nutrients carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins minerals water food pyramid
TRANSCRIPT
Nutrients
• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins• Vitamins• Minerals• Water
Food Pyramid
Digestion of Carbohydrates• Three enzymes required
-amylase
-amylase
Debranching Enzyme
-amylase
-amylase
Debranching Enzyme
Digestion of Carbohydrates
debranching enzyme
Digestion of Fats
• Require Bile Salts for Solubilization
• Require Lipases to Break Down
• Transported via Chylomicrons
Transport of Fats
Digestion of Proteins• Proteases hydrolyze the
peptide bond• Different proteases cleave
proteins at specific positions
Chymotrypsin Cleavage Sites
R1 N
O
H
R2 OH2 R1
O
ON
H
R2HH+ +
+
Specificity of Proteases• Chymotrpsin
– Cleaves after large nonpolar residues
• Tyrpsin– Cleaves after
Arg and Lys residues
• Elastase– Cleaves after
small nonpolar residues
Regulation of Proteases and Lipases: Proenzymes
Enzyme Cascades – 1 10 1000 10000
Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids
• Essential Fatty Acids
• Linoleic (18C, 2 Double Bonds)
• Linolenic (18C, 3 Double Bonds)
Vitamins• Required for Normal Growth and Function
• Organic Molecules
• Synthetically Complex
• Precursors to Enzyme Cofactors
• Grouped as Water-soluble or Fat-soluble
Water vs. Fat-soluble Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C
Vitamin C Deficiency Leads to Scurvy
Vitamin C
Vitamin K is Required for Clot Formation
Background on Folate and B12 Metabolism. http://www.hscbklyn.edu/SUNY/Biochem/ALCOHOL/alcohol_folate_bkgd.html
http://www.hscbklyn.edu/SUNY/Biochem/ALCOHOL/alcohol_case1.html
Case Study of Folate Deficiency and Biochemical Considerations
Folic Acid is reduced to THF
N
N
NH
N
CH2 N
H
NH2
O
H
C
O
N CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
H
N
N
NH
N
CH2 N
H
NH2
O
H
C
O
N CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
H
H
H
HH
folic acid
pterin
p-aminobenzoate
gultamic acid
THF
pterin
p-aminobenzoate
gultamic acid
Enzyme cofactor: thymidylate synthase
Folic Acid is reduced to THF
N
N
NH
N
CH2 N
H
NH2
O
H
C
O
N CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
H
N
N
NH
N
CH2 N
H
NH2
O
H
C
O
N CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
H
H
H
HH
folic acid
pterin
p-aminobenzoate
gultamic acid
THF
pterin
p-aminobenzoate
gultamic acid
Enzyme cofactor: thymidylate synthase
Folic Acid is reduced to THF
N
N
NH
N
CH2 N
H
NH2
O
H
C
O
N CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
H
N
N
NH
N
CH2 N
H
NH2
O
H
C
O
N CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
H
H
H
HH
folic acid
pterin
p-aminobenzoate
gultamic acid
THF
pterin
p-aminobenzoate
gultamic acid
Enzyme cofactor: thymidylate synthase
Folic Acid is Converted to THF
N
N
NH
N
CH2 N
H
NH2
O
H
C
O
N CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
H
N
N
NH
N
CH2 N
H
NH2
O
H
C
O
N CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
H
H
H
HH
folic acid
pterin
p-aminobenzoate
gultamic acid
THF
pterin
p-aminobenzoate
gultamic acid
thymidylate synthase: dUMP + methylene-THF --- > dTMP + dihydrofolate (DHF)
Thymine (T)Uracil (U)
Folic Acid is Converted to THF
thymidylate synthase: dUMP + methylene-THF --- > dTMP + dihydrofolate (DHF)
Thymine (T)Uracil (U)
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?job=graphics&pdbId=2KCE&page=99&pid=286001115140247
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity
Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity