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Nutrients and Water Quality in the Indian River Lagoon
Brian E. Lapointe, Laura W. Herren, & David D. Debortoli
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic Universityg p yMarine Ecosystem Health Program
March 26, 2013
U. S. National Academy of Sciences
"The fundamental drivingThe fundamental driving force is the accumulation
of nitrogen and gphosphorus in fresh water on its way to the sea."
Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of
Nutrient Pollution.(NRC, 2000)
Nutrient Pollution“Th t i d“The most pervasive and
troubling pollution problem currently facing U.S. coastal
”waters.”
(U S C i i O P li(U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy.An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century.
Final Report.Washington, D.C., 2004.Washington, D.C., 2004.ISBN #0‐9759462‐0‐X.)
Human Development, Land‐Use and Eutrophication in the IRLp
• Land‐Useurban 39%urban 39%agriculture 24%forest 4.5%wetlandwetland
12.1%range 20.8%
• Eutrophic ConditionModerate to high nitrogen inputHigh susceptibility (low flushing)S b t ti l i f t hSubstantial expression of eutrophyNutrient symptoms likely to worsen
From: Bricker et al. 2007 National EstuarineEutrophication Assessment, NOAA, Silver Springs, MD
Project Goals20 IRL Sites + 4 Reference Sites
1. Use multiple lines of evidence (dissolved nutrients C N P and δ15Nnutrients, C:N:P and δ15N in macroalgae) to assess spatial/temporal patterns i t i t N Pin nutrients, N‐ vs. P‐limitation of algal growth, and N sources fueling
t hi ti i th IRLeutrophication in the IRL.
2. Improve water quality in p q ythe IRL by providing high‐quality, user‐friendly data to resource managers and gpolicy‐makers.
Indian River County SitesCIRL 1 = St. Sebastian River MouthCIRL 2 = Main Relief CanalCIRL 3 = South CanalCIRL 3 = South CanalReference Site 1 = Ambersand Wormrock Reef
1. Collect water and macroalgae and document field conditionsdocument field conditions
2. Remove epibionts from algae, rinse dry grind and analyze forrinse, dry, grind, and analyze for natural abundances of stable N & C isotopes and C:N:P contents
3. Filter water and analyze for dissolved nutrients
ML
Dry Wet
ML
ML
BR
ML
BRNIRL
BR
NIRL
BRBR
NIRL
CIRL
NIRLNIRL
CIRL
CIRL
6 8 SSRM
SIRL
CIRL
SIRL
CIRL
SIRL
6.8 SSRM19.9 MRC20.5 SC
REF
SIRLSIRL
REF
SIRL
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
REFREF2011
Salinity (ppt)
ML
Dry Wet
ML
ML
BRBRNIRLBR
July 2011
NIRLNIRL
CIRL
NIRL
CIRL
CIRL
CIRL
SIRL
CIRL
SIRLSIRLSIRLSIRL
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
REFREF2011
Chlorophyll a (μg/l)
ML
Dry WetML
ML
BRNIRLBR
BR
NIRLNIRL
CIRL
CIRL
CIRL
SIRLSIRL SIRL
CIRL
16.0 SSRM20.4 MRC19.8 SC
REF
SIRLSIRL SIRL
REF
IRC 10.0SLC 1.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
REFREF
1
2011 DIN (μM)
MC 1.3PBC 1.3
ML
Dry Wet
ML
ML
BRBRNIRLBR
NIRLNIRL
CIRLCIRL
CIRL
SIRLSIRLSIRL
3.46 SSRM1.65 MRC1.60 SC
REF
SIRL
REF
SIRL
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
REF
2011 SRP (μM) 0.1
ML
Dry Wet
ML
ML
BRBRNIRLBR
NIRLNIRL
CIRLCIRLCIRL
SIRLSIRLSIRL
77.9 SSRM56.3 MRC55.6 SC
REF
SIRL
REF
SIRL
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110IRL Target
2011 TDN (μM)
ML
Dry Wet
ML
ML
BRBRNIRLBR
NIRLNIRL
CIRLCIRL
CIRL
SIRLSIRL
CIRL
SIRL
5.1 SSRM2.26 MRC2.16 SC
REF
SIRLSIRL
REF
SIRL
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
