nucleotide jorge (1)

5
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A Vol. 8 5 , p p . 9386-9390, December 1988 Biochemistry T w o putative active centers i n human angiotensin I-converting enzyme revealed by molecular cloning (endothelial cells/metallopeptidase/transmembrane domain/genomic D NA hybridization) FLORENT SOUBRIER*, FRAN§OIS ALHENC-GELAS*, CHRISTINE HUBERT*, JACQUELINEALLEGRINI*, MARIE JOHNt, GEOFFREY TREGEARt, A N D PIERRE CORVOL* *Institut National d e l a Santd e t d e l a Recherche Mddicale, Unitd 3 6 , 17 r u e du Fe r a Moulin, 75005 Paris, France; a n d tHoward Florey Institute o f Experimental Physiology a n d Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Communicated b y Alexander G. Bearn, August 2 4 , 1988 (received f o r review June 1 0 1988) ABSTRACT T h e amino-terminal amino acid sequence a n d severalinternal peptide sequences ofangiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE; peptidyl-dipeptidase A , I I ; E C 3.4.15. 1) purified from human kidney were used t o design oligonucleo- tide probes. T h e nucleotide sequence o f ACE mRNA w a s determinedby molecular cloning of t he DN A complementary t o t h e human vascular endothelial cell A C E mRNA. T h e complete amino acid sequence deduced from t h e cDNA contains 1306 residues, beginning with a signal peptide o f 2 9 amino acids. A highly hydrophobic sequence located near t he carboxyl- terminal extremity ofthe molecule most likely constitutes t h e anchor t o t h e plasma membrane. T h e sequence o f ACE reveals a high degree o f internal homology between t w o large domains, suggesting that t h e molecule resulted from a gene duplication. Each of these twodomains contains short amino acid sequences identical t o those located around critical residues ofthe active site ofother metallopeptidases (thermolysin, neutral endopep- tidase, a n d collagenase) a n d therefore bears a putative active site. Since earlier experiments suggested that a single Z n atom w a s bound p e r molecule o f ACE, only o n e of t he t w o domains should b e catalytically active. T h e results of genomic D N A analysis with t h e cDNA probe a r e consistent with t he presence o f a single gene f o r A C E i n t h e haploid human genome. Whereas t h e A C E gene is transcribed a s a 4.3-kilobase mRNA i n vascular endothelial cells, a 3.0-kilobase transcript wa s detected i n t h e testis, where a shorter form o f A C E i s syn- thesized. Peptidyl-dipeptidase A ( E C 3.4.15.1) plays a n important role i n blood pressure homeostasis by hydrolyzing angiotensin I , theinactive peptide released after cleavage o f angiotensin b y renin, into angiotensin I I (1). Accordingly, this Z n metal- lopeptidase i s designated angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), although being t h e same enzyme a s kininase I I, i t i s also able to hydrolyze bradykinin a n d various other peptides ( 2 , 3) . This enzyme i s a widely distributed peptidase, occur- ring, f o r example, a s a membrane-bound ectoenzyme o n t h e surface o f vascular endothelial cells a n d renal epithelial cells a n d a s a circulating enzyme i n plasma (3-5). W e report here th e amino acid sequence o f A C E a s deduced from th e nucleotide sequence o f DNA complementary t o t he A C E mRNA.t MATERIALS A N D METHODS Purification a n d Sequencing of AC E a n d Preparation o f Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Probe. T h e cortex of fresh postmor- te m human kidneys (600 g ) w a s homogenized (54:100, wt/vol) i n 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer ( pH 8 ) containing 2 5 0 mM sucrose a n d a mixtureof protease inhibitors, cells debris w a s discarded, a n d t h e particulate fraction w a s sedimented by centrifugation a t 105,000 x f or 1 T h e pellet w a s resuspended i n 20 0 ml o f 1 5 0 mM potassium phosphate buffer ( p H 8 ; buffer I ) a n d treated for 18 h r with t he detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfo- nate (CHAPS, 8 m M ; Serva). T h e supernatant obtained after centrifugation a t 105,000 x g f o r 1 h r w a s dialyzed exten- sively against buffer I a n d then applied a t a flow rate o f 2 4 ml/hr t o a 3 x 80-cm column o f phenyl-Sepharose 4B (Phar- macia). Roughly 6 0 % of t he enzyme activity w a s retained o n t h e column a n d w a s eluted a s a single peak b y a linear gradient o f 0-10 mM CHAPS i n buffer 1 (800 ml). ZnSO4 a n d K C I were added to final concentrations o f 0 . 1 mM a n d 3 3 0 m M , respectively, a n d t h e purification w a s completed by affinity chromatography o n Lisinopril {Na-[(S)-1-carboxy- 3-phenylpropyl]-L-lysyl-L-proline} coupled t o Sepharose 4 B a s described (6). T h e protein isolated after this last step (1.2 m g ) w a s analyzed, after reduction b y 5 % (vol/vol) 2-mer- captoethanol a n d denaturation by boiling, by NaDodSO4,/ 6 % polyacrylamide g e l electrophoresis (7). Treatment with CNBr (2.0 m g together with 0 . 5 m g o f A C E i n 0 . 2 ml o f 70% formic acid f o r 1 6 hr at room temperature) w a s used t o cleave t h e enzyme a t methionine residues a n d generate fragments f o r sequencing. Peptide fragments were isolated b y reverse-phase HPLC o n Vydac C 4 (average pore size, 3 0 n m ; particle size, 5 , m ; column dimensions, 4 . 6 x 250 m m ; The Separations Group, Hesperia, CA), using a trifluoroacetic acid/water/acetonitrile gradient system. Sev- eral peptides were separated, Iyophilized, a n d sequenced with a n Applied Biosystems (Foster City, C A ) model 470A protein sequencer. Th e native protein w a s also analyzed t o obtain a n amino-terminal sequence. A 64-fold-redundant mixed oligonucleotide, HACE6, whose sequence (3'-TACACCCGGTTTCGGACCCTCTT- GTA-5') w a s based (8 ) o n t he peptide sequence Met-Trp- Ala-Lys-Ser-Trp-Glu-Asn-Ile (sequence CN8b, s e e Results) w a s synthesized' o n a n automated DNA synthesizer (Gene Assembler, Pharmacia) using phosphoramidite chemistry. Preparation a n d Screening o f cDNA Libraries. A human umbilical vein endothelial cell cDNA library primed with oligo(dT) a n d constructed i n bacteriophage Agtll (Clontech, Palo Alto, C A) w a s screened with th e 32P-labeled probe (specific activity - 5 x 1 0 6 cpm/pmol). Hybridizations with HACE6 probe were performed i n 6x S S C ( l x S S C i s 1 5 0 mM NaCI/15 mM sodium citrate, p H 7) containing 0.1% NaDodSO4, 5 0 mM sodium phosphate buffer ( p H 6.8), 5 X Denhardt's solution ( l x i s 0.02% Ficoll/0.02% polyvinylpyr- Abbreviation: ACE, angiotensin I-converting enzyme. tThe sequence reported i n this paper i s being deposited i n t h e EMBL/GenBank data base (accession no . J04144). 9386 T h e publication costs o f this article were defrayed i n part b y page charge payment. This article must therefore b e hereby marked "advertisement" i n accordance with 1 8 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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Page 1: nucleotide jorge (1)

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USAV o l . 8 5 , p p . 9 3 8 6 - 9 3 9 0 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 8B i o c h e m i s t r y

Two p u t a t i v e a c t i v e c e n t e r s i n human a n g i o t e n s i n I - c o n v e r t i n ge n z y m e r e v e a l e d b y m o l e c u l a r c l o n i n g

( e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l s / m e t a l l o p e p t i d a s e / t r a n s m e m b r a n e d o m a i n / g e n o m i c DNA h y b r i d i z a t i o n )

F L O R E N T S O U B R I E R * , F R A N § O I S A L H E N C - G E L A S * , C H R I S T I N E H U B E R T * , J A C Q U E L I N E A L LE G R I NI * ,M A R I E J O H N t , G E O F F R E Y T R E G E A R t , A ND P I E R R E C O R V O L *

* I n s t i t u t N a t i o n a l d e l a S a n t d e t d e l a R e c h e r c h e M d d i c a l e , U n i t d 3 6 , 1 7 r u e d u F e r a M o u l i n , 7 5 0 05 P a r i s , F r a n c e ; a n d t H o w a r d F l o r e y I n s t i t u t e o fE x p e r i m e n t a l P h y s i o l o g y a n d M e d i c i n e , U n i v e r s i t y o f M e l b o u r n e , P a r k v i l l e , V i c t o r i a 3 0 5 2 , A u s t r a l i a

C o m m u n i c a t e d b y A l e x a n d e r G . B e a rn , A u g u s t 2 4 , 1 9 8 8 ( r e c e i v e d f o r r e v i e w J u n e 1 0 , 1 9 8 8 )

ABSTRACT T h e a m i n o - t e r m i n a l a m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e a n d

s e v e r a l i n t e r n a l p e p t i d e s e q u e n c e s o f a n g i o t e n s i n I - c o n v e r t i n ge n z y m e ( A C E ; p e p t i d y l - d i p e p t i d a s e A , k i n i n a s e I I ; EC 3 . 4 . 1 5 . 1 )p u r i f i e d f r o m h u m a n k i d n e y w e r e u s e d t o d e s i g n o l i g o n u c l e o -t i d e p r o b e s . T h e n u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e o f ACE m RNA w a s

d e t e rm i n e d b y m o l e c u l a r c l o n i n g o f t h e DNA c o m p l e m e n t a r y t ot h e h u m a n v a s c u l a r e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l ACE mRNA. T h e c o m p l e t e

a m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e d e d u c e d f r o m t h e cDNA c o n t a i n s 1 3 0 6

r e s i d u e s , b e g i n n i n g w i t h a s i g n a l p e p t i d e o f 2 9 a m i n o a c i d s . Ah i g h l y h y d r o p h o b i c s e q u e n c e l o c a t e d n e a r t h e c a r b o x y l -t e r m i n a l e x t r e m i t y o f t h e m o l e c u l e m o s t l i k e l y c o n s t i t u t e s t h ea n c h o r t o t h e p l a s m a m e m b r a n e . T h e s e q u e n c e o f ACE r e v e a l sa h i g h d e g r e e o f i n t e r n a l h o m o l o g y b e t w e e n t w o l a r g e d o m a i n s ,

s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e m o l e c u l e r e s u l t e d f r o m a g e n e d u p l i c a t i o n .E a c h o f t h e s e t w o d o m a i n s c o n t a i n s s h o r t a m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e si d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e l o c a t e d a r o u n d c r i t i c a l r e s i d u e s o f t h e a c t i v es i t e o f o t h e r m e t a l l o p e p t i d a s e s ( t h e r m o l y s i n , n e u t r a l e n d o p e p -

t i d a s e , a n d c o l l a g e n a s e ) a n d t h e r e f o r e b e a r s a p u t a t i v e a c t i v es i t e . S i n c e e a r l i e r e x p e r i m e n t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t a s i n g l e Z n a t o m

w a s b o u n d p e r m o l e c u l e o f A C E , o n l y o n e o f t h e t w o d o m a i n s

s h o u l d b e c a t a l y t i c a l l y a c t i v e . T h e r e s u l t s o f g e n o m i c DNAa n a l y s i s w i t h t h e cDNA p r o b e a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e

o f a s i n g l e g e n e f o r ACE i n t h e h a p l o i d h u m a n g e n o m e .W h e r e a s t h e ACE g e n e i s t r a n s c r i b e d a s a 4 . 3 - k i l o b a s e m RNAi n v a s c u l a r e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l s , a 3 . 0 - k i l o b a s e t r a n s c r i p t w a s

d e t e c t e d i n t h e t e s t i s , w h e r e a s h o r t e r f o r m o f ACE i s s y n -t h e s i z e d .

P e p t i d y l - d i p e p t i d a s e A ( E C 3 . 4 . 1 5 . 1 ) p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l ei n b l o o d p r e s s u r e h o m e o s t a s i s b y h y d r o l y z i n g a n g i o t e n s i n I ,

t h e i n a c t i v e p e p t i d e r e l e a s e d a f t e r c l e a v a g e o f a n g i o t e n s i n b y

r e n i n , i n t o a n g i o t e n s i n I I ( 1 ) . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h i s Z n m e t a l -l o p e p t i d a s e i s d e s i g n a t e d a n g i o t e n s i n I - c o n v e r t i n g e n z y m e( A C E ) , a l t h o u g h b e i n g t h e s a m e e n z y m e a s k i n i n a s e I I , i t i s

a l s o a b l e t o h y d r o l y z e b r a d y k i n i n a n d v a r i o u s o t h e r p e p t i d e s( 2 , 3 ) . T h i s e n z y m e i s a w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d p e p t i d a s e , o c c u r -

r i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , a s a m e m b r a n e - b o u n d e c t o e n z y m e o n t h e

s u r f a c e o f v a s c u l a r e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l s a n d r e n a l e p i t h e l i a l c e l l sa n d a s a c i r c u l a t i n g e n z y m e i n p l a s m a ( 3 - 5 ) . We r e p o r t h e r e

t h e a m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e o f A CE a s d e d u c e d f r o m t h en u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e o f DNA c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o t h e ACEm R N A . t

MATERIALS A ND METHODS

P u r i f i c a t i o n a n d S e q u e n c i n g o f ACE a n d P r e p a r a t i o n o fO l i g o d e o x y r i b o n u c l e o t i d e P r o b e . T h e c o r t e x o f f r e s h p o s t m o r -t e m h u m a n k i d n e y s ( 6 0 0 g ) w a s h o m o g e n i z e d ( 5 4 : 1 0 0 , w t / v o l )i n 2 0 mM p o t a s s i u m p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r ( p H 8 ) c o n t a i n i n g 2 5 0

mM s u c r o s e a n d a m i x t u r e o f p r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s , c e l l s d e b r i sw a s d i s c a r d e d , a n d t h e p a r t i c u l a t e f r a c t i o n w a s s e d i m e n t e d

b y c e n t r i f u g a t i o n a t 1 0 5 , 0 0 0 x g f o r 1 h r . T h e p e l l e t w a sr e s u s p e n d e d i n 2 0 0 m l o f 1 5 0 mM p o t a s s i u m p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r( p H 8 ; b u f f e r I ) a n d t r e a t e d f o r 1 8 h r w i t h t h e d e t e r g e n t3 - [ ( 3 - c h o l a m i d o p r o p y l ) d i m e t h y l a m m o n i o ] - 1 - p r o p a n e s u l f o -n a t e ( C H A P S , 8 mM; S e r v a ) . T h e s u p e r n a t a n t o b t a i n e d a f t e rc e n t r i f u g a t i o n a t 1 0 5 , 0 0 0 x g f o r 1 h r w a s d i a l y z e d e x t e n -s i v e l y a g a i n s t b u f f e r I a n d t h e n a p p l i e d a t a f l o w r a t e o f 2 4

m l / h r t o a 3 x 8 0 - c m c o l u m n o f p h e n y l - S e p h a r o s e 4 B ( P h a r -m a c i a ) . R o u g h l y 6 0 % o f t h e e n z y m e a c t i v i t y w a s r e t a i n e d o n

t h e c o l u m n a n d w a s e l u t e d a s a s i n g l e p e a k b y a l i n e a rg r a d i e n t o f 0 - 1 0 mM CHAPS i n b u f f e r 1 ( 8 0 0 m l ) . Z n S O 4 a n d

K C I w e r e a d d e d t o f i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 0 . 1 mM a n d 3 3 0

mM, r e s p e c t i v e l y , a n d t h e p u r i f i c a t i o n w a s c o m p l e t e d b y

a f f i n i t y c h r o m a t o g r a p h y o n L i s i n o p r i l { N a - [ ( S ) - 1 - c a r b o x y -3 - p h e n y l p r o p y l ] - L - l y s y l - L - p r o l i n e } c o u p l e d t o S e p h a r o s e 4 B

a s d e s c r i b e d ( 6 ) . T h e p r o t e i n i s o l a t e d a f t e r t h i s l a s t s t e p ( 1 . 2m g ) w a s a n a l y z e d , a f t e r r e d u c t i o n b y 5% ( v o l / v o l ) 2 - m e r -c a p t o e t h a n o l a n d d e n a t u r a t i o n b y b o i l i n g , b y N a D o d S O 4 , /6% p o l y a c r y l a m i d e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s ( 7 ) .

T r e a t m e n t w i t h CNBr ( 2 . 0 mg t o g e t h e r w i t h 0 . 5 mg o f ACE

i n 0 . 2 m l o f 7 0 % f o r m i c a c i d f o r 1 6 h r a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e )w a s u s e d t o c l e a v e t h e e n z y m e a t m e t h i o n i n e r e s i d u e s a n d

g e n e r a t e f r a g m e n t s f o r s e q u e n c i n g . P e p t i d e f r a g m e n t s w e r e

i s o l a t e d b y r e v e r s e - p h a s e HPLC o n V y d a c C 4 ( a v e r a g e p o r e

s i z e , 3 0 n m ; p a r t i c l e s i z e , 5 , m ; c o l u m n d i m e n s i o n s , 4 . 6 x

2 5 0 mm; T h e S e p a r a t i o n s G r o u p , H e s p e r i a , C A ) , u s i n g a

t r i f l u o r o a c e t i c a c i d / w a t e r / a c e t o n i t r i l e g r a d i e n t s y s t e m . S e v -e r a l p e p t i d e s w e r e s e p a r a t e d , I y o p h i l i z e d , a n d s e q u e n c e dw i t h a n A p p l i e d B i o s y s t e m s ( F o s t e r C i t y , C A ) m o d e l 4 7 0 A

p r o t e i n s e q u e n c e r . T h e n a t i v e p r o t e i n w a s a l s o a n a l y z e d t oo b t a i n a n a m i n o - t e r m i n a l s e q u e n c e .

A 6 4 - f o l d - r e d u n d a n t m i x e d o l i g o n u c l e o t i d e , HACE6,

w h o s e s e q u e n c e ( 3 ' - T A C A C C C G G T T T C G G A C C C T C T T -G T A - 5 ' ) was b a s e d ( 8 ) on t h e p e p t i d e s e q u e n c e M e t - T r p -

A l a - L y s - S e r - T r p - G l u - A s n - I l e ( s e q u e n c e C N 8 b , s e e R e s u l t s )w a s s y n t h e s i z e d ' o n a n a u t o m a t e d DNA s y n t h e s i z e r ( G e n eA s s e m b l e r , P h a r m a c i a ) u s i n g p h o s p h o r a m i d i t e c h e m i s t r y .

P r e p a r a t i o n a n d S c r e e n i n g o f cDNA L i b r a r i e s . A h u m a nu m b i l i c a l v e i n e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l cDNA l i b r a r y p r i m e d w i t ho l i g o ( d T ) a n d c o n s t r u c t e d i n b a c t e r i o p h a g e A g t l l ( C l o n t e c h ,P a l o A l t o , C A ) w a s s c r e e n e d w i t h t h e 3 2 P - l a b e l e d HACE6p r o b e ( s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y - 5 x 1 0 6 c p m / p m o l ) . H y b r i d i z a t i o n sw i t h HACE6 p r o b e w e r e p e r f o r m e d i n 6 x SSC ( l x SSC i s

1 5 0 mM N a C I / 1 5 mM s o d i u m c i t r a t e , pH 7 ) c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 1 %

N a D o d S O 4 , 5 0 mM s o d i u m p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r ( p H 6 . 8 ) , 5 X

D e n h a r d t ' s s o l u t i o n ( l x i s 0 . 0 2 % F i c o l l / 0 . 0 2 % p o l y v i n y l p y r -

A b b r e v i a t i o n : ACE, a n g i o t e n s i n I - c o n v e r t i n g enzyme.

t T h e sequence r e p o r t e d i n t h i s paper i s b ei n g d e p o s i t ed i n t h e

EMBL/GenBank d a t a b a s e ( a c c e s s i o n no . J 0 4 1 4 4 ) .

9 3 8 6

T h e p u b l i c a t i o n c o s t s o f t h i s a r t i c l e were d e f r a y e d i n p a r t b y p a g e c h a r g ep a y m e n t . T h i s a r t i c l e m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e h e r e b y m a r k e d " a d v e r t i s e m e n t "

i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 1 8 U . S . C . § 1 7 3 4 s o l e l y t o i n d i c a t e t h i s f a c t .

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . U SA 8 5 ( 1 9 8 8 ) 9 3 8 7

r o l i d o n e / 0 . 0 2 % b o v i n e se r u m a l b u m i n ) , a n d 0 . 1 mg o f d e n a -

t u r e d s a l m o n sperm DNA per m l a t 5 0 ' C . F i l t e r s were w a s h e dt w i c e i n 2 x S S C / O . 1% NaDodSO4 a t 5 5 0 C ( 1 5 m i n p e r w a s h ) .To o b t a i n c l o n es c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e 5 ' e n d o f A CE mRNA,a n o t h e r cDNA l i b r a r y was c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g 5 ,g o f p o l y ( A ) +RNA f r o m c u l t u r e d e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l s o f human u m b i l i c a l v e i n .C e l l s were gro w n i n t h e presence o f 20% f e t a l b o v i n e serum,

h e p a r i n a t 1 0 0 , u g / m l , a n d f i b r o b l a s t g r o w t h f a c t o r ( g i f t o f D .

G o s p o r a d o w i c z , C a n c e r R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o fC a l i f o r n i a , S a n F r a n c i s c o ) a t 2 n g / m l ( 9 ) . T o t a l RNA w a s

e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e c e l l s a f t e r t h r e e s u b c u l t u r e s ( 1 0 ) a n d

p u r i f i e d o n ( d T ) 7 - c e l l u l o s e ( P h a r m a c i a ) . T h e cDNAs were

s p e c i f i c a l l y p r i m e d w i t h a 1 7 - b a s e o l i g o m e r ( C P 5 - 2 1 ) c o m -

p l e m e n t a r y t o a sequence l o c a t e d near t h e 5 ' e x t r e m i t y o f a n

A CE c DNA c l o n e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e f i r s t e n d o t h e l i a l c e l ll i b r a r y ( s e e R e s u l t s ) , t o g e t h e r w i t h ( d T ) 1 2 _ 1 8 ( P h a r m a c i a ) .S u b s e q u e n t s t e p s f o r l i b r a r y c o n s t r u c t i o n i n A g t l O were

p e r f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g t o K o e n i g e t a l . ( 1 1 ) . R e c o m b i n a n t

p h a g e s ( 1 . 5 x 1 0 6 c l o n e s ) were s c r e e n e d u n d e r h i g h - s t r i n -gency c o n d i t i o n s w i t h a 3 0 0 - b a s e - p a i r ( b p ) human g e n o m i cDNA r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t ( s e e R e s u l t s ) l a b e l e d a t h i g hs p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y ( 1 2 ) .

N u c l e o t i d e S e q u e n c i n g . P h a g e i n s e r t s were s u b c l o n e d i n

b o t h o r i e n t a t i o n s i n t o t h e E c o R I s i t e o f p l a s m i d v e c t o rp B l u e s c r i p t ( S t r a t a g e n e , S a n D i e g o , C A ) . S i n g l e - s t r a n d e dDNA was p r e p a r e d b y i n f e c t i o n o f c u l t u r e s w i t h M13 h e l p e rp h a g e K07 a n d s e q u e n c e d b y t h e c h a i n - t e r m i n a t i o n m e t h o d

( 1 3 ) . S e q u e n c i n g r e a c t i o n s were p r i m e d e i t h e r w i t h t h e

u n i v e r s a l p r i m e r or w i t h 2 0 - m e r p r i m e r s s y n t h e s i z e d a c c o r d -

i n g t o a c o n f i r m e d cDNA sequence. B o t h s t r a n d s o f a l l

r e g i o n s w e re s e q u e n c e d b y u s i n g t h e m o d i f i e d T7 p o l y m e r a s e( S e q u e n a s e , U n i t e d S t a t e s B i o c h e m i c a l s , C l e v e l a n d ) .RNA a n d G e n o m i c DNA H y b r i d i z a t i o n w i t h ACE c D N A .

T e s t i c u l a r , r e n a l , a n d e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l p o l y ( A ) + RNAs were

i s o l a t e d as d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . N o r t h e r n b l o t s were p r e p a r e dw i t h g l y o x a l a t e d RNA a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o c e d u r e o f T h o m a s( 1 4 ) . Human h i g h m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t DNA f r o m p l a c e n t a ln u c l e i ( 1 4 , u g ) was d i g e s t e d w i t h H i n d I I I , e l e c t r o p h o r e s e d i na 0 . 7 % agarose g e l , a n d a n a l y z e d b y S o u t h e r n b l o t h y b r i d -i z a t i o n u n d e r h i g h - s t r i n g e n c y c o n d i t i o n s ( f i n a l w a s h i n g con-

d i t i o n s : O . l x S S C / 0 . 1 % N a D o d S O 4 , 4 5 m i n a t 6 5 ° C ) ( 1 5 ) .

RE S U L T S

Th e p u r i f i e d A C E m i g r a t e d as a s i n g l e b a n d a t 1 7 0 kDa o n

p o l y a c r y l a m i d e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . D e t e r -

m i n a t i o n o f t h e e n z y m a t i c a c t i v i t y w i t h f u r y l a c r y l o y l -L - p h e n y l a l a n y l g l y c y l g l y c i n e as s u b s t r a t e ( 1 6 ) s h o w e d appar-

e n t k i n e t i c c o n s t a n t s e q u a l t o 1 3 6 , M f o r Km a n d 2 2 , 1 0 0m i n - 1 f o r k c a t , s i m i l a r t o t h o s e m e a s u r e d f o r t h e r a b b i tp u l m o n a r y enzyme ( 1 6 ) . A m i n o - t e r m i n a l sequence a n a l y s i sr e v e a l e d a h i g h d e g r e e o f s i m i l a r i t y w i t h a m i n o - t e r m i n a l

sequences o f o t h e r m a m m a l i a n ACEs ( F i g . 1 ) . T h i r t e e ni n t e r n a l p e p t i d e sequences were o b t a i n e d ( T a b l e 1 ) . S e -quence C N 8 b , c o m p l e t e d b y t h e p u t a t i v e p r ec e d i n g m et h i o -

n i n e , was s e l e c t e d t o d e s i g n o l i g o n u c l e o t i d e p r o b e HACE6.Two c l o n e s , AHEC1922 [ 3 . 3 k i l o b a s e s ( k b ) ] a n d A H E C 2 1 1 1

( 2 . 8 k b ) , were o b t a i n e d b y s c r e e n i n g 1 . 5 x 1 0 6 p h a g e s o f t h e

HUMAN

RABBIT

CALF

PIG

MOUSE

L D P G L Q P G ( D ) F S A D E A G

T L D P G L L P G D F A A D N A G

E L D P A L Q P G N F P A D E A G

L D S A L Q P G C F T A D E A G

LLDGLQP G N F S P D E A G

F I G . 1 . Amino-terminal ami no a c i d s e q u e n c e o f h u m a n k i d n e yACE. A l i g n m e n t with a m i n o - t e r m i n a l s e q u e n c e s o f r a b b i t l u n g ( 1 7 ) ,c a l f l u n g ( 1 8 ) , p i g k i d n e y ( 1 9 ) , an d mouse k i d n e y ( 2 0 ) ACEs.One-letter a m i n o a c i d n o t a t i o n i s u s e d . T h e a s p a r t i c a c i d shown i n

p a r e n t h e s e s p r o b a b l y r e s u l t e d from deamidation o f t h e a s p a r a g i n e

p r e d i c t e d b y t h e n u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e ( s e e F i g . 2 ) . Boxes i n d i c a t e

a m i n o a c i d s conserved i n a l l

s p e c i e s .

T a b l e 1 . A m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e d a t a f o r CNBr f r a g m e n t s o fh u m a n k i d n e y ACE

HPLC L o c a t i o ne l u t i o n i n

P e p - t i m e , p r e d i c t e dt i d e m i n S e q u e n c e * p r o t e i n t

CN1 5 . 6 LKQGWTPRR 8 8 2 - 8 9 0

CN2 9 . 7 GHIQYF 9 6 2 - 9 6 7CN3 1 0 . 9 PPEFWEGS 3 1 0 - 3 1 7

CN4 1 2 . 1 ALEKIAFLPFGYLVDQ-R-GVF 4 2 9 - 4 5 0

CN5 1 2 . 3 VVPFPDKPNLDVTST-LQ 2 6 8 - 2 8 5CN6 1 2 . 8 ETTYSVATV 7 1 9 - 7 2 7

CN7 1 3 . 0 KLGFSRPWPEA 1 1 4 3 - 1 1 5 3

CN8a 1 4 . 0 LE(Q)PTDGREVV-HA 9 1 7 - 9 3 0

C N 8 b 1 4 . 0 WA(K)SWENIYD 2 5 7 - 2 6 6

CN9 1 9 . 3 ATSRKYEDLL 7 4 6 - 7 5 5C N 1 0 2 0 . 6 VGLDALDAQ 5 6 0 - 5 6 8

C N 1 1 a 2 2 . 2 LLFAWEGWHNAAGIPLKPL 1 5 6 - 1 7 4C N 1 1 b 2 2 . 2 YETPSL-QDLERL 8 0 0 - 8 1 2

* T h e t w o r e s i d u e s a s s i g n e d f r o m t h e p r o t e i n s e q u e n c e d a t a t h a t d i f f e rf r o m t h o s e p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e n u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e a r e s h o w n i np a r e n t h e s e s ( s e e t e x t ) . D a s h e s i n d i c a t e u n i d e n t i f i e d r e s i d u e s .

t L o c a t i o n i n t h e s e q u e n c e p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e cDNA ( F i g . 2 ) .

o l i g o ( d T ) - p r i m e d l i b r a r y . T h e s e c l o n e s c o n t a i n e d a n u c l e o -t i d e s e q u e n c e i d e n t i c a l t o t h e p r o b e HACE6 e x c e p t f o r o n e

b a s e , w h i c h c h a n g e d a l y s i n e t o a g l u t a m i n e r e s i d u e . A l l t h eo t h e r a v a i l a b l e p e p t i d e s e q u e n c e s o f ACE, e x c e p t t h e a m i n o -

t e r m i n a l s e q u e n c e , w e r e p r e s e n t i n t h e p r o t e i n s e q u e n c e

d e d u c e d f ro m t h e c l o n e s ( T a b l e 1 ) . A s i n g l e i n v e r s i o n i na s s i g n m e n t o f a m i n o a c i d s d u r i n g s e q u e n c i n g o f t w o p e p t i d e st h a t w e r e c o e l u t e d i n t h e s a m e HPLC p e a k ( s e q u e n c e s CN8aa n d C N 8 b , T a b l e 1 ) e x p l a i n s t h e a p p a r e n t d i s c r e p a n c i e s i np o s i t i o n 2 5 9 c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o HACE6 a n d i n p o s i t i o n 9 1 9 .T h e t w o c l o n e s o v e r l a p p e d b y 2 3 2 3 b p a n d s p a n n ed 3 8 4 0

n u c l e o t i d e s o f t h e ACE mRNA. T h e cDNA c o r r e s p o n d i n g t ot h e 5 ' e n d o f t h e mRNA w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m a n o t h e r e n d o t -h e l i a l c e l l cDNA l i b r a r y ( s e e M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s ) p r i m e d

w i t h t h e o l i g o m e r C P 5 - 2 1 , w h i c h i s c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o n u c l e -o t i d e s 2 3 4 - 2 5 0 o f ACE cDNA ( s e e F i g . 2 ) l o c a t e d n e a r t h e 5 'e n d o f c l o n e A H E C 2 1 1 1 , a n d w i t h o l i g o ( d T ) . T h i s l i b r a r y w a ss c r e e n e d w i t h a 3 0 0 - b p DNA r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t , i s o l a t e d i nt h i s l a b o r a t o r y f r o m a h u m a n g e n o m i c l i b r a r y a n d s e l e c t e db e c a u s e i t h y b r i d i z e d b o t h w i t h C P 5 - 2 1 o l i g o n u c l e o t i d e a n dw i t h a s y n t h e t i c 4 4 - b a s e o l i g o m e r d e s i g n e d a f t e r t h e a m i n o -t e r m i n a l s e q u e n c e o f h u m a n A C E . F r o m s e v e r a l i n d e p e n d e n t

p o s i t i v e c l o n e s o b t a i n e d , c l o n e A C H D T 3 2 , 2 5 0 b p l o n g , w a sf o u n d t o o v e r l a p b y 6 0 b p w i t h c l o n e A H E C 2 1 1 1 a n d t oc o n t a i n t h e 5 ' e n d o f t h e c o d i n g s e q u e n c e o f ACE mRNA

t o g e t h e r w i t h a s h o r t n o n t r a n s l a t e d r e g i o n .T h e n u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e o f A CE cDNA o b t a i n e d b y

s e q u e n c i n g t h e t h r e e o v e r l a p p i n g c l o n e s ( F i g . 2 ) c o m p r i s e s4 0 2 4 n u c l e o t i d e s . T h e 3 ' e n d o f t h e s e q u en c e d o e s n o t e x t e n d

t o t h e p o l y a d e n y l y l a t i o n s i g n a l . T h e o p e n r e a d i n g f r a m e f r o mt h e f i r s t ATG c o d o n t o t h e s t o p c o d o n T G A e n c o d e s 1 3 0 6

a m i n o a c i d s . T h e a m i n o - t e r m i n a l a m i n o a c i d , l e u c i n e ( s e eF i g . 1 ) , i s l o c a t e d a f t e r a s i g n a l p e p t i d e o f 2 9 r e s i d u e s . T h ec a l c u l a t e d m o l e c u l a r m a s s f o r t h e m a t u r e e n z y m e i s 1 4 6 . 6k D a .

C l o n e A H E C 1 9 2 2 w a s u s e d a s a p r o b e t o s t u d y ACE g e n ee x p r e s s i o n b y N o r t h e r n b l o t a n a l y s i s . C u l t u r e d e n d o t h e l i a lc e l l s f r o m u m b i l i c a l v e i n s c o n t a i n ed a mRNA w i t h a ne s t i m a t e d s i z e o f 4 . 3 k b t h a t h y b r i d i z e d w i t h t h e p r o b e ( F i g .3 , l a n e c ) . I n t h e t e s t i s , a mRNA o f 3 . 0 k b w a s d e t e c t e d ( l a n eb ) .

S o u t h e r n b l o t a n a l y s i s o f h u m a n DNA u n d e r s t r i n g e n tc o n d i t i o n s was p e r f o r m e d w i t h a 3 0 0 - b p E c o R I ( e n d ) - B g l I Ir e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t f r o m t h e 5 ' e n d o f c l o n e A H E C 2 1 1 1 . T h i s

p r o b e h y b r i d i z e d w i t h a s i n g l e , 9 . 5 - k b r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t

B i o c h e m i s t r y : S o u b r i e r e t a l .

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9 3 8 8 B i o c h e m i s t r y : S o u b r i e r e t a l . P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 8 5 ( 1 9 8 8 )

GCCGAGCACCGCGCACCGCGTC 22

A T G G G G G C C G C C T C G G G C C G C C G G G G G C C G G G G C T G C T G C T G C C G C T G C C G C T G C T G T T G C T G C T G C C G C C G C A G C C c G C C C T G G C G T T G G A C C C C G G G C T G C A G C C C G G C A A C T T T T C T G C T G A C G A G G C C G G G 1 5 7

M e t G l y A l a A l a S e r G l y A r g A r g G l y P r o G l y L e u L e u L e u P r o L e u P r o L e u L e u L e u L e u L e u P r o P r o G l n P r o A l a L e u A l a L e u A s p P r o G l y L e u G l n P roGlyAsnPheSerAl1AspGluAlaGly-29 -2 0 -10 + 1 1 0

G C G C A G C T C TT C G C G C A G A G C TA C A A C T C C A G C G C C G A A C A G G T G C TG T T C C A G A G C G TG G C C G C C A G C TG G G C G C A C G A C A C C A A C A T C A C C G C G G A G A A T G C A A G G C G CC A G G A G G A A G C A G C C C T G C TC A G C 29 2

A l a G l n L e u P h e A l a G l n S e r T y r A s n S e r S e r A l a G l u G l n V a l L e u P h eG l n S e r Va l A l a A l a S e r Tr p A l a H i s A s p T h r A ~ s n I l e Th r A l a G l u A ~ n A l a A r g A rg G l n G l u G l u A l a A l a LeuLeuSer

2 0 30 40 5 0 6 0

C A G G A G T T T G C G G A G G C C T G G G G C C A G A A G G C C A A G G A G C T G T A T G A A C C G A T C T G G C A G A A C T T C A C G G A C C C G C A G C T G C G C A G G A T ' C A T C G G A G C T G T G C G A A C C C T G G G C T C T G C C A A C C T G C C C C T G G C T 4 2 7

G l n G l u P h e A l a G l u A l a T r p G l y G l n L y s A l a L y s G l u L e u T y r G l u P r o I l e T r p G l n A s n P h e T h r A p P r o G l n L e u A r g A r g I l e I l e G l y A l a V a l A r g Th r L e u G l y S er A l a A ~ s n L e u P r o L e u A l a7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0

AAGCGGCAGCAGTACAACGCC CT GCTAAGCAACATGAGCAGGATCTAC TCCACC GCCAAGGT CTGCCTCC CCAACAAGACTGCCACCT GCTGGT CC CTGGACCCAGATCTCACCAACATC CTGGCT TC CTCGCGA 5 6 2

L y s A r g G l n G l n T y r A s n A l a L e u L e u S e r A s n M e t S e r A r g I l e T y r S e r T h r A l a L y s V a l C y s L e u P r o A ~ s n L y v T h r A l a T h r C y s T r p S e r L e u A s p P r o A s p L e u T h r A s n Il e L e u A l a S e r S e r A r g1 1 0 1 2 0 13 0 14 0 15 0

AG CTACG CCAT GCTC CT GTTTGC CTGGGAGGGCT GGCACAACGC TGCGGGCATCCC GC TGAAAC CGCT GTACGAGGAT TT CACT GCCCTCAGCAAT GAAGCCTACAAGCAGGAC GGCT TCACAGACACGGGGGCC 6 9 7

S e r T y r A l a M e t L e u L e u P h e A l a T r p G l u G l y T r p H i s A s n A l a A l a G l y I l e P r o L e u L y s P r o L e u T y r G l u A s p P h e T h r A l a L e u S e r A s n G l u A l a T y r L y s G l n A s p G l y P h e T h r A s p T h r G l y A l A1 6 0 170 18 0 1 9 0

T A C T G G C GC T C C TG G T A C A A C T C C C C CA C C T T C G A G GA C G A T C T G G A A C A C C T C TA C C A A C A G C T A G A G c C C C T C T A C C TG A A C C T C C A T G C CT T C G TC C G C C G C G CA C T G C A T C G CC G A T A C G G A G A C A G A T A C 83 2

T y r T r p A r g S e r T r p T y r A s n S e r P r o T h r P h e G l u A s p A ~ s p L e u G l u H i s L e u T y r G l n G l n L e u G l u Pr o L e u T y r LeuAsnLeuHisAlaPheVa l A r g A r g A l a 8 L e u H i s A r g A r g T y r G l y A s p A r g T y r20 0 21 0 22 0 2 3 0 2 4 0

ATCAACCTCAGGGGACC CATCCC T G C T CA T C T G C T GG G A G A C A T G T G G G CC C A G A G C T G G G A A A A C A T C T A C G A C A T G G T GG T G C C TT T C C C A G A C A A G C C C A A C C T C G A T G T C A C C A G T A C T A TG C T G C A G C A G 9 6 7

