m
oti
vat
ion
)M
axim
um
in
div
idu
als
(co
ntr
ibu
tio
n b
y e
mp
loy
ees)
Har
mo
ny
of
ob
ject
ives
(em
plo
yee
s' a
nd
org
aniz
atio
n's
ob
ject
ives
mu
st b
eh
arm
on
ised
)E
lem
ents
of
Dir
ecti
ng
�In
itia
tes
acti
on
�L
ead
s to
in
teg
rate
d g
rou
p a
ctiv
ity
Att
emts
to
get
max
imu
m o
ut
of
ind
ivid
ual
s�
Hel
ps
to i
mp
lem
ent
chan
ges
�P
rov
ides
sta
bil
ity
an
d b
alan
ce i
n t
he
org
anis
atio
n�
Mas
low
'sN
eed
Hie
rarc
hy
Th
eory
Le
ve
ls o
f N
ee
ds:
Bas
ic P
hy
sio
log
ical
nee
ds
lik
eh
un
ger
, th
irst
, sh
elte
r.S
afet
y a
nd
Sec
uri
ty n
eed
s li
ke
job
sec
uri
ty, p
ensi
on
.S
oci
al n
eed
s li
ke
frie
nd
s, s
ense
of
bel
on
gin
gn
ess.
Sel
f E
stee
m n
eed
s li
ke
stat
us,
self
res
pec
t,S
elf
Act
ual
izat
ion
nee
ds
lik
eg
row
th, s
elf–
fulf
illm
ent.
Finan
cial
Pay
& a
llo
wan
ces
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
lin
ked
ince
nti
ves
Bo
nu
sP
rofi
t sh
arin
gS
tock
op
tio
nR
etir
emen
t b
enef
its
Per
qu
isit
es
Sta
tus
Org
aniz
atio
nal
cli
mat
eE
mp
loy
ee p
arti
cip
atio
nE
mp
loy
ee e
mp
ow
erm
ent
Em
plo
yee
rec
og
nit
ion
Job
sec
uri
tyJo
b e
nri
chm
ent
Car
eer
adv
ance
men
t
Non-Financial Au
tocr
atic
or
Au
tho
rita
rian
Giv
es o
rder
s an
d e
xpec
ts s
ub
ord
inat
es t
o o
bey
ord
ers
Dem
ocr
atic
or
Par
tici
pat
ive
Act
ion
s an
d t
akes
dec
isio
n i
n c
on
sult
atio
n w
ith
su
bo
rdin
ates
Lai
ssez
Fai
re o
r F
ree
Rei
nD
oes
no
t b
elie
ve
in u
se o
f p
ow
er u
nle
ss a
bso
lute
ly e
ssen
tial
Ver
tica
l(s
up
erio
r to
su
bo
rdin
ate
or
vic
e-v
ersa
)H
ori
zon
tal
(acr
oss
var
iou
sd
epar
tmen
ts)
Fea
r an
d c
hal
len
ge
to a
uth
ori
tyL
ack
of
con
fid
ence
in
su
bo
rdin
ates
Un
wil
lin
gn
ess
to c
om
mu
nic
ate
Lac
k o
f p
rop
er i
nce
nti
ves
Mak
es p
eop
le t
o c
on
trib
ute
po
siti
vel
yP
rov
ides
co
nfi
den
ce a
nd
sup
po
rt t
o e
mp
loy
ees
Cla
rifi
es a
nd
in
spir
es t
oac
cep
t ch
ang
esM
anag
es c
on
flic
tTr
ain
s su
bo
rdin
ates
Se
nd
er
:o
ne
wh
o c
on
vey
s th
ou
gh
tsco
nte
nt
of
the
tho
ug
ht
Me
ssa
ge
:
con
ver
tin
g t
ho
ug
hts
in
to w
ord
s,E
nco
din
g :
pic
ture
s, e
tc.
pat
h o
f tr
ansf
erri
ng
en
cod
ed t
ho
ug
ht.
Me
dia
:
con
ver
tin
g e
nco
ded
th
ou
gh
ts i
nto
De
cod
ing
:
un
der
stan
din
go
ne
wh
o r
ecei
ves
mes
sag
eR
ece
ive
r :
acti
on
s o
f re
ceiv
er i
nd
icat
ing
Fe
ed
ba
ck :
un
der
stan
din
g o
f m
essa
ge
ob
stru
ctio
n t
o c
om
mu
nic
atio
nN
ois
e :
Bo
dy
lan
gu
age
and
ges
ture
dec
od
ing
Tech
nic
al j
arg
on
Un
clar
ifie
d A
ssu
mp
tio
ns
Fau
lty
tra
nsl
atio
nU
se o
f sy
mb
ols
wit
h d
iffe
ren
tm
ean
ing
sB
adly
exp
ress
ed m
essa
ge
�Org
aniz
atio
nal
po
licy
(m
ayca
use
del
ay i
n p
roce
ss)
Ru
les
and
Reg
ula
tio
ns
(rig
id� ru
les
may
ad
ver
sely
aff
ect
the
pro
cess
)S
tatu
s (c
reat
es p
sych
olo
gic
al� d
ista
nce
bet
wee
n s
up
erio
r an
dsu
bo
rdin
ates
)C
om
ple
xity
in
org
aniz
atio
n�
stru
ctu
re.
Org
anis
atio
nal
Fac
ilit
ies
( if
th
ese
� are
no
t p
rov
ided
, peo
ple
fai
l to
mak
e ef
fect
ive
com
mu
nic
atio
n,
e.g
., co
mp
lain
t b
ox,
su
gg
esti
on
bo
x, e
tc.)
base
d)
Pre
mat
ure
ev
alu
atio
nL
ack
of
atte
nti
on
Po
or
rete
nti
on
Dis
tru
st
Wit
ho
ut
foll
ow
ing
form
al l
ine
of
org
aniz
atio
nal
stru
ctu
re
Cla
rity
of
idea
s b
efo
re c
om
mu
nic
atio
nC
om
mu
nic
ate
as p
er n
eed
s o
f re
ceiv
erC
on
sult
bef
ore
co
mm
un
icat
ion
Be
awar
e o
f to
ne
and
co
nte
nt
of
mes
sag
eE
nsu
re f
eed
bac
kF
oll
ow
–up
Be
a g
oo
d l
iste
ner
chap
ter
- 7
dire
cting
8 ] Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Con
trol
ling
Impor
tance
Acc
om
pli
shin
g o
rgan
izat
ion
al g
oal
sJu
dg
ing
acc
ura
cy o
f st
and
ard
sM
akin
g e
ffic
ien
t u
se o
f re
sou
rces
Imp
rov
ing
em
plo
yee
mo
tiv
atio
nE
nsu
rin
g o
rder
an
d d
isci
pli
ne
Fac
ilit
atin
g c
oo
rdin
atio
n i
n a
ctio
n
Se
ttin
g P
erf
orm
ance
Sta
nd
ard
s:(Y
ard
stic
ks
agai
nst
wh
ich
act
ual
per
form
ance
is
mea
sure
d)
Dif
ficu
lty
in
set
tin
g q
uan
tita
tiv
e st
and
ard
s,e.
g.,
hu
man
beh
avio
r, j
ob
sat
isfa
ctio
nL
ittl
e/ N
o c
on
tro
l o
n e
xter
nal
fac
tors
,e.
g.,
go
ver
nm
ent
po
licy
, tec
hn
olo
gic
al c
han
ges
Res
ista
nce
fro
m e
mp
loy
ees
Co
stly
Me
asu
rem
en
t o
f A
ctu
al P
erf
orm
ance
:(C
an b
e m
easu
red
th
rou
gh
var
iou
sw
ays
lik
e fi
nan
cial
rat
ios,
per
son
al o
bse
rvat
ion
, sam
ple
ch
eck
ing
, etc
.)
Co
mp
aris
on
of
Act
ual
Pe
rfo
rman
ce w
ith
sta
nd
ard
s:(C
om
par
e w
ith
stan
dar
ds,
com
par
iso
no
fp
erfo
rman
ceo
fsa
lesm
anin
term
se.g
.,
of
un
its
sold
in
a w
eek
ag
ain
st s
tan
dar
d o
utp
ut
for
the
wee
k.)
An
aly
sin
g D
ev
iati
on
:
�C
riti
cal
Po
int
Co
ntr
ol
–C
on
tro
l sy
stem
sh
ou
ld f
ocu
s o
n k
ey r
esu
lt a
reas
KR
As,
7% i
ncr
ease
in
lab
ou
r co
ste.g
.,
nee
ds
imm
edia
te a
tten
tio
n a
s co
mp
ared
to
18%
in
crea
se i
n s
tati
on
ery
ch
arg
es.
Man
agem
ent
by
exc
epti
on
–M
anag
er s
ho
uld
giv
e at
ten
tio
n t
o s
ign
ific
ant
dev
iati
on
s,3%
in
crea
se i
n l
abo
ur
�e.g
.,
cost
can
be
ign
ore
d i
f it
is
in p
erm
issi
ble
lim
it.
Tak
ing
Co
rre
ctiv
e A
ctio
n:
(if
pro
ject
is
run
nin
g b
ehin
d s
ched
ule
,e.g
.,
then
ad
dit
ion
al w
ork
ers
and
eq
uip
men
t sh
ou
ld b
e as
sig
ned
.)
Mea
sure
men
t o
f ac
com
pli
shm
ent
agai
nst
stan
dar
ds
and
co
rrec
tin
g t
he
dev
iati
on
Pla
nn
ing
bas
ed o
n f
acts
mak
esco
ntr
oll
ing
eas
ier
and
eff
ecti
ve.
Co
ntr
oll
ing
im
pro
ves
fu
ture
pla
nn
ing
fro
m i
nfo
rmat
ion
bas
ed o
n p
ast
exp
erie
nce
.
chap
ter
- 8 c
ont
roll
ing
Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC [ 9
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Fin
anci
al
Ma
na
gem
entP
rofi
t m
axim
izat
ion
(m
axim
ize
retu
rns
to s
har
eho
lder
s)W
ealt
h m
axim
izat
ion
(m
axim
ize
mar
ket
pri
ce o
f th
e sh
ares
)
Meaning
Op
tim
al p
rocu
rem
ent
and
usa
ge
of
fun
ds
Wo
rkin
gca
pit
al(r
equ
ired
Fac
tors
aff
ect
ing
:A
mo
un
t o
f ea
rnin
gs
Sta
bil
ity
of
earn
ing
sG
row
th o
pp
ort
un
itie
sC
ash
flo
w p
osi
tio
nS
har
eho
lder
s' p
refe
ren
ceTa
xati
on
po
licy
, etc
.
Nat
ure
of
bu
sin
ess
(man
ufa
ctu
re n
eed
s m
ore
)S
cale
of
op
erat
ion
s (l
arg
er o
rgan
izat
ion
nee
ds
mo
re)
Ch
oic
e o
f te
chn
iqu
e (c
apit
al i
nte
nsi
ve
nee
ds
mo
re)
Tech
no
log
y u
pg
rad
atio
n (
ind
ust
ry w
ith
up
gra
din
gte
chn
olo
gy
nee
ds
mo
re)
Gro
wth
pro
spec
ts (
hig
her
gro
wth
pro
spec
ts n
eed
mo
re)
Div
ersi
fica
tio
n (
div
ersi
fied
fir
m n
eed
s m
ore
)F
inan
cin
g a
lter
nat
ives
(if
mar
ket
has
lea
sin
g o
pti
on
s,th
en n
eed
ed l
ess)
Lev
el o
f co
llab
ora
tio
n (
coll
abo
rate
d f
irm
nee
ds
less
.)
Fac
tors
Aff
ect
ing
:
Nat
ure
of
bu
sin
ess
(man
ufa
ctu
rin
g f
irm
nee
ds
mo
re)
Sca
le o
f o
per
atio
ns
(hig
her
sca
le n
eed
s m
ore
)B
usi
nes
s cy
cle
(du
rin
g b
oo
m, n
eed
s m
ore
)S
easo
nal
fac
tors
(du
rin
g s
easo
n, n
eed
s m
ore
)P
rod
uct
ion
cy
cle
(lo
ng
er c
ycl
e n
eed
s m
ore
)C
red
it a
llo
wed
(li
ber
al c
red
it p
oli
cy n
eed
s m
ore
)C
red
it a
vai
led
(li
ber
al c
red
it a
vai
led
nee
ds
less
)O
per
atin
g e
ffic
ien
cy (
effi
cien
t fi
rm n
eed
s le
ss)
Av
aila
bil
ity
of
raw
mat
eria
l (i
n c
ase
of
scar
ce r
eso
urc
es,
nee
ds
mo
re)
Gro
wth
pro
spec
ts (
mo
re g
row
th p
ote
nti
al n
eed
s m
ore
)L
evel
of
com
pet
itio
n (
mo
re c
om
pet
itio
n n
eed
s m
ore
)In
flat
ion
(d
uri
ng
in
flat
ion
nee
ds
mo
re)
Fac
tors
Aff
ect
ing
:
Fac
tor
Aff
ect
ing
ch
oic
e o
f C
apit
al S
tru
ctu
re:
Cas
h f
low
po
siti
on
Inte
rest
co
ver
age
rati
o :
(hig
h r
atio
, lo
w r
isk
)D
ebt
serv
ice
cov
erag
e R
atio
: (
hig
h r
atio
, mo
re d
ebt)
Ret
urn
on
In
ves
tmen
t (h
igh
ret
urn
, mo
re e
qu
ity
)C
ost
of
deb
t (l
ow
co
st, m
ore
deb
t)Ta
x ra
te (
hig
h t
ax r
ate,
mo
re d
ebt)
Co
st o
f eq
uit
y (
as d
ebt
and
ris
k i
ncr
ease
s, c
ost
in
crea
ses)
Flo
atat
ion
co
sts
(les
s in
cas
e o
f d
ebt)
Ris
k c
on
sid
erat
ion
(lo
w r
isk
, mo
re d
ebt)
Fle
xib
ilit
y (
if a
lrea
dy
hig
h d
ebt,
mo
re d
ebt
no
t p
oss
ible
)C
on
tro
l (m
ore
eq
uit
y, l
ess
con
tro
l o
ver
man
agem
ent)
Reg
ula
tory
fra
me
wo
rk (
leg
al r
equ
irem
ents
)S
tock
mar
ket
co
nd
itio
ns
Cap
ital
str
uct
ure
of
oth
er c
om
pan
ies.
To e
nsu
re a
vai
lab
ilit
y o
ffu
nd
s w
hen
ever
req
uir
edTo
see
th
at t
he
firm
do
esn
ot
rais
e fi
nan
ceu
nn
eces
sari
ly
�Pre
par
es f
or
futu
re c
hal
len
ges
.
Hel
ps
in a
vo
idin
g b
usi
nes
s� sh
ock
s an
d s
urp
rise
s.
Hel
ps
in c
oo
rdin
atio
n.
� Hel
ps
to e
lim
inat
e w
aste
ful
effo
rts.
� Fac
ilit
ates
fin
anci
al c
on
tro
l.�
Co
st o
f fu
nd
sR
isk
Flo
tati
on
co
st (
cost
of
rais
ing
fu
nd
s)C
ash
flo
w p
osi
tio
n o
f th
e co
mp
any
Fix
ed o
per
atin
g c
ost
s (l
ike
ren
t,in
sura
nce
sal
arie
s et
c.)
Co
ntr
ol
con
sid
erat
ion
s (m
ore
th
e d
ebt,
less
co
ntr
ol
ov
er c
om
pan
y)
Sta
te o
f ca
pit
al m
ark
et (
wh
eth
er b
oo
m o
rd
epre
ssio
n)
Fact
ors
Aff
ect
ing
:
Hel
ps
in m
ob
iliz
atio
n o
f fi
nan
cial
res
ou
rces
at
a lo
wer
co
stan
d d
evel
op
men
t o
f th
ese
in t
he
mo
st p
rofi
tab
le a
ctiv
itie
s.
Fac
tors
Aff
ect
ing
:C
ash
flo
w o
f th
e p
roje
ctR
ate
of
retu
rnIn
ves
tmen
t cr
iter
ia i
nv
olv
ed(o
nb
asis
of
bu
dg
etin
gth
ete
chn
iqu
es)
Fac
tors
Aff
ect
ing
:�N
atu
re o
f th
e b
usi
nes
sC
red
it p
oli
cy� P
rice
lev
el c
han
ge
� Mar
ket
co
mp
etit
ion
, etc
.�
chap
ter
- 9
fina
ncial
mana
gem
ent
10 ] Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Fin
anci
al
Ma
rket
s
A m
ark
et f
or
crea
tio
n a
nd
exch
ang
e o
f fi
nan
cial
ass
ets
Red
uci
ng
th
e co
st o
f tr
ansa
ctio
ns
Pro
vid
ing
liq
uid
ity
to
fin
anci
al a
sset
sF
acil
itat
ing
pri
ce d
isco
ver
yM
ob
iliz
atio
n o
f sa
vin
gs
and
ch
ann
elin
gth
em i
nto
th
e m
ost
pro
du
ctiv
e u
ses
Reg
ula
te s
tock
exc
han
ges
Pro
tect
rig
hts
of
inv
esto
rsP
rev
ent
trad
ing
mal
pra
ctic
esR
egu
late
an
d d
evel
op
co
de
of
con
du
ct
Typ
es
Mo
ne
y M
ark
et
Cap
ital
Mar
ke
t(a
)P
arti
cip
ants
are
RB
I, b
ank
s an
d f
inan
cial
in
stit
uti
on
s(a
)P
arti
cip
ants
are
co
mp
anie
s, i
nd
ivid
ual
s, b
ank
s, e
tc.
(b)
Inst
rum
ents
are
T–b
ills
, CP,
CD
, etc
.(b
)In
stru
men
ts a
re s
har
es, d
eben
ture
s, b
on
ds,
etc
.(c
)H
ug
e su
ms
of
mo
ney
are
tra
nsa
cted
(c)
Lo
w v
alu
e in
stru
men
ts(d
)M
axim
um
ten
ure
–1 y
ear
(d)
Med
ium
or
lon
g t
erm
in
stru
men
t(e
)H
igh
liq
uid
ity
in
stru
men
ts(e
)N
ot
per
fect
ly l
iqu
id(f
)S
afer
mar
ket
(f)
Ris
ky
mar
ket
(g)
Lo
w r
etu
rns
(g)
Hig
h r
etu
rns
Trea
sury
bil
lC
om
mer
cial
Pap
erC
erti
fica
te o
f D
epo
sits
Cal
l M
on
ey
Inst
rum
en
ts:
Mar
ket
for
sale
and
pu
rch
ase
of
pre
vio
usl
y i
ssu
ed s
ecu
riti
es.
�Re
gu
lato
ry F
un
ctio
ns
:To
reg
ula
tefu
nct
ion
ing
of
secu
riti
es m
ark
et.
To p
rom
ote
�De
ve
lop
me
nt
Fu
nct
ion
s :
the
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
secu
riti
es m
ark
et.
To p
rote
ct�P
rote
ctiv
e F
un
ctio
ns
:
inte
rest
s o
f th
e in
ves
tors
.
Inst
itu
tio
n o
r b
od
y o
f in
div
idu
als
(in
corp
ora
ted
or
no
t)w
hic
his
con
stit
ute
dfo
rth
ep
urp
ose
of
faci
lita
tin
gb
uy
ing
and
sell
ing
of
secu
riti
es.
�P
rov
idin
g l
iqu
idit
y a
nd
mar
ket
abil
ity
to e
xist
ing
sec
uri
ties
Pri
cin
g o
f se
curi
ties
�S
afet
y o
f tr
ansa
ctio
n�
Co
ntr
ibu
tes
to e
con
om
ic g
row
th�
Sp
read
ing
of
equ
ity
cu
lt�
Pro
vid
ing
sco
pe
for
spec
ula
tio
n�
Eco
no
mic
bar
om
eter
�
Exe
cuti
ng
ord
er
Co
ntr
act
no
te
Set
tlem
ent
Op
en
ing
De
mat
Acc
ou
nt
wit
h D
ep
osi
tory
:
�Dem
at a
cco
un
t re
fers
to
an
acc
ou
nt
wh
ich
an
In
dia
n c
itiz
en m
ust
op
enw
ith
th
e d
epo
sito
ry p
arti
cip
ants
to
tra
de
in l
iste
d s
ecu
riti
es i
n e
lect
ron
ic f
orm
.
Dep
osi
tory
is
an i
nst
itu
te/o
rgan
isat
ion
wh
ich
ho
lds
secu
riti
es i
n e
lect
ron
ic f
orm
�
Pla
cin
g t
he
ord
er
Sel
ecti
ng
Bro
ker
Off
er t
hro
ug
h p
rosp
ects
Off
er f
or
sale
Pri
vat
e p
lace
men
tR
igh
ts i
ssu
ee–
IPO
s (E
lect
ron
ic I
nit
ial
Pu
bli
c O
ffer
s)
Wh
ere
in s
ecu
riti
es a
re s
old
fo
r th
e fi
rst
tim
eM
eth
od
s o
f fl
oat
atio
n :
chap
ter
- 10
finan
cial
mar
kets
Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC [ 11
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Ma
ret
ing
k
Co
mb
inat
ion
of
var
iab
les
cho
sen
by
fir
m t
o p
rep
are
its
mar
ket
off
erin
g
Ele
men
ts(4
PS)
Pu
rch
ased
as
inp
uts
fo
rp
rod
uci
ng
oth
er g
oo
ds
Co
nv
enie
nce
pro
du
cts
Sh
op
pin
g p
rod
uct
s
No
n-d
ura
ble
pro
du
cts
Du
rab
le p
rod
uct
s
On
e le
vel
ch
ann
el(M
anu
fact
ure
r–
Ret
aile
r–
Co
nsu
mer
)Tw
o l
evel
Ch
ann
el(M
anu
fact
ure
r–
Wh
ole
sale
r–
Ret
aile
r–
Co
nsu
mer
)T
hre
e le
vel
ch
ann
el(M
anu
fact
ure
r–
Ag
ent
–W
ho
lesa
ler
–R
etai
ler
–
Pro
du
ct r
elat
ed f
acto
rsC
om
pan
y c
har
acte
rist
ics
Co
mp
etit
ive
fact
ors
Mar
ket
fac
tors
En
vir
on
men
tal
fact
ors
Eco
no
mic
co
nst
rain
tsL
egal
res
tric
tio
ns
Imp
erso
nal
fo
rm o
f p
aid
co
mm
un
icat
ion
:P
aid
fo
rm, I
mp
erso
nal
, Id
enti
fied
sp
on
sor
Fe
atu
res: M
ass
reac
h, E
nh
ance
s cu
sto
mer
sat
isfa
ctio
nM
eri
ts:
and
co
nfi
den
ce,e
xpre
ssiv
e, e
con
om
ical
Les
s fo
rcef
ul,
Lac
k o
f fe
edb
ack
,L
imit
atio
ns
:
Infl
exib
le, L
ess
effe
ctiv
eA
dd
s to
co
st, U
nd
erm
ines
Ob
ject
ion
s to
ad
ve
rtis
ing
:
So
cial
val
ues
, Co
nfu
ses
bu
yer
s, E
nco
ura
ges
sal
e o
fin
feri
or
go
od
s, S
om
e ad
ver
tise
men
ts a
re i
n b
ad t
aste
.
