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Nutrients and Water Quality in the Indian River Lagoon Brian E. Lapointe, Laura W. Herren, & David D. Debortoli Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University Marine Ecosystem Health Program March 26, 2013

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Page 1: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Nutrients and Water Quality in the Indian River Lagoon

Brian E. Lapointe, Laura W. Herren, & David D. Debortoli

Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic Universityg p yMarine Ecosystem Health Program

March 26, 2013

Page 2: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

U. S. National Academy of Sciences

"The fundamental drivingThe fundamental driving force is the accumulation 

of nitrogen and gphosphorus in fresh water on its way to the sea." 

Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of 

Nutrient Pollution.(NRC, 2000)

Page 3: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Nutrient Pollution“Th t i d“The most pervasive and 

troubling pollution problem currently facing U.S. coastal 

”waters.”

(U S C i i O P li(U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy.An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century.

Final Report.Washington, D.C., 2004.Washington, D.C., 2004.ISBN #0‐9759462‐0‐X.)

Page 4: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Human Development, Land‐Use and Eutrophication in the IRLp

• Land‐Useurban 39%urban  39%agriculture     24%forest  4.5%wetlandwetland

12.1%range 20.8%

• Eutrophic ConditionModerate to high nitrogen inputHigh susceptibility (low flushing)S b t ti l i f t hSubstantial expression of eutrophyNutrient symptoms likely to worsen

From: Bricker et al. 2007 National EstuarineEutrophication Assessment, NOAA, Silver Springs, MD

Page 5: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Project Goals20 IRL Sites + 4 Reference Sites

1. Use multiple lines of evidence (dissolved nutrients C N P and δ15Nnutrients,  C:N:P and δ15N in macroalgae) to assess spatial/temporal patterns i t i t N Pin nutrients, N‐ vs. P‐limitation of algal growth, and N sources fueling 

t hi ti i th IRLeutrophication in the IRL.

2. Improve water quality in p q ythe IRL by providing high‐quality, user‐friendly data to resource managers and gpolicy‐makers.

Page 6: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Indian River County SitesCIRL 1 = St. Sebastian River MouthCIRL 2 = Main Relief CanalCIRL 3 = South CanalCIRL 3 = South CanalReference Site 1 = Ambersand Wormrock Reef

Page 7: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

1. Collect water and macroalgae and document field conditionsdocument field conditions

2. Remove epibionts from algae, rinse dry grind and analyze forrinse, dry, grind, and analyze for natural abundances of stable N & C isotopes and C:N:P contents 

3.  Filter water and analyze for dissolved nutrients 

Page 8: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

ML

Dry Wet

ML

ML

BR

ML

BRNIRL

BR

NIRL

BRBR

NIRL

CIRL

NIRLNIRL

CIRL

CIRL

6 8 SSRM

SIRL

CIRL

SIRL

CIRL

SIRL

6.8 SSRM19.9 MRC20.5 SC

REF

SIRLSIRL

REF

SIRL

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

REFREF2011 

Salinity (ppt)

Page 9: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

ML

Dry Wet

ML

ML

BRBRNIRLBR

July 2011

NIRLNIRL

CIRL

NIRL

CIRL

CIRL

CIRL

SIRL

CIRL

SIRLSIRLSIRLSIRL

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

REFREF2011 

Chlorophyll a (μg/l)

Page 10: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

ML

Dry WetML

ML

BRNIRLBR

BR

NIRLNIRL

CIRL

CIRL

CIRL

SIRLSIRL SIRL

CIRL

16.0 SSRM20.4 MRC19.8 SC

REF

SIRLSIRL SIRL

REF

IRC 10.0SLC 1.8

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

REFREF

1

2011 DIN (μM) 

MC 1.3PBC 1.3

Page 11: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

ML

Dry Wet

ML

ML

BRBRNIRLBR

NIRLNIRL

CIRLCIRL

CIRL

SIRLSIRLSIRL

3.46 SSRM1.65 MRC1.60 SC

REF

SIRL

REF

SIRL

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

REF

2011 SRP (μM)  0.1

Page 12: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

ML

Dry Wet

ML

ML

BRBRNIRLBR

NIRLNIRL

CIRLCIRLCIRL

SIRLSIRLSIRL

77.9 SSRM56.3 MRC55.6 SC

REF

SIRL

REF

SIRL

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110IRL Target

2011 TDN (μM) 

Page 13: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

ML

Dry Wet

ML

ML

BRBRNIRLBR

NIRLNIRL

CIRLCIRL

CIRL

SIRLSIRL

CIRL

SIRL

5.1 SSRM2.26 MRC2.16 SC

REF

SIRLSIRL

REF

SIRL

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

REFREF

1.7IRL Target

2011 TDP (μM) 

Page 14: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

ML

Dry Wet

ML

ML

BR

MLML

BRNIRLBR P‐limited

NIRL

BRBR

NIRL

CIRL

NIRLNIRL

CIRL

CIRL> 30 P‐limited

SIRL

CIRL

SIRL

CIRL

SIRL

N‐limited

REF

SIRLSIRL

REF

SIRL

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

REFREF

30

2011 TDN:TDP

Page 15: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Common Macroalgae in IRL

Gracilaria tikvahiae Caulerpa prolifera

Hypnea musciformis Hypnea spinella

Caulerpa mexicana Laurencia filiformis

AcanthophoraAcetabularia schenckii

Acanthophoraspicifera

Page 16: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

MLDry Wet

MLML

BRBRNIRLBR

NIRLNIRL

CIRLCIRLCIRL > 12 N‐limited

SIRLSIRLSIRL

REF

SIRL

REF

SIRL

0 10 20 30 40 50

REFREF 

2011 C:N 

Page 17: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

ML

Dry WetML

ML

P‐limited

BRBRNIRLBR

(High APA)

NIRLNIRL

CIRLCIRLCIRL

284 SSRM206 MRC204 SC

SIRLSIRLSIRL

188 MRC230 SC

REFREF

SIRL> 250 P‐limited

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250

REFREF

2011 C:P 

Page 18: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

ML

Dry Wet

MLML

BRBRNIRLBR

P‐limited

NIRLNIRL

CIRLCIRL

CIRL13.8 SSRM22.3 MRC17.8 SC

SIRL

16.8 MRC20.9 SC

SIRLSIRL SIRLSIRL

REF

SIRLN‐limited

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

REFREF2011 N:P 

Page 19: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

MLDry Wet

MLML

BRBRNIRLBR 5.06 ± 1.38 SD

NIRLNIRL

CIRLCIRL

CIRL6.0 SSRM5.8 MRC8.6 SC

SIRLSIRLSIRL

9.3 MRC8.8 SC

SIRLSIRL

REF

SIRL

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

REFREF2011 

δ15N (o/oo) 

Page 20: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Comparison of δ15N in Macroalgae From Sewage‐Impacted Coastal Waters in Florida and Massachusetts

9

10

9.04 ± 0.28 Wet Season

7

89.04 ± 0.28 Wet Season7.05 ± 1.52 Dry Season

5

6

δ15N

(‰)

3

4

1

2

0Roberts Bay,

FloridaChilds River,

MAIRL, Florida Quashnet River,

MASage Lot Pond,

MABig Pine Key,

FloridaSarasota Bay,

Florida

Page 21: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Parameter CIRL                        IRL‐Wide                        

Summary of Nutrient Levels in Indian River County

(St. Sebastian River to Midway Road) (ML, BR, NIRL, CIRL, SIRL)

Dissolved Nutrients: Dry 2011 Wet 2011 Dry 2011 Wet 2011

Salinity + ‐ Average ‐

Chl a Average Average Lower than BR and NIRL

Lower than ML, BR, NIRL

DIN ‐ + + +

SRP ‐ + + +

TDN ‐ + Lower than ML, BR, NIRL

Lower than BR,NIRL

TDP ‐ + + +

TDN:TDP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

M lMacroalgae:

C:N ‐ + ‐ ‐

C:P ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

N:P ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

δ15N Average + Lower than NIRL +

Page 22: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

AcknowledgmentsIan McLeod (HBOI Summer Intern)

Jim Peters (FAU grad student)

Lisa Vlaming (FAU grad student)Lisa Vlaming (FAU grad student)

Jimmy Nelson (HBOI Boating Safety Officer)

Dr. Dennis Hanisak (HBOI)

ff l ( )Jeff Beal (FWC) 

Gabrielle Barbarite (FAU Ph.D. candidate)

Karen Holloway‐Adkins and Doug Scheidt (NASA)

Christopher Robinson (HBOI)

Richard Mulroy (HBOI grad student)

Lauren Hall Joel Steward Lori Morris Bob Chamberlain (SJRWMD)Lauren Hall, Joel Steward, Lori Morris, Bob Chamberlain (SJRWMD) 

James Lyon and Mike Legare, USFWS

HBOI Foundation – “Save Our Seas” SLP Fund

Page 23: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Septic Tank/Water Quality Research Supported by Monroe County BOCC

OSDS Polluted Canal Looe Key NMS

Page 24: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District  

Northwest Fork

Central Embayment

Loxahatchee River

Page 25: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

1 Continuous net positive groundwater discharge to Jones Creek that contribute to the base flow of the

Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District  

1. Continuous, net positive groundwater discharge to Jones Creek that contribute to the base flow of the system. 

2. Groundwater flow varied as a function of tide – higher flow during low tide. Range: 1.0 – 2.5 cfs (high tide) to 3.1 – 7.5 cfs (low tide).