I l e A s n L e u A r g G l y P r o I lcProAlaHis L e u L e u G l y A s p M e t T r p A l a G l n S e r T r p G l u A s n I l e T y r A s p M e t V a l V a l P r o P h e P r o A s p L y s P r o A s n L e u A s p V a l T h r S e r T h r M e t LeuGlnGln

25 0 26 0 270 2 8 0

G G C T G G A A C G C C A C G C A C A T GT T C C G G GT G G C A G A G G A G T T CT T C A C C T CC C T G G A G C TC T C C C C C A T GC C T C C C G A G TT C T G G GA A G G G T C G A T G C T GG A G A A G C C G G C C G A C G G G C G G GA A G T G G T G T G CC A C 1102

G l y T r p A s n A l a T h r H i s M e t P h e A r g V a l A l a G l u G l u P h e P h e T h r S e r L e u G l u L e u S e r P roMetP r o P r o G l u P h e T r p G l u G l y S e r M e t L e u G l u L y s P roAl a A s p G l y A r g G l u V a l V a l C y s H i s t2 9 0 30 0 31 0 32 0 3 3 0

G C C T C G G CT T G G G A C TT C T A C A A C A G G A A A G A C T T C A G G A T C A A G C A G T G C A C A C G G G T C A C G A TG G A C C A G C T C T C C A C A G T G C A C C A T G A G A T G G G C C A T A TA C A G T A C T A C C T G C A G T A C A A G G A T C T GC C C 123 7

Al a Se rAla T r p A s p P h e T y r A s n A r g L y s A s p P heAr g I l e . L y s G l n C y s T h r A r g V a l 1 T h r M e t A ~ s p G l n L e u S e r T h r V a l 1 H i sHisGluMet G l y H i s I l 1 e G l n T y r T y r LeuG l n T y r L y s A s p L e u P r o

34 0 35 0 36 0 37 0

GTCTCCC TGCGTCGGGGGGCCAACCCCGGCTTCCATGAGGCCATTGGGGACGTGCTGGCGCTCTCGGTCTCCACTCCTGAACATCTGCACAAAATCGGCCTGCTGGACCGTGTCACCAATGACACGGAAAGTGAC 13 7 2

V a l S e r L e u A r g A r g G l y A l a A s n P r o G l y P h c H i s G l u A l a I l e G l y A s p V a lLeuAlaLeuSerVa lSerThrP roGluHis LeuHis L y s I l e G l y L e u L e u A s p A r g V a l T h r A s n A ~ s p T h r G l u S e r A s p38 0 39 0 4 00 41 0 42 0

ATCAATTAC TT GCTAAAAATGGCACT G G AAAAAATT GC CTTC CT GC CCTTTGGC TACT TGGTGGACCAGT GGCGCT GGGGGGTC TTTAGT G G G C G T A C CCCC CC TTCCCGCTACAACTTCGACT GGTGGTATCT T 1 5 0 7

I l e A s n T y r L eu L e u L y s M e t A l a L eu G l u L y s I l e A l a P h e L e u P r o P h e G l y T y r L eu V a l A s p G l n T r p A r g T r p G l y V a l P h e S er G l y A r g T h r P ro P r o S e r A r g Ty r A s n P h e A s p T r p T r p T y r Le u43 0 44 0 45 0 46 0

C G AACCAAG TATCAG GG G ATCTG TCC TC CTG TTACCCG AAACG AAACCCACTTTGATGCTGGAGCTAAGTTTCATGTTCCAAATGTGACACCATACATCAGGTACTTTGTGAGTTTTGTCCTGCAGTTCCAGTTC1 6 4 2

A r g T h r L y s T y r G l n G l y I l e C y s P ro P roVa lThrAr g A s n G l u T h r H i sP heAs p A l a G l y A l a L y s P heHi s V a l 1 P r oAs n V a lTh r P r o T y r I l 1 e A r g T y rP heValS erPheValLeuG lnPheGlnPhe

4 7 0 48 0 49 0 5 0 0 51 0

CATGAAGCC C T G T GC A A G G A G G C A G G C T A T G A G G G C CC A C T G C A C C A G T G TG A C A T C T A C C G G TC C A C C A A G G C A G G G G C C A A G C T C CG G A A G G T G C T GC A G G C T G G C TC C T C C A G G C CC T G G C A G G A G G TG C T GH isGluAla L e u C y s L y s G l u A l a G l y T y r G l u G l y P r o L e u H i s G l n C y s A s p I l e T y r A r g S e r T h r L y s A l a G l y A l a L y s L e u A r g L y s V a l L e u G l n A l a G l y S e r S e r A r g P r o T r p G l n G l u V a l Le u

52 0 53 0 5 4 0 55 0

AAG G ACATG G T CGGCTTAGATGCCCTGGATGCCCAGCCGCTGCTCAAGTACTTCCAGCCAGTCACCCAGTGGCTGCAGGAGCAGAACCAGCAGAAC GGCGAGGTCC TGGGCTGGCCCGAGTACCAGTGGCACCC G

1777

1912

L y s A s p M e t V a l G l y L e u A s p A l a L e u A s p A l a G l n P r o L e u L e u Ly s T y r P heGlnP roVa l T h r G l n T r p L e u G l n G l u G l n A s n G l n G l n A s n G l y G l u V a l 1 L e u G l y T r p P r o G l u T y r G l n T r p H i s P r o5 6 0 5 7 0 5 8 0 5 9 0 6 0 0

C CGTTGCCTGACAACTACCCGGAGGGCATAGACCTGGTGACTGATGAGGCTGAGGC CAGCAAGTTTGTGGAGGAATATGACC GGACATCCCAGGTGGTGTGGAACGAGTATGCCGAGGCCAACTGGAACTACAAC 2 0 4 7

Pr o LeuP r o A s p A s n T y r P r o G l u G l y I l e A s p L e u V a lThrAs p G luAl aG luAl aS er L y t s P h e V a G l u G l u T y r A s p A r g T h rS erGnValVaTrpAsnGluTyrAlaGluAlaAnT2rpAsnTyrAsn6 1 0 6 2 0 6 3 0 6 4 0

ACCAACATCACCACAGAGACCAGCAAGATTCTGC T G C A G A A G A A C A T G C A A A T A G C C A A C C A C A C C C T G A A G T A C G G C A C CC A G G C C A G G A A G T T TG A T G T G A A C C A G T TG C A G A A C A C C A C T A T C A A G C G G A T C 21 8 2

T h r A ~ s n I leThrThrGluThrSe r L y s t I leLeuLeuGl n L y s A s n M e t GlnI leAl aAsnHi sThr L e u L y s T y rThr G1nAlaAr g L y s P h e A s p V a lAsn G1nLeuGlnAsnTh rThr I l 1 e L y s A r g G l y I l 1 e6 5 0 6 6 0 6 7 0 6 8 0 6 9 0

ATAAAGAAGGTTCAGGACCTAGAACGGGCAGCGCTGCCTGCCCAGGAGCTGGAGGAGTACAACAAGATCCTGTTGGATATGGAAAC CACCTACAGCGT GGCCACTGTGTGCCACCCGAATGGCAGCTGCCTGCAG 23 1 7

I l e L y s L y s V a l G l n A s p L e u G l u A r g A l a A l a L e u P r o A l a G l n G l u L e u G l u G l u T y r A s n L y s I l 1 e L e u L e u A s p M e t G l u T h r T h r T y r S erVa lAla ThrVal Cy2HisProAsnGl1SerCysLeuGln700 7 1 0 720 73 0

C T C G A G C C A G A T CT G A C G A A T G T G A TG G C C A C A T C C C GG A A A T A T G A A G A C C T G T T A T G GG C A T G G G A G G G CT G G C G A G A C A A G G C G G GG A G A G C C A T C C T CC A G T T T TA C C C G A A A T A C G T G G A A C T C A T C A A C 2 4 5 2

L e u G l u P r o A s p L e u T h r A s n V a l M e t A l a T h r S e r A r g L y s T y r G l u A s p L e u L e u T r p A l a T r p G l u G l y T r p A r g A s p L y s A l a G l y A r g A l a I l e L e u G l n P h e T y r P r o L y s T y r V a l G l u L e u I l e A s n7 4 0 7 5 0 7 6 0 7 7 0 780

CAGGC T G C C C G G C T C A A T G G C T A T G T A G A T G C A G G G G A C T C G T G G A G G T C T A T G T A C G A G A C A C C A T C C C T G G A G C A A - A ; C C T G G A G C GGCTCTTCCAGGAGCTGCAGCCACTCTACCTCAACCTGCATGCCTAC2 5 8 7

G lnAl a A l a A r g L e u A s n G l y T y r V a l A s p A l a G l y A s p S e r T r p A r g S erMet T y r G l u T h r P r o S e r L e u G l u G l n A s p L e u G l u A r g L e u P h e G l n G l u L e u G 2 l n P r o L e u T y r L e u A s n L e u H i s A l a T y r790 8 0 0 81 0 8 2 0

G TGCGCCGGGC CCTGCACCGTCACTACGGGGCCCAGCACATCAACCTGGAGGGGCCCATTCC TGCTCACCTGCTGGGGAACATGTGGGCGCAGACCTGGTCCAACATCTATGACTTGGTGGTGCCCTTCCCTTCA 2722

ValArgArgAlaLeuHisArgHisTyrGlyAlaGlnHisIleAsnLeuGluGlyProI leProAlaHisLeuLeuGlyAsnMetTrpAlaGlnThrTrpSerAsnIleTyrAspLeuValVa1ProPheProSer8 3 0 8 4 0 85 0 8 6 0 8 7 0

G CC CC CTCGAT GGACAC CACAG AG G CTATG CTAAAGCAGG GC TGGACGCCCAGGAGGATGTT TAAG G AG G CTG ATG ATTTCTTCACCT CC CTGGGGCT GCTGCC CGTGCC TC CTGAGTTC TGGAACAAGTCGATG2 8 5 7

AlaProS e r M e t A s p T h r Th r G lu Al aMet L e u L y s G l n G l y T r p T h r P r o A r g A r g M e t PheLysGluAlaA p A s p P h e P he ThrS er LeuG l y LeuLeuProVaProP roGluP h e T r p A s n L y 2 s S e r M e t8 8 0 8 9 0 90 0 9 1 0