Mar
keti
ng
Exc
han
ge
mec
han
ism
fo
r g
oo
ds/
serv
ices
.A
dd
itio
n o
f cu
sto
mer
val
ue
to p
rod
uct
.C
reat
ion
of
mar
ket
off
erin
g.
Iden
tifi
cati
on
an
d s
atis
fact
ion
of
nee
ds.
Mar
keti
ng
Ma
nag
emen
tP
hil
oso
ph
ies
Pro
du
ctio
n C
on
cep
tP
rod
uct
Co
nce
pt
Sel
lin
g C
on
cep
tM
ark
etin
g C
on
cep
t
Dir
ect
chan
nel
Per
son
al f
orm
, Dev
elo
pm
ent
Fe
atu
res
:
of
rela
tio
nsh
ipF
lexi
ble
, Dir
ect
feed
bac
k,
Me
rits
:
Min
imu
m w
asta
ge
Att
ract
s at
ten
tio
n, U
sefu
l in
new
Me
rits
:p
rod
uct
lau
nch
, Sy
ner
gy
in
to
tal
effo
rts
Ref
lect
s cr
isis
, Sp
oil
sL
imit
atio
ns
:p
rod
uct
im
age
Reb
ate,
Co
mm
on
ly u
sed
te
chn
iqu
es
:D
isco
un
t, R
efu
nd
s, P
rod
uct
co
mb
inat
ion
s,Q
ual
ity
gif
ts, C
on
test
s, e
tc.
Re
fers
top
lan
nin
g,
org
an
isin
g,
dir
ecti
ng
an
d c
on
tro
llin
g o
f ac
tiv
itie
sw
hic
hfa
cili
tate
exch
ang
eo
fg
oo
ds
Mea
ning
Co
nsi
sts
of
all
tho
se a
ctiv
itie
s, w
hic
hsa
tisf
y n
eed
s an
d w
ants
of
pre
sen
tan
d p
ote
nit
al c
ust
om
ers
bet
ter
than
the
com
pet
ito
rs.
Gat
her
ing
an
d A
nal
ysi
ng
Mar
ket
In
form
atio
n,
Mar
ket
ing
Pla
nn
ing
,P
rod
uct
Des
ign
ing
an
d D
evel
op
men
t,S
tan
dar
diz
atio
n a
nd
Gra
din
g,
Pac
kag
ing
an
dab
elli
ng
,L
Bra
nd
ing
,P
rici
ng
& P
rom
oti
on
,P
hy
sica
l D
istr
ibu
tio
n &
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n,
Sto
rag
e,C
ust
om
er S
up
po
rt S
erv
ices
.
Ro
le:
�D
evel
op
go
od
wil
lA
ffec
t p
ub
lic
op
inio
n�
Imp
rov
e re
pu
tati
on
�
Co
st o
f th
e p
rod
uct
Uti
lity
an
d d
eman
dE
xten
t o
f co
mp
etit
ion
Go
ver
nm
ent
and
leg
al r
egu
lati
on
sP
rici
ng
ob
ject
ives
Mar
ket
ing
met
ho
ds
Fac
tors
aff
ect
ing
pri
ce d
ete
rmin
atio
n:
Th
ep
roce
sso
fg
ivin
ga
nam
e,si
gn
of
sym
bo
lto
ap
rod
uct
is
call
ed b
ran
din
g.
Bra
nd
–e.
g.,
Tim
ex, R
ole
x, e
tc.
Mag
gie
,B
ran
d N
ame
–e.g
.,
Nik
e, e
tc.
Nik
e (
),
Bra
nd
Mar
k–
e.g
.,
Au
di
(
), e
tc.
A b
ran
d o
rT
rad
e M
ark
–e.g
.,
par
t o
f a
bra
nd
th
at i
s g
iven
leg
al p
rote
ctio
n.
Act
of
des
ign
ing
an
d p
rod
uci
ng
the
con
tain
er o
r w
rap
per
of
pro
du
ct.
Lev
els
of
pac
kag
ing
–
Pri
mar
y p
ack
agin
g :
e.g
.,
Too
thp
aste
tu
be.
Se
con
dar
y p
ack
ag
ing
:e.g
.,
Car
db
oar
d b
ox
for
too
thp
aste
tu
be.
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n p
ack
agin
g :
e.g
.,
Co
rru
gat
ed b
ox
to k
eep
50
or
100
too
thp
aste
bo
xes.
Dir
ect
chan
nel
(ze
ro l
evel
) (M
anu
fact
ure
rs-
con
sum
er)
Do
or
to D
oo
r se
llin
g, m
ail
ord
er s
elli
ng
, etc
.E
.g.,
Pro
cess
of
atta
chin
go
rp
utt
ing
lab
els
on
th
e p
rod
uct
,d
ate
e.g
.,
of
exp
iry,
man
ufa
ctu
rin
gd
ate,
ho
w t
o u
se p
rod
uct
, etc
.
chap
ter
- 11 ma
rket
ing
12 ] Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Con
sum
erP
rote
ctio
n
Dis
tric
t fo
rum
:A
Pre
sid
ent
and
tw
o o
ther
mem
ber
s (1
mu
st b
e a
wo
man
)V
alu
e o
f g
oo
ds/
serv
ices
<20
lak
h`
Sta
te c
om
mis
sio
n:
A P
resi
den
t an
d t
wo
mo
re m
emb
ers
(1 m
ust
be
a w
om
an)
20 L
akh
< v
alu
e o
f g
oo
ds/
serv
ices
<1
cro
re`
`N
atio
nal
co
mm
issi
on
:A
Pre
sid
ent
and
fo
ur
oth
er m
emb
ers
(1 m
ust
be
a w
om
an)
Val
ue
of
go
od
s/se
rvic
es >
1 cr
ore
.`
Rem
ov
e d
efec
t/ d
efic
ien
cyR
epla
ce d
efec
tiv
e p
rod
uct
Ref
un
d t
he
pri
ceP
ay c
om
pen
sati
on
Pay
dam
ages
Dis
con
tin
ue
un
fair
tra
de
pra
ctic
esD
isco
nti
nu
e sa
le o
f h
azar
do
us
pro
du
ctW
ith
dra
w h
azar
do
us
pro
du
ctP
ay 5
% o
r m
ore
of
val
ue
of
go
od
s to
co
nsu
mer
wel
fare
fu
nd
Rol
eof Consu
mer
Fun
ctio
ns
Impor
ta
nt ones
Co
nsu
mer
oo
rdin
atio
n C
ou
nci
l, D
elh
iC
Co
mm
on
ause
, Del
hi
CV
OIC
E, D
elh
iC
on
sum
erro
tect
ion
ou
nci
l, A
hm
edab
adP
CM
um
bai
Gra
hak
Pan
chay
at, M
um
bai
CU
TS
, Jai
pu
r
Ed
uca
te p
ub
lic
Pu
bli
sh p
erio
dic
als
Test
co
nsu
mer
pro
du
cts
En
cou
rag
e co
nsu
mer
s to
pro
test
Pro
vid
e le
gal
ass
ista
nce
Fil
e co
mp
lain
ts
Consumers'PointofView
Bu
sin
ess'
Po
int
of
Vie
w
Go
ver
nm
ent
inte
rven
tio
nM
ora
l ju
stif
icat
ion
So
cial
res
po
nsi
bil
ity
Use
s so
ciet
y's
res
ou
rces
Co
nsu
mer
sat
isfa
ctio
n i
s lo
ng
-ter
m i
nte
rest
Th
eC
on
sum
er
Pro
tect
ion
Act
,198
6
Co
nsu
mer
Rig
hts
Rig
ht
to c
on
sum
er e
du
cati
on
Rig
ht
to s
eek
red
ress
al (
or
reli
ef)
Rig
ht
to b
e h
eard
(to
fil
e a
com
pla
int)
Rig
ht
to c
ho
ose
Rig
ht
to b
e in
form
ed (
abo
ut
the
pro
du
ct)
Rig
ht
to s
afet
y
Be
awar
e ab
ou
t g
oo
ds
and
ser
vic
esB
uy
sta
nd
ard
ized
go
od
sL
earn
ass
oci
ated
ris
ks
Rea
d l
abel
s ca
refu
lly
Get
a f
air
dea
lO
bta
in c
ash
mem
oF
ile
com
pla
int
Fo
rm c
on
sum
er s
oci
etie
sB
uy
leg
al g
oo
ds
on
lyR
esp
ect
env
iro
nm
ent
Wid
e sp
read
exp
loit
atio
nU
no
rgan
ized
and
ab
sen
ce o
f as
soci
atio
ns
con
sum
ers
Co
nsu
mer
Ig
no
ran
ce
WhoisConsum
er
A C
on
sum
er i
s o
ne
that
bu
ys
go
od
sfo
rth
eco
nsu
mp
tio
na
nd
no
tfo
rre
sa
leo
rco
mm
erc
ial
pu
rpo
se.
Th
eco
nsu
mer
also
hir
esse
rvic
efo
r a
con
sid
erat
ion
.
�O
ne
or
mo
re c
on
sum
er o
nb
ehal
f o
f n
um
ero
us
con
sum
er.
An
y c
on
sum
er�
An
y r
egis
tere
d C
on
sum
er’s
�A
sso
ciat
ion
Go
ver
nm
ent
�L
egal
hei
rs o
f a
dec
ease
d�
con
sum
er
Wh
oca
nfi
lea
com
pla
int
Co
nsu
mer
Pro
tect
ion
mea
ns
toes
cap
eC
on
sum
ers
fro
m b
ein
g e
xplo
ited
fro
m t
he
sell
ers
of
go
od
s an
d s
erv
ices
.
Concept
chap
ter
- 12 c
ons
umer
pro
tect
ion
Oswaal Karnataka PUE, Mind Maps, Business studies, II PUC [ 13
To know about more useful books for class-12 click here
Entr
epre
neur
ship
D
evel
opm
ent
• In
itiat
ive
• Pe
rsis
tenc
e•
Info
rmat
ion
seek
ing
• C
once
rn fo
r hi
gh q
ualit
y w
ork
• Se
lf co
nfid
ence
• Pe
rsua
sion
• Se
lf –
disc
over
y•
Iden
tifyi
ng o
ppor
tuni
ties
• G
ener
atin
g an
d ev
alua
ting
idea
s•
Plan
ning
• A
rran
ging
sta
rt-u
p ca
pita
l•
Star
t-up
• G
row
th•
Har
vest
• In
nova
tion
and
crea
tivity
• R
espe
ct fo
r w
ork
• Q
uest
for
outs
tand
ing
p
erfo
rman
ce•
Self
relia
nce
• Ph
ysio
logi
cal n
eeds
• Sa
fety
nee
ds•
Soci
al n
eeds
•
Este
em n
eeds
• Se
lf –
actu
aliz
atio
n ne
eds
• A
chie
vem
ent n
eeds
• A
ffili
atio
n ne
eds
• Po
wer
nee
ds
• Br
ings
new
inno
vatio
n in
to e
xist
ence
• M
odifi
es th
e ol
der
met
hods
• G
ener
ates
new
idea
s
• En
trep
rene
ursh
ip m
eans
to
st
art t
he b
usin
ess
whi
le
m
anag
emen
t mea
ns to
man
age
the
affa
irs
of b
usin
ess
• En
trep
rene
ursh
ip b
ears
the
risk
whi
le m
anag
emen
t doe
sn’t
b
ear
the
risk
• In
itiat
or•
Ris
k ta
ker
• Fo
reca
stin
g•
Opt
imum
util
izat
ion
of
r
esou
rces
• Pr
omot
es c
apita
l for
mat
ion
• C
reat
es la
rge
scal
e em
ploy
men
t
opp
ortu
nitie
s•
Wea
lth c
reat
ion
It is
an
abili
ty o
r an
act
of i
dent
ifyin
g op
port
uniti
es a
nd e
xplo
iting
them
to
one
’s a
dvan
tage
.
• C
reat
ing
new
ven
ture
s,•
Stro
ng n
etw
orki
ng
ab
ilitie
s,•
Self
mot
ivat
ion,
• Pr
ofit
pote
ntia
l.
• M
anag
emen
t aim
s at
pro
fit
m
axim
izat
ion
and
entr
epre
neur
ship
also
focu
ses
on p
rofit
max
imiz
atio
n•
Tech
nica
l kno
wle
dge
is r
equi
red
for
b
oth
man
agem
ent a
nd fo
r
ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p
• Pr
ovid
es in
nova
tion
• Pr
ovid
es e
mpl
oym
ent
op
port
uniti
es•
Soci
al b
enef
its, e
.g.,
incr
ease
s
sta
ndar
d of
livi
ng, e
tc.
• Li
fe-li
ne o
f a n
atio
n
chap
ter
- 13 E
ntre
pren
eurs
hip D
evel
opm
ent