REFREF
1.7IRL Target
2011 TDP (μM)
ML
Dry Wet
ML
ML
BR
MLML
BRNIRLBR P‐limited
NIRL
BRBR
NIRL
CIRL
NIRLNIRL
CIRL
CIRL> 30 P‐limited
SIRL
CIRL
SIRL
CIRL
SIRL
N‐limited
REF
SIRLSIRL
REF
SIRL
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
REFREF
30
2011 TDN:TDP
Common Macroalgae in IRL
Gracilaria tikvahiae Caulerpa prolifera
Hypnea musciformis Hypnea spinella
Caulerpa mexicana Laurencia filiformis
AcanthophoraAcetabularia schenckii
Acanthophoraspicifera
MLDry Wet
MLML
BRBRNIRLBR
NIRLNIRL
CIRLCIRLCIRL > 12 N‐limited
SIRLSIRLSIRL
REF
SIRL
REF
SIRL
0 10 20 30 40 50
REFREF
2011 C:N
ML
Dry WetML
ML
P‐limited
BRBRNIRLBR
(High APA)
NIRLNIRL
CIRLCIRLCIRL
284 SSRM206 MRC204 SC
SIRLSIRLSIRL
188 MRC230 SC
REFREF
SIRL> 250 P‐limited
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
REFREF
2011 C:P
ML
Dry Wet
MLML
BRBRNIRLBR
P‐limited
NIRLNIRL
CIRLCIRL
CIRL13.8 SSRM22.3 MRC17.8 SC
SIRL
16.8 MRC20.9 SC
SIRLSIRL SIRLSIRL
REF
SIRLN‐limited
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
REFREF2011 N:P
MLDry Wet
MLML
BRBRNIRLBR 5.06 ± 1.38 SD
NIRLNIRL
CIRLCIRL
CIRL6.0 SSRM5.8 MRC8.6 SC
SIRLSIRLSIRL
9.3 MRC8.8 SC
SIRLSIRL
REF
SIRL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
REFREF2011
δ15N (o/oo)
Comparison of δ15N in Macroalgae From Sewage‐Impacted Coastal Waters in Florida and Massachusetts
9
10
9.04 ± 0.28 Wet Season
7
89.04 ± 0.28 Wet Season7.05 ± 1.52 Dry Season
5
6
δ15N
(‰)
3
4
1
2
0Roberts Bay,
FloridaChilds River,
MAIRL, Florida Quashnet River,
MASage Lot Pond,
MABig Pine Key,
FloridaSarasota Bay,
Florida
Parameter CIRL IRL‐Wide
Summary of Nutrient Levels in Indian River County
(St. Sebastian River to Midway Road) (ML, BR, NIRL, CIRL, SIRL)
Dissolved Nutrients: Dry 2011 Wet 2011 Dry 2011 Wet 2011
Salinity + ‐ Average ‐
Chl a Average Average Lower than BR and NIRL
Lower than ML, BR, NIRL
DIN ‐ + + +
SRP ‐ + + +
TDN ‐ + Lower than ML, BR, NIRL
Lower than BR,NIRL
TDP ‐ + + +
TDN:TDP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
M lMacroalgae:
C:N ‐ + ‐ ‐
C:P ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
N:P ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
δ15N Average + Lower than NIRL +
AcknowledgmentsIan McLeod (HBOI Summer Intern)
Jim Peters (FAU grad student)
Lisa Vlaming (FAU grad student)Lisa Vlaming (FAU grad student)
Jimmy Nelson (HBOI Boating Safety Officer)
Dr. Dennis Hanisak (HBOI)
ff l ( )Jeff Beal (FWC)
Gabrielle Barbarite (FAU Ph.D. candidate)
Karen Holloway‐Adkins and Doug Scheidt (NASA)
Christopher Robinson (HBOI)
Richard Mulroy (HBOI grad student)
Lauren Hall Joel Steward Lori Morris Bob Chamberlain (SJRWMD)Lauren Hall, Joel Steward, Lori Morris, Bob Chamberlain (SJRWMD)
James Lyon and Mike Legare, USFWS
HBOI Foundation – “Save Our Seas” SLP Fund
Septic Tank/Water Quality Research Supported by Monroe County BOCC
OSDS Polluted Canal Looe Key NMS
Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District
Northwest Fork
Central Embayment
Loxahatchee River
1 Continuous net positive groundwater discharge to Jones Creek that contribute to the base flow of the
Jupiter (Jones) Creek Septic Study for Loxahatchee River District
1. Continuous, net positive groundwater discharge to Jones Creek that contribute to the base flow of the system.
2. Groundwater flow varied as a function of tide – higher flow during low tide. Range: 1.0 – 2.5 cfs (high tide) to 3.1 – 7.5 cfs (low tide).