C TGGAGAAGCCAACCGACGGGCGGGAGGTGGTCTGC CACGCCTC GGCCTGGGACTTCTACAACGGCAAGGACTTCCGGATCAAGCAGTGCACCACC G T G A A C TTGGAGGACCTGGTGGTGGC CCACCACGAAATG2 9 9 2

L euGl u L y s P r o T h r A s p G l y A r g G l uValVa l C y Z Hi sAla Se rAla T r p A s p P h e T y r A s n G l y L y s A s p P h e A r gI l 1 e L y s G l n C y s Th rThrVa lAsn LeuG l u A ~ s p L e u V a lValAl aH i s HisGluMet

9 2 0 9 3 0 9 4 0 95 0 96 0

GG C CACATCCAGTATTTCATGCAGTACAAAGACTTACCTGTGGC CTTGAGGGAGGGTGCCAACCCCGGCTTCCATGAGGCCATTGGGGACGTGCTAGCCCTCTCAGTGTCTACGCCCAAGCACCTGCACAGTCTC 31 2 7

G l y H i s I l e G l n T y r P h e M e t G 1 n T y r L y s A s p L e u P r o V a l A l a L e u A r g G l u G l y A l a A s n P r o G l y P h e H i s G l u A l a I l e G l y A s p V a l L e u A l a L e u S e rV a l S e r Th r P r o L y s H i s L e u H i s S e r Le u9 7 0 9 8 0 99 0 1000

AAC CTGC TGAGCAGTGAGGGTGGCAGCGACGAGCAT GACATCAACTTTCTGATGAAGATGGCCCTTGACAAGATCGCCTTTATCCCCTTCAGCTACCTCGTC GATCAGTGGCGCTGGAGGGTATTTGATGGAAGC 3262

AsnLeuLeuSerSerGluGlyGlySerAspGluHisAspI l e A s n P h e L eu M e t Ly s M e t A l a L eu A s p L y s I l e A l a P h e I l e P r o P h e S e r T y r L e u V a l A s p G l n T r p A r g T r p A r g V a l P h e A s p G l y S e r1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1030 1040 1050

A T C A C C A A G G A G A A C T A T A A C C A G G A G T G G T G G A G C C T C A G G C TG A A G T A C C A G G G C C T C T G C C C CC C A G T G C C C A G G A C T C A A G G T G A C T T TG A C C C A G G G G C C A A G T T C C A C A T T C C TT C T A G C G T G CC T T A C 3 3 9 7

I l e T h r Ly s G l u A s n T y r A s n G l n G l u T r p T r p S e rL e u A r g Le u L y s T y r G l n G l y Le u C y s P r o P r o V a l P r o A r g T h r G l n G l y A s p P h e A s p P r o G l y A l a L y s P h e H i s IleP roSerSerVa1P r o T y r1060 1070 1080 1090

ATCAGGTACTTTGTCAGCTTCATCATCCAGTTCCAGTTCCACGAGGCACTGTGCCAGGCAGC TGGCCACACGGGCCCCCTGCACAAGTGTGACATCTACCAGTCCAAGGAGGCCGGGCAGCGCCTGGCGACCGCC 35 3 2

I l e A r g T y r P h e V a l S e r P h e I 1 e I l e G l n P h e G l n P h e H i s G l u A l a L e u C y s G l n A l a A l a G l y H i s T h r G l y P r o l e u H i s L y s C y s A s p I l e T y r G l n S e r L y s G l u A l a G l y G l n A r g L e u A l a T h r A l a1100 1110 1120 1130 1140

A T G A A G C T G G G C T TC A G T A G G C C G T G GC C G G A A G C C A T G C A G C T G A T CA C G G G C C A G C C C A A C A T G A G C G C C T CG G C C A T G T TG A G C T A C T T C A A G C C G C TG C T G G A C T G GC T C C G C A C G G A G A A C G A G C T G C A T 36 6 7

M e t Ly s L e u G l y P h e S e r A r g P r o Tr p P r o G l u A l a M e t G l n L eu I l e T h r G l y G l n P r o A s r n M e t S e r A l a S e r A l a M e t L e u S e r T y r P h e L y s P r o L e u L e u A s p T r p L e u A r g T h r G l u A s n G l u L e u H i s1 1 5 0 1 1 6 0 1170 1180

G GGGAGAAGGT GGGC TGGC CGCAGTACAAC TGGACGCC GAAC TC CGCTCGCT C A G A A G G G G C C C C T C CCAGACAGCGGC CGCGTCAGCTTC CT GGGC CT GGAC CT GGAT GC GCAGCAGGCCCGCGTGGGCCAGTGG3 8 0 2

G l y G 1 u L y s L e u G l y T r p p roGl n T y r A s n T r p T h r P roAsnSe rAlaAr g S er G 1 u G l y P roLeuP r o A s p S e rG l y A r g V a l Se rP heLeuG l y L e u A 3 p L e u A s p A l a G l n G l n A l a A r g V a l 1 G l y G l n E r m1190 1200 1210 1220 1230

C T G C T G C T C T T C C T G G G C A T C G C C C T G C T G G T A G C C A C C C T G G G C C T C A G C C A G C G G C T C T T C A G C A T C C G C C A C C G C A G C C T C C A C C G G C A C T C C C A C G G G C C C C A G T T C G G C T C C G A G G T G G A G C T G A G A C A C 3 9 97

LeuLeuLeuPheLeuGly l e A l a L e u L e u V a l A l a T h r L e u G l v L e u l e r G l n A r g L e u P h e S e r I l e A r g H i s A r g S e r L e u H i s A r g H i s S e r H i s G l y P r o G l l n P h e G l y S e r G l u V a l G l u L e u A r g H i s1240 1 2 5 0 1 2 6 0 1270

T C C T G A G G T G A C C C G G C T G G G T C G G C C C T G C C C A A G G G C C T C C C A C C A G A G A C T G G G A T G G G A A C A C T G G T G G G C A G C T G A G G C G G T 4 0 2 4

Se r *

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F I G . 2 . N u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e a n d d e d u c e d a m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e o f h u m a n e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l ACE cDNA. T h e n u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e i s n u m b e r e d

o n t h e r i g h t , s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e f i r s t n u c l e o t i d e o f c l o n e A C H D T 3 2 . T h e a m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e , p r e s e n t e d b e l o w t h e n u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e , i s

n u m b e r e d f r o m t h e l e u c i n e f o u n d a t t h e a m i n o t e r m i n u s o f t h e m a t u r e p r o t e i n , w h i c h i s p r e c e d e d b y a 2 9 - r e s i d u e s i g n a l p e p t i d e . T h e t e r m i n a t i o nc o d o n T G A i s d e n o t e d b y a n a s t e r i s k . T h e p e p t i d e s e q u e n c e u s e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p r o b e HACE6 i s o v e r l i n e d ( p e p t i d e s e q u e n c e d a t a h a d

i n d i c a t e d l y s i n e r a t h e r t h a n t h e g l u t a m i n e p r e d i c t e d h e r e a t p o s i t i o n 2 5 9 ; s e e t e x t ) . P o t e n t i a l s i t e s o f a s p a r a g i n e - l i n k e d g l y c o s y l a t i o n a r e

u n d e r l i n e d ( 2 1 ) . T h e p u t a t i v e t r a n s m e m b r a n e s e g m e n t n e a r t h e c a r b o x y l t e r m i n u s i s b o x e d .

( F i g . 3 , l a n e a ) . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d when a cDNA DISCUSSIONf r a g m e n t l o c a t e d c l o s e t o t h e 3 ' e n d wa s u s e d ( d a t a n o t

s h o w n ) . T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e o f one A s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e o f t h e cDNA s e q u e n c e i s t h e p r e s e n c e o f

g e n e f o r A CE p e r h a p l o i d human g e n o m e . a h i g h d e g r e e o f i n t e r n a l h o m o l o g y ( F i g . 4 T o p ) . T w o

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 8 5 ( 1 9 8 8 ) 9 3 8 9

9 . 5 k b . . _

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a b c

F I G . 3 . ( L e f t ) G e n o m i c S o u t h e r n b l o t a n a l y s i s ( l a n e a ) . Humanp l a c e n t a l DNA ( 1 4 , u g ) , d i g e s t e d w i t h H i n d l l , w a s h y b r i d i z e d w i t ha 3 00 - b p E c o R l ( e n d ) - B g l I I f r a g m e n t f r o m t h e 5 ' e n d ' o f c l o n eA H E C 2 1 1 1 . ( R i g h t ) N o r t h e r n b l o t h y b r i d i z a t i o n . Human t e s t i sp o l y ( A ) + R NA ( 2 0 , u g ; l a n e b ) a n d c u l t u r e d h u m a n e n d o t h e l i a l c e l lp o l y ( A ) + RNA ( 1 5 j i g ; l a n e c ) w e r e h y br i d iz e d w i th c l o n eA H E C 1 9 2 2 .