3. Septic Tank Effluent contaminated groundwaters to levels in violation of State standards and suggest subsurface transport of contaminants into Jones Creek via the uppermost zones of the surficial aquifer.

4. All monitoring wells were in violation of standards for fecal coliform bacteria (counts > 4 colonies/1004. All monitoring wells were in violation of standards for fecal coliform bacteria (counts   4 colonies/100 ml) during both the wet and dry season when counts ranged up to 30,000 colonies/100 ml. 

5. Highest fecal coliform counts and concentration so f color, BOD, COD, and nutrients (TN, TP NH4+, NO3‐, SRP) were documented in monitoring wells closest to the septic drainfields.

6. Consistently high fecal coliform counts occurred in the shallowest well of the study and adjacent to Jones Creek, suggesting Septic Tank Effluent transport into Jones Creek via the uppermost zones of the surficial aquifer.

7. All recorded nitrate concentrations exceeded the State health advisory for nitrate of and most exceeded the State Primary Drinking Water Standards.

8. Water quality data within Jupiter Creek showed chronic violations of State surface water quality standards and high concentrations of sedimentary coprostanol in upper Jones Creek and high 15N/14N g y p pp g /ratios (up to 28.86 o/oo in shallow wells) confirmed direct inputs of septic tank effluent from human wastewater sources.

Page 26: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Impacts of Hurricanes on Nutrient and Microbial Pollution: St. Lucie Estuary, Southeast Florida

Page 27: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

Effects of Hurricanes on Nutrient and Microbial Pollution: St. Lucie Estuary, Southeast Florida

1. High fecal and total coliform counts in violation of FDEP and EPA standards were observed in tidal creeks and canals adjacent to densestandards were observed in tidal creeks and canals adjacent to dense urban land uses that relied on septic tanks for on‐site sewage disposal.

2. The microbial concentrations generally increased from downstream g y(closest to the SLE) to upstream (most inland) within most urbanized tidal creeks and canals.

3. Localized surface‐water fecal contamination from septic tanks was apparent at sites in both Martin County and the City of Stuart.

4 M t i l ti f lif t d d i t d ith l4. Most violations of coliform standards were associated with lower salinities, underscoring the role of the C‐44 freshwater discharges in exacerbating septic tank‐derived, microbial fecal pollution in the SLE.

Page 28: Nutrients and Water Quality- · PDF fileNutrients and Water Quality in the ... Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District

IRL Septic, Groundwater, Wastewater, and Microbial Studies

Lapointe, B.E., Herren, L.W., Bedford, B.J., 2012. Effects of Hurricanes, Land Use, and Water Management on Nutrient and Microbial Pollution: St. Lucie Estuary, Southeast Florida. Journal of Coastal Research, 28(6), 1345‐1361. 

Ortega, C.; Solo‐Gabriele, H.M.; Abdelzaher, A.; Wright, M.; Deng, Y., and Stark, L., 2009. Correlations between g g gmicrobial indicators, pathogens, and environmental factors in a subtropical estuary, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(2009), 1374–1381.

Belanger, T.V.; Price, T.L., and Heck, H.H., 2007. Submarine groundwater discharge in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. How important is it? Hydrological Sciences, 4, 344‐362.

Sigua, G.C., Tweedale, W.A., 2003. Watershed scale assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus loadings in the Indian River Lagoon basin, Florida. Journal of Environmental Management, 67, 363‐372.

Arnade, L.J., 1999. Seasonal correlation of well contamination and septic tank distance. Ground Water, 37, 920‐923.

Lapointe, B.E. and Krupa, S., 1995a. Jupiter Creek Septic Tank Water Quality Investigation. Jupiter, Florida: Loxahatchee River Envi‐ ronmental Control District, 96p.

Lapointe, B.E. and Krupa, S., 1995b. Tequesta Peninsula Septic Tank/Water Quality Investigation. Jupiter, Florida: Loxahatchee River Environmental Control District, 87p.