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TRANSCRIPT
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 1
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How
, W
hen
and
Wher
e ?
Dep
end
s o
n t
he
sto
ry o
f p
ast.
Fo
cus
on
ap
arti
cula
r se
t o
f ev
ents
.
Jam
esM
illd
ivid
edIn
dia
n
his
tory
inth
ree
per
iod
s.
Co
mm
on
div
isio
no
fIn
dia
nh
isto
ry.
Med
iev
al
Mo
der
n.
Ref
ers
toB
riti
sh R
ule
.
Bri
tish
ru
le b
rou
gh
t c
han
ges
inv
alu
esan
dta
stes
,cu
sto
ms
and
pra
ctic
es.
His
tor
yis
syn
on
ym
ou
sw
ith
dat
es.
We
com
par
eth
e p
ast
wit
hp
rese
nt.
Off
icia
lre
cord
so
fth
eB
riti
sh a
dm
inis
trat
ion
.
Bri
tish
pre
serv
edim
po
rtan
t d
ocu
men
tsan
d l
ette
rs.
Arc
hiv
es
an
dm
use
um
sw
ere
esta
bli
shed
to
pre
serv
eim
po
rtan
t re
cord
s.
Pra
ctic
e o
f su
rvey
sb
ecam
e co
mm
on
.
Bo
tan
ical
, zo
olo
gic
al, a
rch
aeo
log
ical
,an
thro
po
log
ical
an
d f
ore
st s
urv
eys
wer
e d
on
e.
Ab
ou
t th
e n
eed
of
peo
ple
of
Ind
ia.
Mo
ne
yre
cord
sh
ide
the
tru
th a
nd
on
ly s
ho
wo
ne
asp
ect
of
the
even
t.
Ho
wd
ow
e
Kn
ow
?
How
Imp
ort
ant
are
Dat
es?
Hin
du
Mu
slim
Bri
tish
An
cien
t
oUR
PAR
TS-I
II P
ART: I
Cha
pter
- 1 :
How, whe
n an
d whe
re ?
2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
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Fro
m T
rad
eto
Ter
rito
ry
In16
00ro
yal
char
ter
gra
nte
dto
Eas
t In
dia
Co
mp
any
th
e so
leri
gh
t to
tra
de
wit
h t
he
Eas
t.
Th
e co
mp
any
bo
ug
ht
go
od
sat
ch
eap
rat
e an
d s
old
th
emat
hig
her
pri
ce i
n E
uro
pe.
Th
ing
sli
ke
cott
on
and
silk
clo
than
dsp
ices
wer
e in
gre
at d
eman
d i
n E
uro
pe
In 1
651
the
firs
t E
ng
lish
fac
tory
was
setu
p o
n t
he
ban
ks
of
riv
er H
ug
li.
Au
ran
gze
bg
ran
ted
the
rig
ht
to t
rad
e d
uty
fre
e.
Th
e co
mp
any
dem
and
ed f
or
mo
reco
nce
ssio
ns
and
man
ipu
late
dth
eex
isti
ng
pri
vil
eges
.
Aft
erA
ura
ng
zeb
’sd
eath
,th
eB
eng
al N
awab
s as
sert
ed t
hei
rp
ow
er a
nd
au
toto
my.
Naw
abs
refu
sed
to
gra
nt
the
com
pan
y c
on
cess
ion
s.
On
23rd
Jun
e17
57,
the
Bat
tle
of
Pla
ssey
was
fou
gh
tan
dw
asth
e fi
rst
maj
or
vic
tory
of
En
gli
sh.
Ali
var
di
Kh
an d
ied
in
175
6 an
dS
iraj
ud
dau
lah
bec
ame
Naw
ab.
Sir
aju
dd
aula
h’s
co
mm
and
er,
Mir
Jaf
ar c
on
spir
ed a
gai
nst
him
.
Mir
Jafa
rw
asp
rom
ised
tob
em
ade
Naw
abaf
ter
cru
shin
g S
iraj
ud
dau
lah
.
Tip
uS
ult
anw
asth
eso
no
fH
aid
ar A
li,
rule
r o
f M
yso
re.
Ru
led
fro
m17
82-1
799.
Fo
ur
war
s fo
ug
ht
bet
wee
nB
riti
she
rsa
nd
My
sore
(Th
e A
ng
lo-M
yso
re w
ars)
.
Tip
u S
ult
anw
as k
ille
d.
In17
94R
ob
ert
Cli
ve
wa
sa
pp
oin
ted
Go
ver
no
r o
f B
eng
al.
‘Nab
ob
s’–a
n a
ng
lici
zed
ver
sio
no
fth
eIn
dia
nw
ord
Naw
ab.
Aft
er
the
de
fea
ta
tP
lass
ey,
Sir
aju
dd
aula
hw
asas
sass
inat
edan
d M
ir J
afar
was
mad
e N
awab
.
Mir
Jaf
ar w
as p
up
pet
in B
riti
sher
s’h
and
.
In 1
764,
Mir
Jaf
ar D
ied
.
In17
65th
eM
ug
hal
emp
ero
rap
po
inte
d t
he
com
pan
y a
s th
eD
iwan
of
Ben
gal
.
In 1
764,
th
e B
attl
e o
f B
uxa
rw
as f
ou
gh
t b
etw
een
Bri
tish
ers
and
Mir
Qas
im.
In1
79
9,
Bri
tish
ers
wo
nth
e B
attl
e o
f S
erin
gap
atta
mag
ain
st M
yso
re.
1767
–176
9
1780
–178
4
1790
–179
2
1799
Co
mp
any
off
icia
ls
The Battle of Plassey
How
didTr
ade
Lead
toBat
tles
Eas
tIn
dia
Co
mp
any
beg
ins
trad
ein
Ben
gal
Bec
om
e‘N
abo
bs’
Chap
ter
- 2
: Fro
m Tr
ade
to T
errito
ry
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 3
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Ru
ling t
he
Cou
ntr
ysi
de
Pla
nte
rp
rod
uce
din
dig
oin
lan
ds
dir
ectl
y i
n h
is c
on
tro
l.
Cu
ltiv
atio
n o
f la
rge
area
s an
dre
qu
ired
lar
ge
inv
estm
ent.
Pla
nte
rs w
ere
relu
cta
nt
toex
pan
d a
rea.
Pla
nte
rs w
ere
forc
edto
sig
n a
co
ntr
act.
Th
ose
wh
o s
ign
edg
ot
cash
ad
van
ce.
Bri
tain
turn
sto
Ind
ia
Pla
nte
rs g
ot
ver
ylo
w p
rice
.
Th
eco
mp
any
exp
and
edin
dig
o c
ult
ivat
ion
to
mee
tri
sin
g d
eman
d i
n E
uro
pe.
Co
mm
erci
alag
ents
and
off
icia
ls b
egan
in
ves
tin
gin
in
dig
o p
rod
uct
ion
.
Bec
ame
the
Diw
an b
ut
saw
its
elf
astr
ader
.
Ear
lier
pu
rch
ased
go
od
s b
yim
po
rtin
gg
old
and
silv
erfr
om
Bri
tain
.N
ow
rev
enu
efi
nan
ced
th
e p
urc
has
e.
Ben
gal
eco
no
my
was
faci
ng
dee
p c
risi
s.
Th
eN
eed
toIm
pro
ve
Ag
ricu
ltu
re
Intr
od
uce
d P
erm
anen
tS
ettl
emen
t in
179
3.
Raj
as a
nd
tal
uq
dar
s w
ere
reco
gn
ised
as
zam
ind
ars.
Nu
mer
ou
s Z
amin
dar
is w
ere
sold
off
atau
ctio
ns
iffa
iled
to p
ay r
even
ue.
Zam
ind
ars
wer
e n
ot
inte
rest
edin
im
pro
vin
g t
he
lan
d.
Co
mp
an
yo
ffic
ials
we
reco
nv
ince
dth
at
rev
en
ue
syst
em h
ad t
o b
e ch
ang
ed.
Ho
ltM
ac
ke
nz
ied
ev
ise
dM
ahal
war
i S
ettl
emen
t in
182
2.
Kn
ow
n a
s R
yo
twar
i sy
stem
.W
asin
itia
ted
by
Ale
xan
der
Re
ad
an
dd
ev
elo
pe
db
yT
ho
mo
s M
un
ro.
To
oh
igh
rev
enu
e w
asd
eman
ded
.
Pea
san
ts w
ere
un
able
to
pay
.
Wan
ted
larg
ere
ven
ue
inco
me.
Un
wil
lin
g t
o s
etu
pre
gu
lar
syst
emo
fas
sess
men
t.
Clo
thm
anu
fact
ure
sin
Ital
y, F
ran
ce a
nd
Bri
tain
use
d I
nd
ian
in
dig
o. In
dia
n I
nd
igo
gav
e ri
ch b
lue
colo
ur.
Th
eri
ch
blu
eco
lou
ru
sed
inte
xtil
ein
ind
ust
ryw
as c
alle
d i
nd
igo
.B
riti
she
rsfo
rce
dto
cult
ivat
e o
piu
m, i
nd
igo
,ju
te,
tea
,su
ga
rca
ne
,w
hea
t, c
ott
on
, an
d r
ice.
InM
arch
1859
ryo
tsin
Ben
gal
refu
sed
to
gro
win
dig
o.
Ry
ots
refu
sed
top
ayre
nt
and
atta
cked
in
dig
ofa
cto
ries
.R
yo
ts r
efu
sed
to
tak
e ad
van
ce.
Ind
igo
Co
mm
issi
on
was
set
up
to
en
qu
ire.
It d
ecla
red
th
at i
t w
asn
ot
pro
fita
ble
hen
ceth
ey c
ou
ld r
efu
se.
Pla
nte
rssh
ifte
dto
Bih
ar.
Cro
ps
for
Eru
ope
Theco
mp
any
bec
om
es
the
Diw
an
Aft
er t
he
ind
igo
har
ves
t,th
ela
nd
cou
ldn
ot
be
sow
n w
ith
ric
e.
Chap
ter
- 3
: Rul
ing t
he C
oun
trys
ide
4 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
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Tri
bals
, D
iku
s a
nd
the
Uis
ion o
f a
Gol
den
ge
A
Sh
ifti
ng
cu
ltiv
atio
nw
as d
on
e. Cu
t th
e tr
ees
and
bu
rnt
veg
etat
ion
to
cle
ar.
Aft
erh
arv
esti
ng
mo
ved
to o
ther
lan
d a
nd
lef
t th
efi
eld
fal
low
.
Hu
nte
da
nim
als
an
dg
ath
ered
fo
rest
pro
du
ce.
So
ld f
ore
st p
rod
uce
in l
oca
l m
ark
ets.
So
me
wer
e
Hu
ntr
esan
dG
ath
erer
s
A Closer Look
Man
y t
rib
es l
ived
by
rear
ing
an
imal
s.
Mo
ve
dw
ith
her
d a
cco
rdin
gto
sea
son
s.
Van
Gu
jjar
s, L
abad
is,
eg. G
idd
ies,
Bak
kar
wal
s.
eg
. Kh
on
ds,
Bai
gas
.
Set
tled
at
on
e p
lace
and
cu
ltiv
ated
.
Bri
tish
off
icia
lsfo
un
dth
emm
ore
civ
iliz
ed.
eg
. Go
nd
s,S
anth
als.
Ear
lier
the
trib
alch
iefs
enjo
yed
eco
no
mic
po
wer
an
dh
ad
co
ntr
ol
on
adm
inis
trat
ion
.
Un
der
Bri
tish
rule
thei
r fu
nct
ion
an
dp
ow
er c
han
ged
.
Th
ey c
ou
ld k
eep
lan
dti
tles
bu
t h
ad t
o f
allo
wB
riti
sh r
ule
s.
Aft
er p
rote
sts
the
Bri
tish
had
toal
low
toca
rry
on
shif
tin
g c
ult
ivat
ion
.
Th
e B
riti
sh w
ante
d r
egu
lar
rev
enu
ean
din
tro
du
ced
lan
d s
ettl
emen
t.
Th
eB
riti
shw
ere
un
com
fort
ab
lew
ith
the
shif
tin
g c
ult
ivat
ion
.
Peo
ple
wer
en
ot
allo
wed
to
mo
ve
or
ha
ve
jhu
mcu
ltiv
atio
n.
Res
erv
ed f
ore
sts
wer
efo
r p
rod
uci
ng
tim
ber
.
Th
eB
riti
shd
ecl
are
dfo
rest
as
stat
e p
rop
erty
.
Ma
ny
trib
als
rose
in
reb
elli
on
.
Trib
al l
ife
was
dir
ectl
yco
nn
ecte
d t
o f
ore
st.
Trib
als
no
ted
th
at m
on
ey l
end
ers
and
trad
ers
vis
ited
freq
uen
tly
for
bu
yin
gan
do
ffer
ing
cash
loan
and
ask
ing
them
to
wo
rk f
or
wag
es.
Th
e m
idd
lem
an b
ou
gh
t fr
uit
pro
du
ce a
t lo
w p
rice
an
d s
old
at
hig
her
pri
ce t
hu
s tr
ibal
s to
ok
trad
ers
as t
hei
r m
ain
en
emy.
Th
rou
gh
19&
20th
th
cen
tury
tri
bal
gro
un
dre
bel
led
.
Wo
rked
in
tea
pla
nta
tio
no
fA
ssam
and
coal
min
eso
f Jh
ark
han
d.
Go
t lo
w w
age
and
cou
ldn
ot
retu
rnh
om
e.
Oft
en n
eed
ed t
o s
ell
and
bu
yo
ther
go
od
sw
hic
hle
dto
thei
rd
epen
den
ceo
n m
on
ey l
end
ers.
Bo
rnin
the
mid
1870
s,B
irsa
aim
edat
ref
orm
ing
tri
bal
soci
ety.
Th
eyw
ere
agai
nst
chan
ge
inla
wan
dre
stri
ctio
ns
on
th
eir
wo
rk.
He
urg
ed t
he
mu
nd
asto
lea
ve
bad
pra
ctic
es.
Was
ag
ain
st m
on
eyle
nd
ers
and
mis
sio
nar
ies.
Bri
tish
arr
este
dB
irsa
fo
r tw
o y
ear.
Trib
als
wer
e fo
rced
to
go
a f
araw
ay p
lace
in
sea
rch
of
wo
rk.
Birsa Munda
Chap
ter
- 4
: Triba
ls, Diku
s a
nd t
he V
ision
of
a Go
lden
age
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 5
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Del
hi
was
rec
aptu
red
in S
epte
mb
er 1
857
Th
e co
mp
any
dec
ided
tore
pre
ssth
ere
vo
ltw
ith
all
its
mig
ht.
All
ru
lin
g c
hie
fs o
f th
e co
un
try
wer
eal
low
edto
pas
so
nth
eir
kin
gd
om
sto
the
irh
eir
s,in
clu
din
g t
he
ado
pte
d s
on
s.
Bri
tish
Pa
rlia
me
nt
tra
nsf
ere
dth
e p
ow
er o
f E
ast
Ind
ia C
om
pan
yto
th
e B
riti
sh C
row
n.
Ba
ha
du
rS
ha
hZ
afa
rw
as
sen
ten
ced
to
lif
e im
pri
son
men
tan
d w
as s
ent
to R
ang
oo
n.
Peo
ple
co
nti
nu
ed t
o r
esis
t an
db
attl
eth
eB
riti
sh.
Th
eB
riti
shh
ad t
o f
igh
t fo
r tw
o y
ears
.
Reg
imen
ts a
fter
reg
imen
t m
uti
nie
dan
dto
ok
off
tojo
ino
ther
tro
op
sat
Del
hi,
Kan
pu
r an
d L
uck
no
w e
tc.
Na
na
Sa
ha
bo
fK
an
pu
r,B
irje
sQ
ad
ro
fL
uk
hn
aw
an
dh
ism
oth
er
Be
gu
mH
azra
tM
ahal
,R
ani
Lax
mi
Bai
of
Jhan
si,
Ran
i A
van
tib
ai L
od
hi
of
Ram
gar
h o
rgan
ised
the
up
risi
ng
ag
ain
st t
he
Bri
tish
.
On
29M
arch
1857
Man
gal
Pan
dey
,a
yo
un
g s
old
ier
was
han
ged
to
dea
th.
Ind
ian
sold
iers
mar
ched
to t
he
jail
an
d r
elea
sed
th
eim
pri
son
ed s
epo
ys.
Sep
oy
sro
de
all
nig
ht
on
10t
h M
ayto
rea
ch D
elh
i.
Th
eP
easa
nt
a nd
the
Sep
oy
s.
Polic
ies
and
the
Peo
ple
AM
uti
ny
bec
ome
aP
op
ula
rR
ebel
lion
Th
eco
mp
any
Figh
tsBac
k
When
Peo
ple
Reb
el
185
7 a
nd
fter
A
Sin
ce
the
mid
eig
hte
en
thce
ntu
ryN
aw
ab
sa
nd
Ra
jas
lost
th
eir
auth
ori
ty a
nd
ho
no
urs
.
In18
01a
Su
bsi
dia
ryA
llia
nce
was
imp
ose
d o
n A
wad
h.T
he
com
pan
yb
egan
top
lan
tob
rin
gM
ug
hal
Dy
nas
ty t
o a
n e
nd
.
Pea
san
ts a
nd
zam
ind
ars
rese
nte
dth
eh
igh
taxe
sa
nd
rig
idm
eth
od
of
rev
enu
e co
llec
tio
n.
Th
eIn
dia
nse
po
ys
inth
eco
mp
any
wer
eu
nh
app
yab
ou
t th
eir
pay
all
ow
ance
san
d c
on
dit
ion
s o
f se
rvic
e.
So
me
new
rule
sv
iola
ted
thei
r re
lig
iou
s se
nsi
bil
itie
san
d b
elie
fs.
Bri
tish
bel
iev
ed t
hat
Ind
ian
so
ciet
y h
ad t
ob
e re
form
ed.
Law
wer
ep
asse
dto
sto
pth
ep
ract
ice
of
Sat
i an
d e
nco
ura
ge
wid
ow
rem
arri
age.
Th
e E
ng
lish
wer
e d
eter
min
edto
wip
eo
ut
the
reli
gio
ns
of
Hin
du
s an
d t
he
Mu
slim
s.
Kin
gs
wer
e an
gry
an
d p
lan
sw
ere
mad
ese
cret
lyfo
rth
ew
ar o
f re
lig
ion
.
In M
ay 1
857
a m
assi
ve
reb
elli
on
sta
rted
.
Beg
inn
ing
fro
m M
eeru
t a
nu
mb
ero
fp
eop
lefr
om
dif
fere
nt
sect
ion
of
soci
ety
ro
se u
p i
n r
ebel
lio
n.
Th
e so
ldie
rs p
rocl
aim
edB
ahad
ur
Sh
ah Z
afer
as
thei
r le
ader
.
Reg
imen
ts i
n D
elh
i al
soro
se u
p i
n r
ebel
lio
n.
Responseto
Refo
rms
Chap
ter
- 5
: whe
n pe
opl
e re
bel
1857
and
aft
er
6 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
Wea
vers
, I
ron S
mel
ters
and
Fa
ctor
y O
wner
s
It f
asci
nat
edE
uro
pea
nsc
ien
tist
s.
Asp
ecia
l ty
pe
of
hig
hcarb
on
steel
call
ed
wo
otz
was
pro
du
ced
in s
ou
th I
nd
ia.
Wea
ver
s w
ere
the
com
mu
nit
ies
that
sp
ecia
lize
d i
n w
eav
ing
.
In1
90
4C
har
les
Wel
dan
dD
ora
bji
Tat
a se
t u
p I
ron
an
dS
teel
pla
nt
in I
nd
ia.
TIS
CO
cam
e u
p i
n 1
91
2.
TIS
CO
bec
ame
the
big
ges
t st
eel
ind
ust
ry w
ith
in t
he
Bri
tish
Em
pir
e.
Aro
un
d 1
75
0 I
nd
ia w
as t
he
wo
rld
’sla
rges
tp
rod
uce
ro
fco
tto
n t
exti
le.
Ind
ian
tex
tile
was
ren
ow
ned
for
fin
e q
ual
ity
an
d c
raft
sman
ship
.
Fro
m 1
6C
entu
ry E
uro
pea
nth
trad
ers
bo
ug
ht
Ind
ian
tex
tile
for
sale
in
Eu
rop
e.
Du
rin
g t
he
Fir
st w
orl
d W
ar t
he
Bri
tish
imp
ort
dec
lin
ed,I
nd
ian
Rai
lway
stu
rned
toT
ISC
Ofo
rsu
pp
ly o
f ra
ils.
Who
wer
eth
eW
eave
rs?
Ind
ian
tex
tile
sw
ere
fam
ou
su
nd
er d
iffe
ren
tn
ames
.‘M
usl
in’
and
‘Cal
ico’
fro
m C
alic
ut.
Pri
nte
d c
loth
s ca
lled
‘ch
intz
’(d
eriv
ed f
orm
ch
hin
t).
‘Ban
dan
aa’
(der
ived
fo
rmb
and
ha
or
tie
and
dy
e).
Wo
rrie
d b
y t
he
po
pu
lari
ty o
fIn
dia
nte
xti
le,
En
gli
shw
oo
lan
d s
ilk
mak
ers
pro
test
ed.
In1
72
0th
eB
riti
shG
ov
ern
men
tb
ann
edth
eu
se o
f ch
intz
in
En
gla
nd
.
Ind
ian
des
ign
sw
ere
imit
ated
an
d p
rin
ted
in E
ng
lan
d.
Sp
inn
ing
Jen
ny
was
inv
en
ted
by
Joh
nK
aye
in 1
76
4.
Inv
enti
on
of
stea
ms
eng
ine
by
Ric
har
dA
rkw
rig
ht
is1
78
6re
vo
luti
on
ised
co
tto
nte
xti
le w
eav
ing
.
Clo
th c
ou
ld b
e w
ov
en c
hea
ply
in
larg
eq
uan
tity
ho
wev
erIn
dia
nte
xti
led
om
inat
edti
llth
een
d1
8ce
ntu
ry.
th
Th
esw
ord
and
arm
ou
rm
akin
gin
du
stry
die
dw
ith
imp
ort
of
iro
n a
nd
stee
l fro
m E
ng
lan
d.
Th
isp
roce
ssw
asco
mp
lete
lylo
st b
y m
id-n
inet
een
th c
entu
ry.
Co
tto
nin
du
stri
esin
Bri
tain
aff
ecte
d t
exti
lep
rod
uce
rs i
n I
nd
ia.