h o m o l o g o u s d o m a i n s s u r r o u n d e d b y n o n h o m o l o g o u s r e g i o n sc a n b e d e l i m i t e d : a c o n t i n u o u s n u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e i d e n t i t y>60% i s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n p o s i t i o n s 7 0 0 - 1 7 7 0 a n d p o s i t i o n s2 4 9 5 - 3 5 6 5 ( o v e r a l l i d e n t i t y , 7 0 . 1 % ) . A t t h e a m i n o a c i d l e v e l

t h e o v e r a l l s i m i l a r i t y c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g 3 5 7

r e s i d u e s i s 6 7 . 7 % . T h e i d e n t i t y i s m a x i m a l i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r to f t h e s e t w o d o m a i n s ; f o r e x a m p l e , a n i d e n t i t y o f 8 9% i so b s e r v e d f o r a m i n o a c i d s 3 6 1 - 4 0 4 a n d 9 5 9 - 1 0 0 2 , s e g m e n t sc o m p r i s i n g e s s e n t i a l r e s i d u e s o f t h e p u t a t i v e a c t i v e s i t e s ( s e eb e l o w ) . T h e n u m b e r a n d p o s i t i o n s o f t h e c y s t e i n e r e s i d u e sa r e t h e s a m e i n t h e t w o d o m a i n s ( F i g . 4 M i d d l e ) . T h e r e a r e1 7 p o t e n t i a l a s p a r a g i n e - l i n k e d g l y c o s y l a t i o n s i t e s ( 2 1 ) i n t h e

m o l e c u l e , m o s t l y g r o u p e d i n t h e a m i n o - t e r m i n a l r e g i o n o f t h ep r o t e i n a n d i n t h e r e g i o n l o c a t e d a t t h e j u n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h et w o h o m o l o g o u s d o m a i n s ( F i g s . 2 a n d 4 ) .Two p a r t i c u l a r r e g i o n s o f t h e p r o t e i n d i s p l a y a h i g h d e g r e e

o f h y d r o p h o b i c i t y , t h e s i g n a l p e p t i d e a n d t h e r e g i o n l o c a t e dj u s t b e f o r e t h e ' c a r b o x y l t e r m i n u s ( F i g . 4 B o t t o m ) . A s e a r c h

f o r m e m b r a n e - a s s o c i a t e d h e l i c e s ( 2 4 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s e t w o

r e g i o n s h a v e t h e h i g h e s t p r o b a b i l i t y o f b e i n g i n v o l v e d i nm e m b r a n e i n s e r t i o n . S i n c e a m i n o - t e r m i n a l s e q u e n c e a n a l y s i so f t h e p r o t e i n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s i g n a l p e p t i d e i s c l e a v e d o f fd u r i n g p r o c e s s i n g , t h e m a t u r e e n z y m e i s m o s t p r o b a b l ya n c h o r e d t o t h e c e l l m e m b r a n e b y i t s c a r b o x y l - t e r m i n a lh y d r o p h o b i c s e g m e n t , a s s u g g e s t e d b y H o o p e r e t a l . ( 1 9 ) .A c o m p u t e r - a s s i s t e d s e a r c h r e v e a l e d n o c l e a r s i g n i f i c a n t

h o m o l o g y o f A CE w i t h a n y o t h e r p r o t e i n f o u n d i n t h e

0 1 2 0 24 0 3 6 0 4 8 0 60 0 72 0 840 9 6 0 1 0 8 0 1 2 0 0

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F I G . 4 . ( T o p ) D o t m a t r i x

c o m p a r i s o n ( 2 2 ) o f t h e a m i n oa c i d s e q u e n c e o f ACE w i t h i t s e l f( h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l a x e s ) .D i a g o n a l b a r s a r e g e n e r a t e d b ys e g m e n t s o f 6 0 a m i n o a c i d s t h a ts h o w . 6 0 % o s e q u e n c e i d e n t i t yb e t w e e n t h e h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r -t i c a l a x e s . T h e l o n g d i a g o n a l l i n er e p r e s e n t s t h e l i n e o f i d e n t i t yr e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f

t h e e n z y m e s e q u e n c e w i t h i t s e l f .T h e t w o o f f s e t d i a g o n a l s d e n o t et h e i n t e r n a l h o m o l o g y p r e s e n tw i t h i n t h e e n z y m e s e q u e n c e .

( M i d d l e ) S c h e m a t i c d i a g r a ms h o w i n g t h e c y s t e i n e p o s i t i o n s ,t h e p o t e n t i a l a s p a r a g i n e - l i n k e dg l y c o s y l a t i o n s i t e s , a n d t h e p o -s i t i o n s o f t h e p u t a t i v e r e s i d u e s o f

t h e a c t i v e s i t e ( o n e - l e t t e r c o d e ) .( B o t t o m ) H y d r o p a t h y a n a l y s i sd o n e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e t h o d o fK y t e a n d D o o l i t t l e ( 2 3 ) w i t h a

w i n d o w s i z e o f 1 0 r e s i d u e s . P o s -

i t i v e v a l u e s i n d i c a t e i n c r e a s i n gh y d r o p h o b i c i t y .

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9 3 9 0 B i o c h e m i s t r y : S o u b r i e r e t a l .

N a t i o n a l B i o m e d i c a l R e s e a r c h F o u n d a t i o n d a t a b a n k ( r e l e a s e1 5 . 0 ) . A l i g n m e n t w i t h t h e s e q u e n c e o f a n o t h e r Z n p r o t e a s e ,t h e r m o l y s i n ( 2 5 ) , r e v e a l e d s h o r t s e g m e n t a l i d e n t i t i e s o n l y i nr e g i o n s c o m p r i s i n g r e s i d u e s i n v o l v e d i n c a t a l y t i c a c t i v i t y .T h e x - r a y s t r u c t u r e a n a l y s i s o f t h e r m o l y s i n ( 2 6 ) s h o w e d t h a tt h e H i s - 1 4 2 , H i s - 1 4 6 , a n d G l u - 1 6 6 c o o r d i n a t e t h e Z n a t o m .

C o r r e s p o n d i n g r e s i d u e s ( H i s - 3 6 1 , H i s - 3 6 5 , a n d G l u - 3 8 9 ;H i s - 9 5 9 , H i s - 9 6 3 , a n d G l u - 9 8 7 ) a r e f o u n d w i t h i n s h o r t c o n -

s e r v e d r e g i o n s i n t h e t w o d o m a i n s o f ACE ( F i g . 5 ) . A n o t h e rg l u t a m i c a c i d ( G l u - 1 4 3 ) o f t h e r m o l y s i n , w h i c h a c t s a s ag e n e r a l b a s e i n c a t a l y s i s , i s a g a i n f o u n d i n t h e t w o d o m a i n s

o f ACE ( G l u - 3 6 2 a n d G l u - 9 6 0 ) . A n o t h e r p o s s i b l e h o m o l o g y i s

o b s e r v e d a r o u n d H i s - 2 3 1 o f t h e r m o l y s i n , w h i c h s t a b i l i z e s t h et r a n s i t i o n s t a t e b y f o r m a t i o n o f a h y d r o g e n b o n d t o t h e w a t e r

m o l e c u l e w i t h t h e o x y g e n o f t h e s c i s s i l e b o n d t o b e c l e a v e d .T h i s h i s t i d i n e r e s i d u e i s c o n s e r v e d i n t h e t w o d o m a i n s o fACE ( F i g . 5 ) . S i m i l a r s h o r t s e q u e n c e s a r e a l s o o b s e r v e d i nt h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e g i o n s o f r a t o r r a b b i t n e u t r a l e n d o p e p -

t i d a s e ( 2 7 , 2 8 ) ( F i g . 5 ) , a Z n m e t a l l o e n d o p e p t i d a s e a b l e t oh y d r o l y z e e n k e p h a l i n s , k i n i n s , a n d s e v e r a l n e u r o p e p t i d e s ,l i k e A C E , b u t w i t h d i f f e r e n t e f f i c i e n c y a n d s e n s i t i v i t y t oi n h i b i t o r s ( 3 , 3 0 ) . S e g m e n t a l h o m o l o g y w a s a l s o f o u n d w i t ht h e s e q u e n c e r e p o r t e d ( 2 9 ) f o r t h e Z n p r o t e a s e c o l l a g e n a s e

f r o m h u m a n s k i n f i b r o b l a s t s ( F i g . 5 ) . T h e s t r u c t u r a l s i m i l a r i t yb e t w e e n t h e a c t i v e s i t e o f t r u e e n d o p e p t i d a s e s ( t h e r m o l y s i n ,n e u t r a l e n d o p e p t i d a s e , a n d c o l l a g e n a s e ) a n d ACE m o s t l i k e l ye x p l a i n s why t h i s e n z y m e c a n a c t b o t h a s a p e p t i d y l - d i p e p -t i d a s e a n d a s a n e n d o p e p t i d a s e ( 3 ) .

I n ACE t h e r e g i o n s h o m o l o g o u s t o a c t i v e - s i t e s e q u e n c e s o ft h e r m o l y s i n a n d n e u t r a l e n d o p e p t i d a s e a r e p r e s e n t t w i c e i nt h e m o l e c u l e , i n c l u d e d i n r e g i o n s h i g h l y s i m i l a r i n t h e t w od o m a i n s . W h e t h e r b o t h o f t h e s e p u t a t i v e a c t i v e s i t e s o f A CEa r e i n v o l v e d i n c a t a l y s i s c a n n o t b e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m s e q u e n c e

a n a l y s i s . H o w e v e r , i t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d ( 3 1 , 3 2 ) t h a t e a c h

ACE m o l e c u l e c o n t a i n s o n e Z n a t o m , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t o n l yo n e d Q m a i n i s a b l e t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e m e t a l . L i k e w i s e , b i n d i n gs t u d i e s w i t h c o m p e t i t i v e ACE i n h i b i t o r s s u g g e s t a s i n g l e c l a s so f s i t e s ( 3 3 , 3 4 ) . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s m a y i n d i c a t e t h a t d e s p i t e

i t s r e p e t i t i v e s t r u c t u r e , ACE h a s o n l y o n e f u n c t i o n a l a c t i v es i t e p e r m o l e c u l e .T h e s e q u e n c e o f A CE cDNA i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e ACE g e n e

m o s t l i k e l y r e s u l t e d f r o m a g e n e d u p l i c a t i o n . S i n c e o t h e rk n o w n m a m m a l i a n ACEs a r e o f a s i m i l a r s i z e , i t i s l i k e l y t h a tt h e y a l s o r e s u l t e d f r o m a g e n e d u p l i c a t i o n t h a t o c c u r r e d

b e f o r e m a m m a l i a n r a d i a t i o n . O u r S o u t h e r n h y b r i d i z a t i o nr e s u l t s a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e o f o n e ACE g e n e p e r

h u m a n h a p l o i d g e n o m e , e n c o d i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t f o r m s o f A C E .T h e p l a s m a e n z y m e p r o b a b l y o r i g i n a t e s f r o m t h e v a s c u l a re n d o t h e l i u m a n d i s e n z y m a t i c a l l y a n d i m m u n o l o g i c a l l y i d e n -t i c a l t o t h e s o l u b i l i z e d m e m b r a n e - b o u n d e n z y m e ( 3 5 , 3 6 ) . T h e

s e q u e n c e d e s c r i b e d h e r e i s t h a t o f a p r o t e i n p o s s e s s i n g a

h y d r o p h o b i c a n c h o r i n i t s c a r b o x y l - t e r m i n a l r e g i o n . T h e

hACE T

hACE VTHERM V

r N E P VhCOLL V

VH H E MG HAH H E M G H

VAH E LTlI G H E I T HI G [ H I E J L G I H

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F I G . 5 . H o m o l o g y a m o n g a m i n o a c i d s e q u e n c e s ( o n e - l e t t e rn o t a t i o n ) o f human A C E ( h A C E ) , t h e r m o l y s i n f r o m B a c i l l u s t h e r -

m o p r o t e o l y t i c u s (THERM) ( 2 5 ) , r a t or r a b b i t n e u t r a l e n d o p e p t i d a s e