3. Septic Tank Effluent contaminated groundwaters to levels in violation of State standards and suggest subsurface transport of contaminants into Jones Creek via the uppermost zones of the surficial aquifer.
4. All monitoring wells were in violation of standards for fecal coliform bacteria (counts > 4 colonies/1004. All monitoring wells were in violation of standards for fecal coliform bacteria (counts 4 colonies/100 ml) during both the wet and dry season when counts ranged up to 30,000 colonies/100 ml.
5. Highest fecal coliform counts and concentration so f color, BOD, COD, and nutrients (TN, TP NH4+, NO3‐, SRP) were documented in monitoring wells closest to the septic drainfields.
6. Consistently high fecal coliform counts occurred in the shallowest well of the study and adjacent to Jones Creek, suggesting Septic Tank Effluent transport into Jones Creek via the uppermost zones of the surficial aquifer.
7. All recorded nitrate concentrations exceeded the State health advisory for nitrate of and most exceeded the State Primary Drinking Water Standards.
8. Water quality data within Jupiter Creek showed chronic violations of State surface water quality standards and high concentrations of sedimentary coprostanol in upper Jones Creek and high 15N/14N g y p pp g /ratios (up to 28.86 o/oo in shallow wells) confirmed direct inputs of septic tank effluent from human wastewater sources.
Impacts of Hurricanes on Nutrient and Microbial Pollution: St. Lucie Estuary, Southeast Florida
Effects of Hurricanes on Nutrient and Microbial Pollution: St. Lucie Estuary, Southeast Florida
1. High fecal and total coliform counts in violation of FDEP and EPA standards were observed in tidal creeks and canals adjacent to densestandards were observed in tidal creeks and canals adjacent to dense urban land uses that relied on septic tanks for on‐site sewage disposal.
2. The microbial concentrations generally increased from downstream g y(closest to the SLE) to upstream (most inland) within most urbanized tidal creeks and canals.
3. Localized surface‐water fecal contamination from septic tanks was apparent at sites in both Martin County and the City of Stuart.
4 M t i l ti f lif t d d i t d ith l4. Most violations of coliform standards were associated with lower salinities, underscoring the role of the C‐44 freshwater discharges in exacerbating septic tank‐derived, microbial fecal pollution in the SLE.
IRL Septic, Groundwater, Wastewater, and Microbial Studies
Lapointe, B.E., Herren, L.W., Bedford, B.J., 2012. Effects of Hurricanes, Land Use, and Water Management on Nutrient and Microbial Pollution: St. Lucie Estuary, Southeast Florida. Journal of Coastal Research, 28(6), 1345‐1361.
Ortega, C.; Solo‐Gabriele, H.M.; Abdelzaher, A.; Wright, M.; Deng, Y., and Stark, L., 2009. Correlations between g g gmicrobial indicators, pathogens, and environmental factors in a subtropical estuary, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(2009), 1374–1381.
Belanger, T.V.; Price, T.L., and Heck, H.H., 2007. Submarine groundwater discharge in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. How important is it? Hydrological Sciences, 4, 344‐362.
Sigua, G.C., Tweedale, W.A., 2003. Watershed scale assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus loadings in the Indian River Lagoon basin, Florida. Journal of Environmental Management, 67, 363‐372.
Arnade, L.J., 1999. Seasonal correlation of well contamination and septic tank distance. Ground Water, 37, 920‐923.
Lapointe, B.E. and Krupa, S., 1995a. Jupiter Creek Septic Tank Water Quality Investigation. Jupiter, Florida: Loxahatchee River Envi‐ ronmental Control District, 96p.
Lapointe, B.E. and Krupa, S., 1995b. Tequesta Peninsula Septic Tank/Water Quality Investigation. Jupiter, Florida: Loxahatchee River Environmental Control District, 87p.