By
the
beg
inn
ing
of
19
cen
tury
th
En
gli
sh m
ade
cott
on
tex
tile
ou
sted
Ind
ian
go
od
sfr
om
Afr
ica,
Am
eric
a&
Eu
rop
e.
En
gli
sh a
nd
Eu
rop
ean
co
mp
an
ies
sto
pp
ed
bu
yin
g I
nd
ian
go
od
s.
Cot
ton
Mill
s com
e up
Tip
u S
ult
an’s
cre
dib
lyh
ard
an
d s
har
p s
wo
rdw
as m
ade
of
wo
otz
.
By
th
e en
d o
f 1
9ce
ntu
ryth
the
craf
t o
f ic
on
sm
utt
ing
dec
lin
ed.
Ha
nd
loo
mw
ea
vin
ga
nd
the
occu
pati
on
sass
ocia
ted
wit
h i
t p
rov
ided
liv
elih
oo
d f
or
mil
lio
ns
of
Ind
ian
s.
Th
ou
san
ds
of
peo
ple
be
ca
me
job
less
wh
enB
riti
shcl
oth
cam
e in
In
dia
.
Th
efi
rst
maj
or
spu
rtw
asw
hen
tex
tile
im
po
rts
fro
m B
rita
in d
ecli
ned
and
Ind
ian
fact
ori
esw
ere
call
edto
pro
du
ce c
loth
fo
r m
ilit
ary
su
pp
lies
.
By
19
00
ov
er
84
mil
lsst
arte
d o
per
atin
g i
n B
om
bay
.
Fir
st c
ott
on
sp
inn
ing
mil
lw
asse
tu
pin
Bo
mb
ay i
n 1
85
4.
Man
y p
eop
le l
oo
ked
for
oth
er m
ean
s o
fli
vel
iho
od
by
20
th
cen
tury
.Art
isan
s fa
ced
new
co
mp
etit
ion
.
Chap
ter
- 6
: wea
vers
, iron
sme
lter
s a
nd f
acto
ry o
wne
rs
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 7
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
Civ
iliz
ing t
he
‘‘N
ati
ve’’
Ed
uca
ting t
he
Na
tion
Mah
atm
a G
and
hi
urg
ed t
hat
colo
nia
led
uca
tio
ncr
eate
sa
sen
seo
fin
feri
ori
tyan
dh
asen
slav
ed I
nd
ian
s.
Bri
tish
fel
t th
at t
hey
had
acu
ltu
ral
mis
sio
n a
nd
th
eyh
ad t
o c
ivil
ise
the
nat
ives
.
Wil
liam
Jon
esw
ho
was
app
oin
ted
asJu
nio
rJu
dg
e,st
arte
dst
ud
yin
ga
nci
en
tIn
dia
nte
xts
on
law
,p
hil
oso
ph
y, r
elig
ion
, med
icin
e et
c.
En
gli
shm
en
lik
eT
ho
ma
sC
ole
bro
ok
an
dN
ath
an
iel
Hal
hed
dis
cov
ered
Ind
ian
her
itag
e,m
aste
red
Ind
ian
lan
gu
ages
, tra
nsl
ated
wo
rds
in e
ng
lish
.
A m
adra
sa w
as s
et u
p i
nC
alcu
tta
in17
81.
Hin
du
Co
lleg
ew
asse
tu
pin
Ban
aras
in
179
1.
Man
yo
ffic
ials
lik
eJa
mes
Mil
l cr
itic
ized
ori
enta
list
lea
rnin
g.
Itw
asfe
ltth
atIn
dia
ns
sho
uld
be
mad
efa
mil
iar
wit
hs
cie
nti
fic
an
dte
chn
olo
gic
al a
dv
anta
ges
.
Cri
tics
lik
eM
acau
lay
felt
th
at I
nd
ia n
eed
edto
be
civ
ilis
ed.
En
gli
sh E
du
cati
on
Act
of
1835
was
intr
od
uce
d.
De
cisi
on
wa
sta
ke
nto
mak
e E
ng
lish
th
e m
ediu
mo
fin
stru
ctio
nfo
rh
igh
ered
uca
tio
n.
Pro
mo
tio
n o
f o
rien
tal
inst
itu
tio
ns
was
sto
pp
ed
Ho
wth
eB
riti
shsa
wE
du
cati
on
?
Th
eR
epo
rto
f
Wil
liam
Ad
ams.
Itw
asar
gu
edth
atth
esy
stem
wo
uld
imp
rov
eth
em
ora
lch
arac
ter
of
Ind
ian
s an
d t
hu
s su
pp
lyth
eco
mp
any
wit
htr
ust
-w
ort
hy
civ
il s
erv
ants
.
Em
ph
asis
was
on
pra
ctic
al
be
ne
fits
of
the
Eu
rop
ea
nS
yst
em o
f le
arn
ing
.
In 1
844
Wo
od
's d
isp
atch
was
sen
to
utl
inin
gth
eed
uca
tio
nal
po
licy
tob
efo
llo
wed
in
In
dia
.
Th
ere
wer
e te
xtb
oo
ks
and
syst
emo
fan
nu
alex
amin
atio
n.
In1
85
4,
co
mp
an
yd
eci
de
dn
ew
syst
em
wit
hro
uti
ne
s,ru
les
and
reg
ula
r in
spec
tio
n.
Teac
hin
gp
roce
ssw
aso
ral
and
gu
ru d
ecid
edw
hat
to
tea
ch.
Th
ere
wer
en
ofi
xed
fee,
no
pri
nte
db
oo
ks,
no
sep
ara
teb
uil
din
g,
no
ben
ches
or
chai
rs, n
o s
epar
ate
clas
ses,
no
exa
m a
nd
no
tim
e ta
ble
.
In1
83
0s
Wil
lia
mA
da
ms
wa
sg
iven
the
char
ge
tog
ive
rep
ort
of
ver
nac
ula
r sc
ho
ols
. He
focu
sed
th
atsy
stem
of
edu
cati
on
was
fle
xib
le.
He
emp
has
ized
teac
hin
go
fsc
ien
ce a
nd
tec
hn
olo
gy
alo
ng
wit
h a
rt m
usi
c an
d d
ance
.
Acc
ord
ing
to
him
lea
rnin
gco
uld
be
enco
ura
ged
inn
atu
ral
env
iro
nm
ent.
Sta
rted
Sh
anti
nik
etan
in 1
901.
Acc
ord
ing
toh
imIn
dia
nla
ng
ua
ge
sho
uld
be
med
ium
of
teac
hin
g.
He
wan
ted
ed
uca
tio
nth
at
cou
ldre
cov
er
Ind
ian
'sd
ign
ity
and
self
res
pec
t.
Chap
ter
- 7
: Civilizing t
he "na
tive
" Ed
ucat
ing t
he n
ation
8 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
Itw
asst
arte
db
yn
on
Bra
hm
an
sw
ho
ha
da
cq
uir
ed
ac
ce
ssto
edu
cati
on
, wea
lth
an
din
flu
ence
. ChangingtheLives
ofWidows.
Gir
lsb
egin
Go
ing
toS
cho
ol.
Wom
en, C
ast
e a
nd
Ref
orm
Ra
jaR
am
mo
ha
nR
oy
ca
mp
aig
ne
da
ga
inst
the
pra
ctic
eo
fS
ati
.It
was
ban
ned
in18
20.
He
adv
oca
ted
free
do
man
d e
qu
alit
y f
or
wo
men
.
Ish
wa
rch
an
dra
Vid
ya
sag
ar
sug
ges
ted
wid
ow
rem
arri
age.
In1
85
6la
ww
as
pa
sse
dto
per
mit
wid
ow
rem
arri
age.
Sw
ami
Day
anan
dS
aras
wat
ifo
un
de
dA
rya
Sa
ma
ja
nd
sup
po
rted
wid
ow
rem
arri
age.
Ref
orm
ers
felt
th
at t
oim
pro
ve
wo
me
n's
con
dit
ion
edu
cati
on
was
nec
essa
ry.
Sch
oo
ls f
or
gir
lsw
ere
set
up
.
Inar
isto
crat
icm
usl
imfa
mil
ies
wo
men
wer
eta
ug
ht
by
wo
men
wh
oca
me
ho
me
to t
each
.
Mu
slim
wo
men
lik
eB
egu
ms
of
Bh
op
al p
rom
ote
d e
du
cati
on
for
wo
men
.
Beg
um
Ro
ckey
aS
akh
awat
Has
sain
sta
rted
sch
oo
ls f
or
Mu
slim
gir
lsin
Pat
na
and
Cal
cutt
a.
Ind
ian
wo
men
beg
anto
go
tou
niv
ersi
ties
by
188
0. S
om
e o
f th
emb
ecam
e d
oct
ors
an
d t
each
ers.
Pa
nd
ita
Ra
ma
ba
ifo
un
de
dh
om
e fo
r w
ido
ws.
Sh
e w
rote
ab
ou
tm
ise
rab
leli
ve
so
fu
pp
er c
lass
Hin
du
wo
men
.
Jaw
ahar
lal
Neh
ruan
dS
ub
has
hC
han
dra
Bo
sesu
pp
ort
ed e
qu
alit
y a
nd
free
do
m f
or
wo
men
.C
hri
stia
n M
issi
on
arie
s se
t u
psc
ho
ol
for
trib
al g
rou
ps
and
low
er c
aste
ch
ild
ren
.
So
cial
ref
orm
ers
crit
iciz
ed c
aste
ineq
ual
ity.
Pa
ram
ha
ns
Ma
nd
liw
as
fou
nd
ed i
n 1
840
in B
om
bay
tow
ork
for
abo
liti
on
of
cast
e sy
stem
.
Sh
ri N
aray
an G
uru
pro
clai
med
the
idea
of
un
ity
an
d e
qu
alit
y.
Ha
rid
as
qu
est
ion
ed
Bra
hm
anic
alte
xts
that
sup
po
rted
cas
te s
yst
em.
Sa
tna
mi
Mo
ve
me
nt
ince
ntr
al I
nd
ia w
as f
ou
nd
edb
y G
has
idas
.
By
the
seco
nd
hal
fo
f19
cen
tury
th
the
low
er c
aste
s b
egan
to
dem
and
for
equ
alit
y a
nd
ju
stic
e.
In 2
0ce
ntu
ry t
he
mo
vem
ent
fo
rth
cast
ere
form
was
con
tin
ued
by
Dr.
B.
R.
Am
bed
kar
and
E.
V.
Ram
asw
ami
Nai
cker
.
He
pro
po
sed
th
at S
hu
dra
ssh
ou
ldu
nit
eto
chal
len
ge
cast
e d
iscr
imin
atio
n.
He
atta
cked
the
Bra
hm
an's
clai
m t
hat
th
ey w
ere
sup
erio
r.
Jyo
tira
oP
hu
lefo
un
ded
Sat
yas
ho
dh
akS
amaj
top
rop
agat
e ca
ste
equ
alit
y.
In19
27,
Am
bed
kar
star
ted
aTe
mp
leE
ntr
yM
ov
emen
t.H
isai
mw
asto
mak
eev
ery
on
ese
e th
e p
ow
er o
f p
reju
dic
e w
ith
in t
he
soci
ety.
His
forc
efu
lsp
eech
esan
dw
riti
ng
sg
ave
rise
toa
lot
of
reth
ink
ing
on
th
e is
sue.
He
was
a c
riti
c o
fH
ind
u s
crip
ture
s.
E. V
. Ram
asw
ami
Nai
cker
(P
eriy
ar)
fou
nd
ed S
elf
Res
pec
t M
ov
emen
t
Th
ey
cha
lle
ng
ed
Bra
hm
anic
al c
laim
to p
ow
er.
Chap
ter
- 8 :
wome
n, C
aste
and
ref
orm
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 9
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
The
Ma
kin
g o
f th
e N
ati
ona
lM
ovem
ent:
18
70
s–19
47
Th
eaw
aren
ess
of
bei
ng
Ind
ian
and
that
its
res
ou
rces
an
d s
yst
ems
wer
em
ean
tfo
ral
lm
ade
the
peo
ple
see
the
trac
e n
atu
re o
f B
riti
sh.
Th
e P
oli
tica
l as
soci
atio
ns
cam
ein
to b
ein
g i
n 1
870s
an
d 1
880s
.
Idea
of
sov
erei
gn
tyd
evel
op
ed.
Th
e V
ern
acu
lar
Act
was
fou
nd
ob
ject
ion
able
.
In18
83Il
ber
tB
ill
was
intr
od
uce
dw
hic
hp
rov
ided
fo
r th
e tr
ial
of
Bri
tish
or
Eu
rop
ean
by
Ind
ian
.D
ue
tow
ides
pre
adag
itat
ion
itw
as w
ith
dra
wn
.
Ind
ian
Nat
ion
al C
on
gre
ss w
as e
stab
lish
edin
1885
.In
incl
ud
edp
rom
inen
tle
ader
sli
ke
Dad
aB
hai
Nao
rji,
W.C
.B
on
ner
ji,
Bad
rud
din
Ty
abji
etc
.
Fir
st2
0y
ea
ro
fC
on
gre
ssw
as m
od
erat
e.
Lat
er i
t d
eman
ded
sep
arat
ion
of
Jud
icia
ryfr
om
exec
uti
ve,
the
rep
elo
fA
rms
Act
and
fre
ed
om
of
spe
ec
ha
nd
exp
ress
ion
.
Co
ng
ress
rais
eda
nu
mb
ero
fec
on
om
icis
sues
.It
dec
lare
dth
atB
riti
shru
leh
adle
dto
po
ver
ty, f
amin
e an
d s
ho
rtag
eo
f fo
od
.
It i
nfu
riat
ed p
eop
le a
nd
this
led
toth
eb
irth
of
Sw
ades
hi
Mo
vem
ent.
In 1
905
par
titi
on
of
Ben
gal
was
an
no
un
ced
.
Til
akd
ecla
red
,“F
reed
om
is
my
bir
thri
gh
tan
dI
shal
l h
ave
it.”
Bip
inC
han
dra
Pal
,B
alG
ang
adh
arT
ilak
an
d L
ala
Laj
pat
Rai
(L
al, B
al, p
al)
crit
iciz
ed t
he
po
lici
es o
f co
lon
ial
ru
le.
Th
eg
ov
ern
men
tfo
rced
vil
lag
es
tose
nd
the
irso
ldie
rs f
or
an a
lien
cau
se.
Aft
er 1
919
the
stru
gg
le a
gai
nst
th
e B
riti
shb
ecam
e a
mas
s m
ov
emen
t in
clu
din
gp
easa
nts
tr
ibal
s, s
tud
ents
an
d w
om
en.
He
lau
nch
ed l
oca
l m
ov
emen
tsin
Ch
amp
aran
,K
hed
aan
dA
hm
edab
ad a
nd
go
t su
cces
s.
In S
ou
th A
fric
a G
and
hi
stru
gg
led
for
Ind
ian
s
He
emer
ged
as
mas
sle
ader
of
Ind
ian
.
Ma
ha
tma
Ga
nd
hi
pra
ctic
edla
win
So
uth
Afr
ica
and
sta
yed
th
eir
for
20 y
ears
.
Th
is A
ct w
ascr
itic
ized
as
bei
ng
‘dev
ilis
h'.
Gan
dh
i ji
lau
nch
edS
aty
agra
ha
agai
nst
Ro
wla
tt a
ct w
hic
hcu
rbed
Fu
nd
amen
tal
Rig
hts
.
Th
e en
tire
nat
ion
agit
ated
.
RS
S a
nd
com
mu
nis
tp
arty
dev
elo
ped
.K
hil
afat
Mo
vem
ent
wa
sla
un
che
db
yM
oh
amm
ad A
li a
nd
Sh
auk
at A
li.
En
orm
ou
s co
mm
un
al u
nit
yan
d s
tren
gth
was
ob
sare
d.
Fig
ht
for
Pu
rna
Sw
araj
was
res
olv
ed.
Civ
il D
iso
bed
ien
ceM
ov
em
en
tw
as
lau
nch
ed i
n 1
930.
Ch
itar
anja
nD
as a
nd
Mo
tila
l N
ehar
uag
reed
fo
rel
ecti
on
.
InF
ebru
ary
1922
ap
oli
cest
atio
nin
Ch
auri
Ch
aura
was
set
on
fire
.G
and
hij
i ca
lled
off
No
n-C
oo
pra
tio
nm
ov
emen
t.
In 1
940
Mu
slim
lea
gu
e d
eman
ded
ind
epen
den
t st
ate
for
Mu
slim
s.
In18
45B
riti
sho
pen
edn
ego
tiat
ion
bet
wee
nC
on
gre
ssan
dL
eag
ue
for
Ind
epen
den
ce o
f In
dia
. Th
e ta
lk f
aile
d.
On
3rd
Ju
ne
1947
Par
titi
on
pla
nw
as a
nn
ou
nce
d.
Pak
ista
n c
ame
into
exi
sten
ce.
Th
ere
was
sev
ere
rep
ress
ion
by
th
e B
riti
sh.
In 1
930
Gan
dh
iji
star
ted
th
e M
arch
to b
reak
th
eS
alt
Law
.
Th
e m
arch
was
fro
mS
abar
mat
i A
shra
m t
oco
asta
l to
wn
of
Dan
di.
In m
idd
le o
f th
e S
eco
nd
Wo
rld
War
Gan
dh
iji
init
iate
dQ
uit
Ind
ia M
ov
emen
t.
It l
ed t
o p
rice
ris
e w
hic
hcr
eate
dd
iffi
cult
ies
for
com
mo
n p
eop
le.
In t
he
firs
t w
orl
d w
arIn
dia
was
dra
gg
ed i
nto
war
ris
ing
def
ense
exp
end
itu
re.
Pea
san
tso
rgan
ised
no
n-v
iole
nt
cam
pai
gn
s.
He
spen
t in
itia
l y
ears
tra
vel
ing
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
cou
ntr
y.
In 1
919
nat
ion
wid
e h
arta
lw
asla
un
ched
wh
ich
was
sup
pre
sse
d.
Jali
aw
ala
Ba
gh
ma
ssa
cre
wa
sa
par
of
this
rep
ress
ion
.
Peo
ple
to
ok
Gan
dh
iji
asm
essi
ah w
ho
wo
uld
hel
pth
em o
ver
com
em
iser
y.
No
n–
co
op
rati
on
mo
ve
me
nt
be
ca
me
inte
nts
e. J
ob
s an
d c
oll
ages
wer
e b
oy
cott
ed ,
titl
es w
ere
retu
rned
,clo
ths
wer
e b
urn
t.
Th
eco
mb
ined
stru
gg
leb
ore
fru
itw
he
nG
ov
ern
me
nt
of
Ind
ia A
ct p
resc
rib
ed p
rov
inci
alau
ton
om
y.
Du
rin
g t
he
Sec
on
d W
orl
d W
ar t
he
Co
ng
ress
was
read
yto
sup
po
rtin
retu
rnan
dC
on
gre
ssm
inis
ters
resi
gn
edin
pro
test
.
Chap
ter
- 9
: the
mak
ing o
f th
e na
tiona
l mo
veme
nt :
1870
s - 1947
10 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
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Pla
nn
ing
Co
mm
issi
on
was
set
up
in
195
0 to
des
ign
an
dex
ecu
te s
uit
able
po
lici
es.
In 1
956
seco
nd
Fiv
e Y
ear
Pla
n w
as f
orm
ula
ted
.
Ind
ust
ries
wer
e se
t u
pan
d d
ams
wer
e b
uil
t.
On
1 O
cto
ber
195
3A
nd
hra
Pra
de
shw
as c
reat
ed.
On
15D
ecem
ber
Po
tti
Sri
ram
alu
die
dca
usi
ng
vio
len
ce. C
entr
al G
ov
ern
men
tw
as f
orc
ed t
o g
ive
in t
o t
he
dem
and
.
Ind
iaft
erA
Ind
epen
den
ce
Aft
er
Ind
ep
en
de
nce
Ind
ian
fac
ed a
ser
ies
of
ver
y g
reat
ch
alle
ng
es
Th
ep
rob
lem
so
fre
efu
ges
and
pri
nce
ly s
tate
s h
ad t
o b
ech
eck
ed i
mm
edia
tely
.
Th
e b
est
po
liti
cal
syst
emw
as t
o b
e ad
op
ted
.
Po
pu
lati
on
wa
sla
rge
an
dd
ivid
ed
.(H
igh
cast
e-
low
cast
e; M
ajai
ty H
ind
u-
oth
ers)
.
Far
mer
s an
d p
easa
nts
dep
end
edo
n m
on
soo
n f
or
surv
ival
.
Th
e In
dia
n C
on
stit
uti
on
cam
ein
toe
ffe
cto
n26
Jan
uar
y 1
950.
th Un
iver
sal
Ad
ult
Fra
nch
ise
was
ad
op
ted
.
Th
e C
on
stit
uti
on
gu
aran
teed
equ
alit
y t
o a
ll c
itiz
ens.
Sp
ecia
lp
riv
ileg
esfo
rth
ep
oo
rest
an
d d
isad
van
tag
edw
ere
off
ered
.
Un
tou
chab
ilit
y w
asab
oli
shed
.
Sch
edu
led
cast
esan
dsc
hed
ule
d t
rib
es w
ere
gra
nte
d r
eser
vat
ion
.
Un
ion
list
,S
tate
list
and
Co
ncu
rren
t li
stis
pro
vid
ed.
Sta
rts
to b
e d
ivid
edo
nth
eb
asi
so
fli
ng
uis
tic
gro
up
s.
InO
cto
ber
1952
Po
tti
Sri
ram
ulu
wen
to
nh
un
ger
str
ike
dem
and
ing
An
dh
ra P
rad
esh
of
Tele
gu
sp
eak
ing
peo
ple
.
On
15
Au
gu
st2
00
7,
Ind
iace
leb
rate
ssi
xty
yea
rs o
f in
dep
end
ence
.
Ind
ia h
as s
een
bo
thac
hie
vem
ents
an
d f
ailu
res.
Su
cce
ss-
Sti
lla
un
ite
dd
em
ocr
ati
cco
un
try,
ha
sfr
ee p
ress
an
d i
nd
epen
den
tJu
dic
iary
.
A f
ew o
f th
e m
ajo
r o
bje
ctiv
es w
ere
lift
ing
Ind
iaan
dIn
dia
ns
ou
to
fp
ov
erty
and
bu
ild
ing
am
od
ern
tech
nic
al a
nd
in
du
stri
al.
Fai
lure
s- d
iscr
imin
atio
n o
f ca
stes
stil
lp
ersi
sts,
clas
hes
bet
wee
nre
lig
iou
sg
rou
ps,
wid
ened
gu
lfb
etw
een
ric
h a
nd
po
or.
Pri
me
Min
iste
rN
eh
rua
nd
De
pu
tyP
rim
eM
inis
ter
Val
lab
hb
hai
Pat
elw
ere
agai
nst
the
crea
tio
n o
f li
ng
uis
tic
stat
es.
AN
ewan
dD
ivid
edN
atio
n
AC
on
sti t
ut i
on
isW
ritt
enH
owwereStates
Pla
nn
ing
for
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Chap
ter
- 10
: india
afte
r inde
pend
ence
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 11
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
Res
ou
rces
Red
uci
ng
Reu
sin
g
Rec
ycl
ing
Can
be
ren
ewed
Co
nti
nu
ed t
o b
eu
sed
infu
ture
.
Pla
nts
An
imal
sL
ivin
gth
ing
sBio
tic
Hu
man
Res
ourc
es
Hu
man
mad
eR
eso
urc
es
Kn
ow
led
ge
Sk
ill
Tech
no
log
y
eg.
Bu
ild
ing
s
Ro
ads
Veh
icle
s
Mac
hin
ery
by
hu
man
bei
ng
s
Bas
edo
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enew
abil
ity
Qu
alit
yis
kn
ow
n&
bei
ng
use
d i
n p
rese
nt
Qu
alit
y m
ay n
ot
be
kn
ow
nan
d n
ot
in u
se a
t p
rese
nt
eg
. D
ark
So
il o
fD
ecca
n P
late
au
eg
. U
ran
ium
in
Lad
akh
Fo
un
dev
ery
wh
ere
Fo
un
d i
nce
rtai
n p
lace
eg
. L
and
Wat
erA
ir
eg
. C
op
per
Ren
e wab
le
Non-r
enew
able
Taketh
ousandsofyea
rs
tore
newor
reple
nish
eg
. C
oal
Pet
role
um
Nat
ura
l G
as
Ren
ewo
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rep
len
ish
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ick
ly
eg
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lar
ener
gy
eg
. Win
d e
ner
gy
Ab
ioti
cN
on
-liv
ing
thin
gs
So
il
Ro
cks
Min
eral
s
RESO
URCE
S & D
EVEL
OPM
ENT
Chap
ter
- 1 : R
esour
ces
12 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
La
nd
, S
oil,
Wa
ter,
Na
tura
l V
eget
ati
on &
Wil
dli
fe R
esou
rces
Inte
rcro
pp
ing
Co
nto
ur
plo
ug
hin
g
Sh
elte
rb
elts
Par
ent
rock
Cli
mat
ic f
acto
rs
Top
og
rap
hy
Tim
e
Lan
d
Ov
erex
plo
itat
ion
Co
nta
min
atio
n
Wat
er h
arv
esti
ng
to s
ave
surf
ace
run
o
ff.
Pro
per
ch
eck
ing
of
can
als.
Rai
nw
ater
har
ves
tin
g.
Tem
per
atu
re
Mo
istu
re
Rai
nfa
ll
Scr
ub
s
Tun
dra
Aw
aren
ess
Pro
gra
mm
es
Nat
ion
alP
ark
s
Wil
dli
fesa
nct
uar
ies
Law
s ag
ain
stk
illi
ng
of
bir
ds
and
an
imal
s
Mu
lch
ing
Co
nto
ur
bar
rier
s
Terr
ace
farm
ing
Wate
r
Fo
rest
Gra
ssla
nd
s
Cli
mat
icC
on
dit
ion
Bio
sph
ere
rese
rves
Aw
aren
ess
Pro
gra
mm
es
So
cial
fore
stry
Van
Mo
hat
sav
Ag
ricu
ltu
re
Fo
rest
ry
Min
ing
Bu
ild
ing
Ro
ads
Ind
ust
ries
Po
pu
lati
on
Tech
no
log
y
Org
anic
mat
eria
l
Top
og
rap
hy
So
il
Cli
mat
e
Aff
ore
stat
ion
Lan
dre
clam
atio
n
Reg
ula
ted
use
of
chem
ical
pes
tici
des
Pro
per
use
of
fert
iliz
ers
Ch
eck
on
ov
erg
razi
ng
Def
ore
stat
ion
Ov
erg
razi
ng
Ov
eru
se o
f ch
emic
als
Rai
n w
ash
Lan
dsl
ides
& F
loo
d
Chap
ter
- 2
: lan
d, s
oil, wat
er, na
tura
l ve
get
ation
& W
ildl
ife
resour
ces
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 13
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Min
era
ls a
nd
Pow
er R
esou
rces
Ind
ust
ries
to
mak
ev
arie
ty o
f th
ing
s
Mac
hin
ery
Co
ok
war
e
Jew
elle
ry
Fu
el
Red
uce
was
tag
e
Rec
ycl
ing
Car
efu
lu
se
Typ
eso
fm
iner
als
Pla
tin
um
Tin
Iro
n o
re
Zin
c
Co
pp
erL
ead
Man
gan
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Nic
kel
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pp
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niu
m
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ld
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er
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igg
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den
erg
y
Nu
clea
rp
ow
er
Geo
ther
mal
ener
gy T
idal
ener
gy
Bio
gas
Non-Conventional
Chap
ter
- 3
: miner
als a
nd p
ower
res
our
ces
14 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
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Agri
cult
ure
Nee
ds
hig
h t
emp
erat
ure
,h
um
idit
y a
nd
rai
nfa
ll.
Gro
ws
bes
t in
allu
via
l cl
ayey
so
il.
Nee
ds
mo
der
ate
tem
per
atu
re a
nd
rain
fall
du
rin
gg
row
ing
,b
rig
ht
sun
shin
ed
uri
ng
har
ves
tin
g.
Nee
ds
low
rai
nfa
llan
d m
od
erat
ete
mp
erat
ure
.
Gro
ws
on
les
sfe
rti
lea
nd
san
dy
so
il.
Ne
ed
sm
od
era
tete
mp
erat
ure
, rai
nfa
llan
d l
ots
of
sun
shin
e.G
row
sin
wel
l d
rain
edfe
rtil
e so
il.
Gro
ws
bes
t in
bla
ckan
d a
llu
via
l so
il.
Nee
ds
hig
h t
emp
erat
ure
,h
eav
y r
ain
fall
an
d h
um
idcl
imat
e.
Gro
ws
in a
llu
via
lsa
nd
y l
oam
an
dcl
ay l
oam
y s
oil
.
Nee
ds
coo
lcl
imat
ean
dw
ell
dis
trib
ute
d r
ain
fall
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
yea
r.
Gro
ws
on
wel
ld
rain
ed l
oam
yso
il a
nd
gen
tle
slo
pes
.
Nee
ds
war
m a
nd
wet
cli
mat
e
Gro
ws
wel
l o
nw
ell
dra
ined
lo
amy
soil
on
hil
l sl
op
es.
Ref
ers
to e
ffo
rts
mad
e to
incr
ease
far
m p
rod
uct
ion
.
Sin
gle
cro
p o
f te
a,co
ffee
,co
tto
net
c.ar
e g
row
n.
Req
uir
es l
arg
e am
ou
nt
of
lab
ou
r &
cap
ital
.
Th
e p
rod
uce
is p
roce
ssed
in f
arm
its
elf.
Liv
e st
ock
is
also
rea
red
.
Cro
ps
lik
e w
hea
t an
dg
rain
are
gro
wn
fo
rco
mm
erci
al p
urp
ose
.
Mo
st o
f th
e w
ork
is
do
ne
by
mac
hin
es.
Pra
ctic
ed t
o m
eet
the
farm
er's
nee
ds.
Lo
w l
evel
of
tech
no
log
yan
dh
ou
seh
old
lab
ou
rar
e u
sed
.
Cu
ltiv
ati
on
on
smal
l p
lots
wit
hsi
mp
le t
oo
ls.
Ab
an
do
ne
da
ft
er
so
illo
ses
fert
ilit
y.
Pra
ctic
ed
inar
id a
nd
sem
iar
id r
egio
n.
Her
dsm
en m
ov
efr
om
pla
ceto
pla
cew
ith
thei
ran
imal
s.
Tea
Coffee
Plantation
Agricultu
re
Mixed Farming
Nomadicherd
ing
Fo
od
cro
ps
and
fod
der
cro
ps
are
gro
wn
.
Incr
easi
ng
cro
pp
ed a
reas
Nu
mb
er o
fcr
op
s g
row
nIm
pro
vin
gir
rig
atio
n
Use
of
fert
iliz
ers
Use
of
hig
hy
ield
ing
see
ds
Mec
han
isat
ion
Ne
ed
sm
od
era
tete
mp
erat
ure
and
rain
fall
an
d l
ots
of
sun
lig
ht.
Millet
Gro
ws
bes
tin
lo
amy
so
il.
Ric
e
Pra
ctic
ed i
n a
reas
of
hea
vy
rai
nfa
ll.
Lan
d i
s cl
ean
edb
y b
urn
ing
tre
es.
Chap
ter
- 4
: agricu
ltur
e
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 15
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Ind
ust
ries
Use
min
eral
ore
asra
wm
ater
ial
eg. H
eav
ym
ach
iner
yra
ilw
ayco
ach
es.
Use
pla
nts
an
dan
imal
bas
edra
w m
ater
ial
eg. C
ott
on
, tex
tile
,v
eget
able
oil
Use
fo
rest
pro
du
ce a
sra
w m
ater
ial
eg. P
aper
,fu
rnit
ure
Use
sea
or
oce
anp
rod
uct
as
raw
mat
eria
l.
eg. F
ish
oil
Co
nv
erti
ng
raw
ma
teri
al
into
fin
ish
ed p
rod
uct
En
dp
rod
uct
Lo
cate
d i
n G
erm
any,
US
A,
Ch
ina,
Jap
an &
Ru
ssia
Iro
n o
re i
s co
nv
erte
din
to s
teel
Bh
ilai
, Du
rgap
ur,
Jam
shed
pu
r, B
ok
aro
in I
nd
ia.
Wea
vin
g c
loth
fro
m c
ott
on
,si
lk, j
ute
, fla
x an
d w
oo
l.
Man
mad
efi
bre
sli
ke
ny
lon
,ac
ryli
c, p
oly
este
r an
d r
ayo
nar
e al
so u
sed
.
Dea
ls i
n t
he
sto
rag
e,p
roce
ssin
g a
nd
dis
trib
uti
on
of
info
rmat
ion
.
Imp
ort
ant
cen
tres
-C
alif
orn
ia a
nd
Ben
gal
uru
Ow
ned
an
d o
per
ated
by
in
div
idu
als
or
gro
up
of
ind
ivid
ual
s.
eg. B
har
atH
eav
yE
lect
rica
ls L
td.
Ow
ned
an
do
per
ated
by
Go
ver
nm
ent.
eg. S
teel
Au
tho
rity
of
Ind
ia l
td.
Ow
ned
an
d o
per
ated
by
stat
ean
din
div
idu
als
or
gro
up
of
ind
ivid
ual
s.
eg. M
aru
tiU
day
og
Ltd
.
of
Siz
eC
lass
ific
atio
n
of
Ind
ust
ries
Eas
tern
No
rth
Am
eric
a
Wes
tern
& C
entr
al E
uro
pe
Eas
tern
Eu
rop
e
Eas
tern
Asi
a
Mu
mb
ai-P
un
e cl
ust
er
Ben
gal
uru
-Tam
il N
adu
reg
ion
Hu
bli
reg
ion
Ah
med
abad
-Vad
od
ara
reg
ion
Pri
vat
eS
ecto
r
Raw
mat
eria
l
Lab
ou
r
Lan
d
Tran
spo
rt
Po
wer
Av
aila
bil
ity
of
raw
mat
eria
l
Lan
d
Wat
er
Lab
ou
r
Po
wer
Cap
ital
Tran
spo
rt
Mar
ket
Ow
ned
an
d o
per
ated
by
pro
du
cers
or
sup
pli
ers
of
raw
mat
eria
ls, w
ork
ers
or
bo
th.
eg. A
nan
d M
ilk
Un
ion
Ltd
.
Use
les
s am
ou
nt
of
cap
ital
an
dte
chn
olo
gy.
Use
hig
h c
apit
alan
d s
up
erio
rte
chn
olo
gy.
eg.
Au
tom
ob
ile
eg. B
ask
etw
eav
ing
Chap
ter
- 5
: ind
ustr
ies
16 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
Hu
ma
nR
esou
rces
Po
pu
lati
on
py
ram
id(a
ge-
sex
py
ram
id)
Bo
tto
m r
efle
cts
chil
dre
n b
elo
w15
yea
rs a
nd
nu
mb
ero
f b
irth
s.
Top
ref
lect
s p
eop
leab
ov
e 65
yea
rs a
nd
nu
mb
er o
f d
eath
s.
Wo
rkin
g p
eop
le a
rein
mid
dle
. Th
ey a
reec
on
om
ical
ly a
ctiv
e.
Lo
w b
irth
rat
e an
d l
ow
dea
th r
ate(
bro
ad i
n t
he
mid
dle
) eg
. Jap
an
Hig
h b
irth
rat
e an
d l
ow
dea
thra
te(b
road
bas
ean
d m
idd
le)
eg. I
nd
ia
Hig
hb
irth
ra
tea
nd
hig
h d
eath
rat
e (b
road
bas
ean
d n
arro
w t
op
) eg
. Ken
ya
Nu
mb
er
of
pe
op
leli
vin
gin
au
nit
area
of
the
eart
h's
su
rfac
e.
Av
erag
e d
ensi
ty o
fp
op
ula
tio
nin
the
wh
ole
wo
rld
is51
per
son
/sq
km
.
So
uth
Cen
tral
Asi
a h
as t
he
hig
hes
td
ensi
tyfo
llo
wed
by
Eas
t &
So
uth
Eas
t A
sia.
Mo
rep
eop
leli
ve
inN
ort
her
n H
emis
ph
ere
tha
nin
So
uth
er
nH
emis
ph
ere
Stru
ctu
reof
the
pop
ula
tion
wit
hva
riou
sas
pec
t
Ag
e Sex Lit
erac
y l
evel
Occ
up
atio
n
Hea
lth
con
dit
ion
Inco
me
lev
el
Bir
ths
Dea
ths
Mig
rati
on
s
Ind
ust
ria
la
rea
sp
rov
ide
em
plo
ym
en
to
pp
ort
un
itie
s.H
en
ce
the
ya
red
en
sely
po
pu
late
d. e
g. O
sak
a in
Jap
an.
Pla
ces
wit
hre
lig
iou
so
rcu
ltu
ral
sig
nif
ican
ce a
ttra
ctp
eop
le e
g. V
aran
asi
Are
as
of
be
tte
rh
ou
sin
g,
edu
cati
on
,h
ealt
hfa
cili
ties
are
mo
re d
ense
ly p
op
ula
ted
eg. P
un
e
Cu
ltu
ral
fact
ors
Cli
mat
eP
eo
ple
av
oid
extr
eme
clim
ate.
Top
og
rap
hy
Peo
ple
pre
fer
toli
ve
in p
lain
are
a.
So
ilP
lace
sw
ith
fert
ile
soil
are
den
sely
po
pu
late
d.
Min
eral
sA
reas
wit
h m
iner
als
dep
osi
tsar
em
ore
po
pu
late
d.
Wat
erP
lace
sw
ith
fre
shw
ater
are
pre
ferr
ed.
Ref
ers
to t
he
way
in
wh
ich
pe
op
lea
resp
rea
da
cro
ssth
ew
orl
d.
Dis
trib
uti
on
is
extr
emel
y u
nev
en.
Ref
ers
toch
ang
ein
the
nu
mb
ero
fp
eop
led
uri
ng
a s
pec
ific
tim
e.
Ref
ers
to t
he
dif
fere
nce
bet
wee
nth
eb
irth
rate
and
the
dea
thra
teo
fa
cou
ntr
y.
Chap
ter
- 6
: hum
an r
esour
ces
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 17
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
Rig
ht
to E
qu
alit
y
Rig
ht
to F
reed
om
Rig
ht
agai
nst
Exp
loit
atio
n
Cu
ltu
ral
and
Ed
uca
tio
nal
Rig
ht
Rig
ht
toC
on
stit
uti
on
alR
emed
ies
Tell
s ab
ou
t fu
nd
amen
tal
nat
ure
of
the
soci
ety.
Ser
ve
asth
ese
to
fru
les
and
pri
nci
ple
sfo
r th
e ci
tize
ns.
Tell
s ab
ou
t th
e b
asis
of
the
way
inw
hic
hth
eci
tize
ns
wan
tth
eco
un
try
tob
eg
ov
ern
ed.
Incl
ud
es t
he
typ
eso
f g
ov
ern
men
t.
Pla
ys
an i
mp
ort
ant
fun
ctio
n i
n d
emo
crac
y.
Pre
ven
tsty
ran
ny
or
do
min
atio
n b
yth
em
ajo
rity
of
am
ino
rity
.
Hel
ps
top
rote
cta
ga
inst
cert
ain
wro
ng
dec
isio
ns.
Th
e In
dia
n C
on
stit
uti
on
gu
ara
nte
es
Un
ive
rsa
lA
du
lt S
uff
rag
e fo
r al
l.
Ref
ers
toth
eex
iste
nce
of
mo
reth
an
on
ele
ve
lo
fg
ov
ern
men
t in
th
e co
un
try.
Ref
ers
tosm
all
gro
up
of
pe
op
lere
spo
nsi
ble
for
imp
lem
en
tin
gla
wa
nd
run
nin
g t
he
go
ver
nm
ent.
Fundamental rights
The
Ind
ian
Con
stit
uti
on
Wh
yd
oes
ac o
un
try
nee
da
con
stit
uti
on
?
Lay
so
ut
idea
lsfo
r th
e co
un
try
Directive
En
sure
gre
ater
so
cial
& e
con
om
ic r
efo
rms.
Ser
ves
as
a g
uid
e to
ind
epen
den
t In
dia
nS
tate
to
in
stit
ute
law
s an
d p
oli
cies
.
KeyFe
atu
res
Th
eE
xecu
tive
Sep
arat
ion
of
Po
wer
Re
fers
toth
esy
stem
of
cou
rts.
Ref
ers
to t
he
elec
ted
rep
rese
nta
tiv
es.
AS
tate
that
do
esn
ot
pro
mo
te a
ny
on
e re
lig
ion
as t
he
stat
e re
lig
ion
.
Rig
ht
to F
reed
om
of
Rel
igio
n
TheLegislatu
re
Principles
Secu
lari
sm
SOCI
AL A
ND P
OLI
TICA
L LI
FE-I
IIUN
IT :
I Ch
apte
r - 1 : t
he in
dian
cons
titu
tion
18 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
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Man
dat
es t
he
Ind
ian
stat
e b
e se
cula
r st
ate.
On
ere
lig
iou
sco
mm
un
ity
do
es n
ot
do
min
ate
ano
ther
.
So
me
mem
ber
sd
on
ot
do
min
ate
oth
er m
emb
ers
of
the
sam
ere
lig
iou
sco
mm
un
ity.
Imp
ort
ance
of
sep
arat
ing
Top
rote
ctfr
eed
om
of
ind
ivid
ual
s to
em
bra
cean
y r
elig
ion
.
Und
erst
and
ing
Sec
ula
rism
Th
e st
ate
do
es n
ot
inte
rfer
ew
ith
rel
igio
us
pra
ctic
es.
To p
rev
ent
reli
gio
n b
ased
dis
crim
inat
ion
of
low
erca
stes
, th
e co
nst
itu
tio
nb
ans
un
tou
chab
ilit
y.
Th
est
ate
do
esn
ot
enfo
rce
ap
arti
cula
rre
lig
ion
no
rta
ke
any
rel
igio
us
free
do
m.
Th
e g
ov
ern
men
t sc
ho
ol
can
no
tp
rom
ote
on
ep
arti
cula
r re
lig
ion
.
It p
roh
ibit
s th
ed
om
inat
ion
of
on
ere
lig
ion
ov
er a
no
ther
.
reli
gio
nfr
om
t he
stat
e.
Chap
ter
- 2
: und
ersta
nding s
ecul
arism
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 19
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Th
ero
leo
fth
e
info
rmth
e G
ov
ern
men
t
Th
eP
arl
iam
en
tb
eg
ins
wit
h q
ues
tio
n a
s to
ho
w t
og
et
info
rma
tio
na
bo
ut
wo
rkin
g o
f g
ov
ern
men
t.
Sig
nif
ican
t fu
nct
ion
fo t
he
Par
liam
ent.
Co
nsi
sts
of
the
Pre
sid
ent,
the
Ra
jya
Sa
bh
aa
nd
the
Lo
k S
abh
a .
All
citi
zen
sh
ave
the
rig
ht
to v
ote
.
Pe
op
le's
de
cisi
on
sm
ake
the
dif
fere
nce
.
Th
ed
esi
red
app
rov
al a
nd
pa
rtic
ipa
tio
no
f p
eop
le.
Cit
izen
is
the
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant. T
he
Par
liam
ent,
wh
ich
ism
ade
up
of
all
rep
rese
nta
tiv
es
tog
eth
er
con
tro
ls a
nd
gu
ides
th
e g
ov
ern
men
t.Why
do
We
Nee
d a
Pa
rlia
men
t ?
NationalGovernment
Op
po
siti
on
pla
ys
acr
uci
alr
ole
an
dh
igh
lig
hts
dra
wb
ack
sin
po
lici
es.
Itg
ive
sfe
ed
ba
ck
toth
eg
ov
ern
men
t.
Lo
k S
abh
a se
lect
sth
e ex
ecu
tiv
e.
Th
e R
ajy
a S
abh
a fu
nct
ion
sas
the
rep
rese
nta
tiv
eo
fst
ate.
Law making
Wh
ysh
ou
ldp
eop
led
ecid
e?
Par
liam
ent
UNIT
: II
Chap
ter
- 3
: why
do w
e ne
ed a
par
liam
ent
?
20 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
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Und
erst
and
ing
La
ws
con
tro
ver
sial
law
s
By
ho
ldin
gm
eeti
ng
s
By
wri
tin
g i
nn
ews
pap
ers
By
rep
ort
ing
to
new
s ch
ann
els
Peo
ple
hav
e ri
gh
t to
pro
test
agai
nst
un
just
law
s.
No
on
e is
ab
ov
e la
w
An
y c
rim
e o
r v
iola
tio
no
fla
ws
has
asp
ecif
icp
un
ish
men
t.
Ina
nci
en
tIn
dia
law
s d
id n
ot
app
lyeq
ual
ly t
o a
ll.
Bri
tish
co
lon
ial
arb
itra
ryru
lew
as c
riti
cize
d.
Par
liam
ent
chan
ges
such
law
s
law
sco
me
abo
ut
?
Par
liam
ent
is s
ensi
tiv
e to
peo
ple
'sp
rob
lem
san
dm
akes
law
s fo
r th
em.
Fo
r in
stan
ce, t
he
iss
ue
of
do
mes
tic
vio
len
ce w
asb
rou
gh
t to
th
e at
ten
tio
no
f P
arli
amen
t an
dD
om
esti
c V
iole
nce
Act
2005
was
im
ple
men
ted
. Cit
izen
s p
lay
cru
cial
ro
le i
nh
elp
ing
par
liam
ent
fram
ed
iffe
ren
t co
nce
rns.
So
me
tim
es l
aws
are
val
idan
dle
gal
bu
tu
np
op
ula
ran
d u
nac
cep
tab
le.
Cit
izen
sca
ncr
itic
ize
such
law
s
Th
e C
ou
rt h
as p
ow
erto
mo
dif
yo
rca
nce
lsu
ch l
aws.
All
peo
ple
are
equ
alb
efo
rela
w i
rres
pec
tiv
e o
f re
lig
ion
,ca
ste
or
gen
der
.
Un
po
pu
lar
and
Chap
ter
- 4
: und
ersta
nding l
aws
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 21
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
Ju
dic
iary
Ro
leo
fth
e
Jud
icia
ry
Hig
hco
urt
s
Suprem
eco
urt
Th
eJu
dic
iary
pla
ys
ind
epen
den
tro
lew
ith
no
in
terf
eren
ce o
f th
e E
xecu
tiv
e.P
rote
cts
Fu
nd
amen
tal
Rig
hts
.
Pro
vid
esm
ech
anis
mfo
r
reso
lvin
gd
isp
ute
sbe
twee
n
Cit
izen
s &
th
eg
ov
ern
men
t
Two
sta
teg
ov
ern
men
t
Th
e ce
ntr
al a
nd
stat
e g
ov
ern
men
ts
Has
th
e p
ow
er t
o s
trik
e d
ow
np
arti
cula
rla
ws
ifth
eyv
iola
teth
eb
asi
cst
ruct
ure
of
the
con
stit
uti
on
.
Ev
ery
citi
zen
can
app
roac
hco
urt
if
his
/her
Fu
nd
amen
tal
Rig
hts
hav
e b
een
vio
late
d.
At
dis
tric
tle
vel
At
stat
ele
vel
At
cen
tral
lev
el
ofth
ele
gal
syst
em
Dea
ls w
ith
an
y h
arm
or
inju
ryto
rig
hts
toin
div
idu
als.
Ap
etit
ion
has
tob
efi
led
bef
ore
the
rele
van
tco
urt
by
th
e af
fect
ed p
arty
on
ly.
Dea
lsw
ith
the
acts
or
con
du
ct w
hic
h l
awd
efin
es a
s o
ffen
ces.
Usu
ally
beg
ins
wit
hlo
dg
ing
FIR
wit
h p
oli
ce w
ho
in
ves
tig
ate
the
crim
eaf
ter
wh
ich
case
isfi
led
in
co
urt
.
All
cit
izen
s h
ave
acce
ss t
o t
he
cou
rt.
Leg
al p
roce
ss i
nv
olv
es a
lo
t o
f m
on
ey.
Hen
ce p
oo
r p
eop
le a
vo
id.
Pu
bli
c I
nte
rest
Lit
igat
ion
(P
IL)
can
be
file
d o
n b
ehal
f o
f th
ose
wh
ose
rig
hts
are
vio
late
d.
Th
e co
urt
in
terp
rets
Fu
nd
amen
tal
rig
hts
.
Th
e Ju
dic
iary
ser
ves
as
ach
eck
on
the
po
wer
of
the
Exe
cuti
ve
and
the
Leg
isla
ture
.
Cit
izen
s
UNIT
: 3 C
hapt
er - 5
: ju
diciar
y
22 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
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Fu
nd
amen
t al
Rig
hts
giv
ento
ever
ya r
r est
edp
erso
n
.
To i
nv
esti
gat
e ab
ou
tco
mm
issi
on
of
crim
e.
To r
eco
rd s
tate
men
to
f th
e w
itn
ess.
Tofi
lech
arg
esh
eet
inth
eco
urt
ifth
eev
iden
cep
oin
tto
th
e g
uil
t o
f th
e ac
cuse
d.
Toin
ves
tig
ate
inac
cord
ance
wit
h l
aw a
nd
wit
h f
ull
res
pec
tfo
r h
um
an r
igh
ts.
No
t to
to
rtu
re o
rp
un
ish
an
yo
ne
du
rin
gin
ves
tig
atio
n.
Th
e ri
gh
t to
be
info
rmed
ab
ou
tth
e o
ffen
ce a
t th
e ti
me
of
arre
st.
Th
e ri
gh
t to
be
pre
sen
ted
bef
ore
mag
istr
ate
wit
hin
24 h
ou
rs o
f ar
rest
.
Th
e ri
gh
t n
ot
to b
e il
ltr
eate
d i
n c
ust
od
y.
Co
nfe
ssio
nm
ade
inp
oli
cecu
sto
dy
can
no
tb
eu
sed
asev
iden
ce a
gai
nst
th
e ac
cuse
d.
Ab
oy
un
der
15y
ears
and
a w
om
an c
an n
ot
be
call
edo
nly
fo
r q
ues
tio
nin
g.
Und
erst
and
ing O
ur
Cri
min
al
Ju
stic
e S
yst
em
Roleof Ju
dge
Co
nd
uct
str
ial
imp
arti
ally
inan
op
en c
ou
rt.
Hea
rs a
ll t
he
wit
nes
ses
and
oth
ers
evid
ence
s.
Se
nd
sth
ep
ers
on
toja
ilo
rim
po
ses
fin
e o
r b
oth
, dep
end
ing
on
wh
at t
he
law
pre
scri
bes
.
En
sure
sth
at
Art
icle
21
of
the
Co
nst
itu
tio
n,
that
gu
ara
nte
es
tha
tri
gh
to
fli
feca
nb
eta
ke
na
wa
yo
nly
by
ju
st l
egal
pro
ced
ure
is u
ph
eld
.
En
sure
sth
atev
ery
citi
zen
,w
ith
ou
t an
y d
isti
nct
ion
get
s a
fair
tra
il w
hen
acc
use
d.
Pro
no
un
ces
the
sen
ten
ceif
th
e ac
cuse
d i
s co
nv
icte
d.
Dec
ides
wh
eth
er t
he
acc
use
dis
gu
ilty
or
inn
oce
nt.
Manag
ing
ofa
Fair
Tria
l
It i
s co
mp
uls
ory
fo
ran
off
icer
inch
arg
eo
fp
oli
cest
atio
nto
reg
iste
r an
FIR
.
Th
ein
form
ati
on
can
be
giv
en o
rall
yo
r in
wri
tin
g.
FIR
in
clu
des
nam
ean
d a
dd
ress
of
the
com
pla
inan
t
Th
ere
is a
pre
scri
bed
form
to
reg
iste
r an
FIR
Th
e co
mp
lain
ant
has
ale
gal
rig
ht
tog
eta
free
co
py
of
the
FIR
.
To f
oll
ow
th
e g
uid
elin
es l
aid
by
th
e su
pre
me
cou
rt a
t th
eti
me
of
arre
st
Chap
ter
- 6
: und
ersta
nding o
ur c
rimina
l ju
stice
sys
tem
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 23
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Th
ere
are
sev
eral
mo
re m
arg
inal
ised
com
mu
nit
ies
lik
e D
alit
s.
Mu
slim
sa
re13
.4%
of
Ind
ia's
po
pu
lati
on
.
A h
igh
lev
el c
om
mit
tee
was
set
up
in
200
5 fo
r u
pli
ftm
ent.
Fo
rest
s p
lay
sa
cru
cial
ro
le
In t
od
ay’s
wo
rld
ad
ivas
isar
eco
nsi
der
edm
arg
inal
and
po
wer
less
.
Trad
itio
nal
ly r
ang
edh
un
ter-
ga
the
rers
and
no
mad
s.
Are
cau
gh
tin
cycl
eo
fp
ov
ert
ya
nd
dep
riv
atio
ns,
Alm
ost
45%
in
ru
ral
area
s an
d35
% i
n u
rban
are
as l
ive
un
der
po
ver
ty l
ine.
Und
erst
and
ing
Ma
rgin
ali
sati
on
Tob
efo
rced
too
ccu
py
the
sid
esan
d n
ot
be
at t
he
cen
ter
of
thin
gs.
Tom
ake
cert
ain
gro
up
sin
soci
ety
feel
mar
gin
alis
edd
ue
toec
on
om
ic,
soci
al,
cult
ura
l o
r p
oli
tica
l fa
cto
rs.
So
met
imes
mar
gin
alis
edg
rou
ps
are
vie
wed
wit
h h
ost
ilit
y a
nd
fea
r.
be socia
lly
Ref
ers
to o
rig
inal
inh
abit
ants
.
Co
mm
un
itie
sw
ho
hav
eli
ved
in
clo
se a
sso
ciat
ion
wit
h f
ore
sts.
Pra
ctic
e a
ran
ge
of
trib
al r
elig
ion
s.
Wo
rsh
ip a
nce
sto
rs,
ow
nv
illa
ge
an
dn
atu
re s
pir
its.
Hav
e th
eir
ow
nla
ng
ua
ges
lik
eS
anth
ali.
Stereotyping
Liv
ein
va
rio
us
sta
tes
lik
eG
uja
rat,
Mah
aras
htr
a, R
ajas
than
, Wes
t B
eng
al, O
dis
ha,
Jhar
kh
and
an
d n
ort
h e
aste
rn s
tate
s.
Po
rtra
yed
in
co
lorf
ul
cost
um
es,
hea
dg
ear
and
th
eir
dan
ce.
Bla
me
dfo
rth
eir
lack
of
adv
ance
men
t.
Bel
iev
ed t
o h
ave
pri
mit
ive
ba
ck-
gro
un
d.
Fo
r th
e p
ast
two
hu
nd
red
yea
rs a
div
asis
hav
eb
ee
nfo
rce
dto
mig
rate
as
wo
rke
rin
pla
nta
tio
ns,
in
du
stri
es a
nd
as
do
mes
tic
hel
p.
Du
e to
cle
anin
g o
f fo
rest
s, A
div
asis
/tri
bal
sh
ave
mig
rate
d t
o c
itie
s i
n s
earc
h o
f w
ork
.
Ref
ers
to c
om
mu
nit
ies
wh
ich
are
less
inn
um
ber
inre
lati
on
to r
est
of
the
po
pu
lati
on
.
Nee
d t
o b
e sa
feg
uar
ded
.
Co
nst
itu
tio
n s
afeg
uar
ds
as i
sco
mm
itte
d t
o p
rote
ct I
nd
ia's
cu
ltu
ral
div
ersi
ty a
nd
pro
mo
tin
g e
qu
alit
y.
Ma
rgin
ali
sed
com
mu
nit
ies
wan
t to
mai
nta
in t
hei
r cu
ltu
ral
dis
tin
ctiv
enes
sw
hil
eh
avin
gac
cess
to
ov
eral
l d
evel
op
men
t.
Cu
sto
ms
lik
e w
eari
ng
Bu
rqa
mak
e th
em d
iffe
ren
t.
Bel
iev
ed t
o b
ere
sist
ant
to c
han
ge
or
new
id
eas.
UNIT
: 4
Chap
ter
- 7
: und
ersta
nding m
arginal
isat
ion
24 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
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Th
eS
ched
ule
dC
ast e
san
dth
eS
ched
ule
dTr
ibes
(P
rev
enti
on
of
Atr
oci
ties
)A
ct,1
989
Mar
gin
alis
ed h
ave
dra
wn
th
ese
rig
hts
in t
wo
way
s.
Hav
e fo
rced
th
e G
ov
ern
men
tto
reco
gn
ise
the
inju
stic
ed
on
e o
f th
em.
Hav
e in
sist
ed t
he
go
ver
nm
ent
enfo
rce
thes
e la
ws.
Un
tou
chab
ilit
yh
as b
een
ab
oli
shed
(Art
icle
-17)
.
Art
icle
15o
fth
eC
on
stit
uti
on
stat
esth
atn
oci
tize
n o
f In
dia
sh
all
be
dis
crim
inat
ed a
gai
nst
on
th
e b
asis
of
reli
gio
n, r
ace,
cas
te, s
ex, e
tc.
Dal
its
can
inv
ok
eF
un
dam
enta
lR
igh
ts w
hen
th
ey f
eel
they
hav
eb
een
tre
ated
bad
ly.
Sp
ecif
ic l
aws
and
po
lici
esfo
r th
e M
arg
inal
ised
.
Po
lici
es a
nd
sch
eme
emer
ge
thro
ug
h c
om
mit
tees
or
surv
eys.
Go
ver
nm
ent
pro
mo
tes
such
po
lici
es.
Th
e ac
td
isti
ng
uis
hes
sev
eral
lev
els
of
crim
e.
Fo
r in
stan
ce, f
orc
ing
to d
rin
k o
r ea
t in
edib
leo
r o
bn
oxi
ou
s su
bst
ance
.
Fo
r in
stan
ce, w
ron
gfu
lly
occ
up
yin
g l
and
of
mar
gin
alis
ed.
Fu
nd
amen
tal
rig
hts
are
avai
lab
leto
all
Ind
ian
s eq
ual
ly.
Con
fron
ting
Ma
rgin
ali
sati
on
Go
ver
nm
ent
crea
tes
spec
ific
sch
eme
for
imp
lem
enta
tio
n i
n t
rib
al a
reas
or
in a
reas
wit
h h
igh
Dal
it p
op
ula
tio
n.
Fo
r in
stan
ce, f
orc
ed t
o p
arad
en
aked
wit
h p
ain
ted
fac
e(a
ny
act
der
og
ato
ry t
oh
um
an d
ign
ity
).
Ou
r co
un
try
has
sp
ecif
ic l
aws
that
gu
ard
ag
ain
st t
he
dis
crim
inat
ion
an
d e
xplo
itat
ion
of
the
mar
gin
alis
ed.
Ad
ivas
i A
ctiv
ists
ref
er t
oit
tod
efen
dth
eir
rig
hts
to o
ccu
py
th
eir
lan
d.
Lan
d b
elo
ng
ing
to
tri
bal
sca
n n
ot
be
sold
or
bo
ug
ht
by
no
n-t
rib
al p
eop
le.
Th
isac
tw
asfr
amed
inre
spo
nse
tod
eman
ds
mad
e b
y D
alit
s an
d o
ther
s th
atg
ov
ern
men
tm
ust
tak
eh
um
ilia
tio
nan
dil
l tr
eatm
ent
they
fac
e se
rio
usl
y.
Lis
ts a
ctio
ns
that
dis
po
sses
s D
alit
san
d A
div
asi
of
thei
r re
sou
rces
or
forc
e th
em i
nto
sla
ve
lab
ou
r.
Go
ver
nm
ent
also
op
erat
esth
rou
gh
law
s to
en
sure
th
atco
ncr
ete
step
s ar
e ta
ken
.
Chap
ter
- 8 :
conf
ront
ing m
arginal
isat
ion
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII [ 25
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Ad
equ
ate
wat
er s
up
ply
in p
osh
are
as.
Ess
enti
alfo
rli
fe a
nd
go
od
hea
lth
.
Ind
ia h
as o
ne
of
the
larg
est
nu
mb
ero
fc
as
es
of
wa
ter
bo
rne
dis
ease
s.
Un
de
rA
rtic
le2
1,
Rig
ht
toW
ater
isa
par
t o
f R
igh
t to
Lif
e.
Rig
ht
tos
afe
dri
nk
ing
wat
er i
sa
Fu
nd
am
en
tal
Rig
ht.
Ele
ctri
city
Pu
bli
c tr
ansp
ort
.
Sch
oo
ls a
nd
co
lleg
es.
Ben
efit
s ca
n b
e sh
ared
by
man
y p
eop
le.
Rig
ht
to w
ater
hea
lth
, ed
uca
tio
net
c., i
s a
par
to
f R
igh
t to
Lif
e.
Go
ver
nm
ent
mu
ste
nsu
rea
de
qu
ate
pu
bli
cfa
cili
ties
for
ever
yo
ne.
So
me
pe
op
lea
rgu
eth
at p
riv
ate
com
pan
ies
sho
uld
tak
eo
ver
the
task
of
wat
er s
up
ply
.
Acu
te w
ater
sho
rtag
ein
sum
mer
.
Sh
ort
age
of
wat
eris
tak
en a
s fa
ilu
re o
fg
ov
ern
men
t.
To e
nsu
re t
hat
pu
bli
cfa
cili
ties
are
mad
eav
aila
ble
to
ev
ery
on
e.
To c
oll
ect
taxe
s an
d u
seth
emfo
rsu
ch(p
ub
lic
faci
liti
es)
pro
gra
ms.
Co
st i
np
um
pin
g w
ater
.
Car
ryin
g t
olo
ng
dis
tan
ces.
Lay
ing
do
wn
pip
es.
Trea
tin
gw
ater
Pu
blic
Fa
cili
ties
Wat
er i
s av
aila
ble
in
dif
fere
nt
qu
anta
tod
iffe
ren
t p
eop
le.
Inad
equ
ate
wat
ersu
pp
ly i
n o
ther
are
as.
Inad
equ
ate
wat
er s
up
ply
.
Mee
ts e
xpen
ses
par
tly
fro
mta
xes
and
par
tly
by
ch
arg
ing
fo
r w
ater
.
Mu
nic
ipal
su
pp
lym
eets
on
lyab
ou
th
alf
the
nee
d.
Bu
rden
of
sho
rtfa
lls
in w
ater
fal
ls o
n t
he
po
or.
Tota
ke
care
of
peo
ple
'sb
asic
nee
ds.
Trea
tin
gw
aste
wat
er
UNIT
: 5 C
hapt
er - 9
: pu
blic f
acilities
26 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VIII
To know about more useful books for class-8 click here
To
en
sure
tha
tth
eu
nfa
irp
ract
ices
are
kep
t at
a m
inim
um
in t
he
mar
ket
s.
Whatis
Un
fair
pra
ctic
esm
ust
be
chec
ked
.
To e
nsu
re t
hat
su
chla
ws
are
enfo
rced
.
No
on
e ca
n b
e fo
rced
to
wo
rkfo
rlo
ww
ages
or
un
der
bo
nd
age.
No
ch
ild
bel
ow
th
e ag
e o
f 14
yea
rssh
all
be
emp
loy
ed t
o w
ork
in
an
yfa
cto
ry, m
ines
or
any
oth
erh
azar
do
us
emp
loy
men
t.
Th
ew
orl
d's
wo
rst
ind
ust
rial
trag
edy
lo
ok
pla
ce i
n B
ho
pal
on
2 D
ecem
ber
198
4.
Me
thy
l-Is
oc
ya
na
tes(
MIC
)a
hig
hly
po
iso
no
us
ga
sst
art
ed
lea
kin
ga
tm
idn
igh
t fr
om
Un
ion
Car
bid
e C
om
pan
y.
Un
ion
Ca
rbid
e(a
nA
me
ric
an
Co
mp
any
) st
op
ped
its
op
erat
ion
an
dle
ft b
ehin
d t
on
s o
f to
xic
chem
ical
s.
Wit
hin
thre
ed
ays
mo
reth
an80
00 p
eop
le d
ied
an
d h
un
dre
do
f th
ou
san
ds
wer
e m
aim
ed.
Du
eto
un
em
plo
ym
en
tw
ork
ers
are
wil
lin
gto
wo
rkin
un
sa
fec
on
dit
ion
even
atlo
ww
ages
.P
eop
le a
re s
till
fig
hti
ng
for
just
ice
for
safe
wat
er,
hea
lth
care
an
d j
ob
s.
Fo
reig
n c
om
pan
ies
com
eto
Ind
iafo
rch
eap
er l
abo
ur.
Lo
ng
wo
rkin
gh
ou
r fo
r lo
w p
ay.
Wa
ge
sin
US
Aa
reh
igh
er t
han
in
po
ore
rco
un
trie
s li
ke
Ind
ia.
Lo
wer
wo
rkin
gco
nd
itio
na
nd
safe
ty m
easu
res.
Str
on
g, p
ract
ical
law
sm
ust
be
imp
lem
ente
d. B
oth
pri
vat
e co
mp
anie
san
d g
ov
ern
men
t m
ust
act
in t
he
inte
rest
of
soci
ety.
New
law
st o
Pro
tect
the
En
vir
on
men
tL
aw
and
Soc
ial
Ju
xti
ce
Th
eg
ov
ern
men
th
asto
en
cou
rag
ea
nd
sup
po
rtfa
cto
ries
tog
rad
ua
lly
mo
ve
tocl
ean
er t
ech
no
log
ies.
Ev
ery
on
e m
ust
hav
eac
cess
to
cle
anen
vir
on
men
t.
To e
nsu
re t
hat
wo
rker
s’li
vel
iho
od
are
pro
tect
edan
d p
eop
le e
njo
y a
saf
een
vir
on
men
t.
Th
ep
oll
ute
ris
tob
eh
eld
acco
un
tab
le f
or
the
dam
age
do
ne
to t
he
env
iro
nm
ent.
Go
ver
nm
ent
isre
spo
nsi
ble
for
sett
ing
up
law
s th
at c
anch
eck
po
llu
tio
n,c
lean
riv
eran
din
tro
du
ceh
eav
yfi
ne
for
tho
se w
ho
po
llu
te.
Th
e g
ov
ern
men
t is
sup
po
sed
to
en
sure
that
saf
ety
law
s ar
eim
ple
men
ted
.
To e
nsu
re t
hat
Rig
ht
to L
ife
isn
ot
vio
late
d.
Wit
hm
ore
ind
ust
ries
by
loca
lan
dfo
reig
nb
usi
nes
sth
ere
is a
nee
d o
f st
ron
ger
law
sp
rote
ctin
gw
ork
ers’
rig
hts
.
To e
nsu
re t
hat
wo
rker
s ar
ep
aid
ad
equ
atel
y.
Chap
ter
- 10
: la
w a
nd s
ocial
jus
tice