( r N E P ) ( 2 7 , 2 8 ) , a n d human s k i n f i br o b la s t c o l l a g e n a s e ( h C O L L )( 2 9 ) . Th e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d l i n e s r e f e r t o t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d d o m a i n s

o f ACE. Numbers r e f e r t o t h e l a s t amino a c i d p o s i t i o n i n each p r o t e i ns e g m e n t . I d e n t i c a l r e s i d u e s ar e b o x e d ; c o n s e r v a t i v e amino a c i d

c h a n g e s ar e i n d i c a t e d b y b r o k e n l i n e s . G a p s ar e i n d i c a t e d b y d a s h e s .

p l a s m a e n z y m e may d e r i v e f r o m t h i s f o r m b y a p o s t t r a n s l a -t i o n a l m o d i f i c a t i o n o r r e s u l t f r o m t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f a m RN Ad i f f e r e n t a t i t s 3 ' e n d , a l t h o u g h we h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e , b y

N o r t h e r n b l o t a n a l y s i s , t o d e t e c t a s e c o n d mRNA s p e c i e s i nh u m a n e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l s . I t may a l s o b e t h a t t h e e n z y m e i sr e l e a s e d b y l e a k a g e f r o m t h e p l a s m a m e m b r a n e . T h e o b s e r -v a t i o n o f a 3 - k b mRNA i n t h e t e s t i s i s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h eo b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t e s t i c u l a r A CE i s s y n t h e s i z e d a s a s h o r t e r

p o l y p e p t i d e c h a i n t h a n t h e v a s c u l a r e n d o t h e l i a l e n z y m e ( 3 7 ) .T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y s u g g e s t t h a t t h e t e s t i c u l a rACE m RNA a n d t h e e n d o t h e l i a l ACE mRNA ( 4 . 3 k b ) r e s u l tf r o m d i f f e r e n t i a l s p l i c i n g o f t h e g e n e t r a n s c r i p t . '

We t h a n k T . S a r d a f o r h e l p i n DNA s e q u e n c i n g , F . P i n e t a n d A .

M i c h a u d f o r c e l l c u l t u r e s , I . S a u v a g e t ( U n i t d d ' I n f o r m a t i q u e S c i e n -t i f i q u e , I n s t i t u t P a s t e u r ) f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e c o m p u t e r s e a r c h , A . M .H o u o t f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e , a n d E . C l a u s e r f o r u s e f u l s u g g e s t i o n s .We t h a n k B . R o q u e s a n d F . R o u g e o n f o r h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s d u r i n gp r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t .

1 . S k e g g s , L . T . , J r . , K h a n , J . R . & S h u m w a y , N . P . ( 1 9 5 6 ) J . E x p . M e d .

1 0 3 , 2 9 5 - 2 9 9 .

2 . Y a n g , H . Y . T . , E r d o s , E . G . & L e v i n , Y . ( 1 9 7 0 ) B i o c h i m . B i o p h y s . A c t a

2 1 4 , 3 7 4 - 3 7 6 .3 . E r d o s , E . G . & S k i d g e l , R . A . ( 1 9 8 7 ) L a b . I n v e s t . 5 6 , 3 4 5 - 3 4 8 .

4 . C a l d w e l l , P . R . B . , S e e g a l , B . C . , H s u , K . C . & S o f f e r , R . L . ( 1 9 7 6 )S c i e n c e 1 9 1 , 1 0 5 0 - 1 0 5 1 .

5 . R y a n , U . S . , R y a n , J . W . , W h i t a ke r, C . & C h i u , A . ( 1 9 7 6 ) T i s s u e C e l l 8 ,1 2 5 - 1 4 5 .

6 . B u l l , H . G . , T h o r n b e r r y , N . A . & C o r d e s , E . H . ( 1 9 8 5 ) J . B i o l . C h e m .

2 6 0 , 2 9 6 3 - 2 9 7 2 .7 . L a e m m l i , U . K . ( 1 9 7 0 ) N a t u r e ( L o n d o n ) 2 2 7 , 6 8 0 - 6 8 5 .

8 . L a t h e , R , ( 1 9 8 5 ) J . M o l . B i o l . 1 8 3 , 1 - 1 2 .9 . G o s p o r a d o w i c z , D . , C h e n g , J . & L i r e t t e , M . ( 1 9 8 3 ) J . C e l l . B i o l . 9 7 , 1 6 7 7 -

1 6 8 5 .1 0 . C h i r g w i n , J . M . , P r z y b y l a , A . E . , M a c D o n a l d , R . J . & R u t t e r , W . J .

( 1 9 7 9 ) B i o c h e m i s t r y 1 8 , 5 2 9 4 - 5 2 9 9 .1 1 . K o e n i g , M. , H o f f m a n , E . P . , B e r t e l s o n , C . J . , M o n a c o , A . P . , F e e n e r ,

C . & K u n k e l , L. M . ( 1 9 8 7 ) C e l l 5 0 , 5 0 9 - 5 1 7 .

1 2 . F e i n b e r g , A . P . & V o g e l s t e i n , B . ( 1 9 8 3 ) A n a l . B i o c h e m . 1 3 2 , 6 - 1 3 .1 3 . S a n g e r , F . , N i c k l e n , S . & C o u l s o n , A . R . ( 1 9 7 7 ) P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i .

US A 7 4 , 5 4 6 3 - 5 4 6 7 .1 4 . T h o m a s , P . S . ( 1 9 8 3 ) M e t h o d s E n z y m o l . 1 0 0 , 2 5 5 - 2 6 6 .

1 5 . S o u t h e r n , E . M . ( 1 9 7 5 ) J . M o l . B i o l . 9 8 , 5 0 3 - 5 1 7 .1 6 . H o l m q u i s t , B . , B u n n i n g , P . & R i o r d a n , J . F . ( 1 9 7 9 ) A n a l . B i o c h e m . 9 5 ,

5 4 0 - 5 4 8 .1 7 . I w a t a , K . , B l h c h e r , R . , S o f f e r , R . L . & L a i , C . Y . ( 1 9 8 3 ) A r c h . B i o c h e m .

B i o p h y s . 2 2 7 , 1 8 8 - 2 0 1 .1 8 . S t . C l a i r , D . K . , P r e s p e r , K . A . , S m i t h , P . L . , S t u m p , D . C . & H e a t h ,

E . C . ( 1 9 8 6 ) B i o c h e m . B i o p h y s . R e s . C o m m u n . 1 4 1 , 9 6 8 - 9 7 2 .1 9 . H o o p e r , N . M. , K e e n , J . , P a p p i r n , D . J . C . & T u r n e r , A . J . ( 1 9 8 7 )

B i o c h e m . J . 2 4 7 , 8 5 - 9 3 .2 0 . B e r n s t e i n , K . E . , M a r t i n , B . M . , S t r i k e r , L . & S t r i k e r , G . ( 1 9 8 8 ) K i d n e y

I n t . 3 3 , 6 5 2 - 6 5 5 .

2 1 . B a u s e , E . ( 1 9 8 3 ) B i o c h e m . J . 2 0 9 , 3 3 1 - 3 3 6 .2 2 . S t a d e n , R . ( 1 9 8 2 ) N u c l e i c A c i d s R e s . 1 0 , 2 9 5 1 - 2 9 6 1 .2 3 . K y t e , J . & D o o l i t t l e , R . F . ( 1 9 8 2 ) J . M o l . B i o l . 1 5 7 , 1 0 5 - 1 3 2 .2 4 . E i s e n b e r g , D . , W e i s s , R. M . & T e r w i l l i g e r , T. C . ( 1 9 8 2 ) N a t u r e ( L o n d o n )

2 9 9 , 3 7 1 - 3 7 4 .2 5 . T i t a n i , K . , H o r m o d s o n , M . A . , E r i c s s o n , L . H . , W a l s h , K . A . &

N e u r a t h , H . ( 1 9 7 2 ) N a t u r e ( L o n d o n ) Ne w B i o l . 2 3 8 , 3 5 - 3 7 .2 6 . K e s t e r , W . R . & M a t t h e w s , B . W . ( 1 9 7 7 ) B i o c h e m i s t r y 1 6 , 2 5 0 6 - 2 5 1 6 .2 7 . M a l f r o y , B . , S c h o f i e l d , P . R . , K u a n g , W . J . , S e e b u r g , P . H . , M a s o n ,

A . J . & H e n z e l , W . J . ( 1 9 8 7 ) B i o c h e m . B i o p h y s . R e s . Commun. 1 4 4 , 5 9 -

6 6 .2 8 . D e v a u l t , A . , L a z u r e , C . , N a u l t , C . , L e M o u a l , H . , S e i d a h , N . G . ,

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3 0 . M a t s a s , R . , K e n n y , A . J . & T u r n e r , A . J . ( 1 9 8 4 ) B i o c h e m . J . 2 2 3 , 4 3 3 -

4 4 0 .3 1 . D a s , M , & S o f f e r , R. L . ( 1 9 7 5 ) J . B i o l . C h e m . 2 5 0 , 6 7 6 2 - 6 7 6 8 .

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( 1 9 8 3 ) J . L a b . C l i n . M e d . 1 0 1 , 8 3 - 9 6 .3 7 . E l - D o r r y , H . A . , P i c k e t t , C . B . , M a c G r e g o r , J . S . & S o f f e r , R. L . ( 1 9 8 2 )

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 8 5 ( 1 9 8 8 )