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TÜV SÜD TÜV SÜD
Nuclear Disposal
Part II: Nuclear Waste Transport, Site
Selection Act & Civil Participation…
Seminar on regulations and technology of waste management and disposal in Germany
March 28th, 2018 in Taipei
Dr. J. Shang
Slide 1
TÜV SÜD
6
Contents
Requirements for transport of nuclear waste
7 German site selection Act
Slide 2
8 Repository decision and civil participation
9 Conclusion
TÜV SÜD
6
Contents
Requirements for transport of nuclear waste
7 German site selection Act
Slide 3
8 Repository decision and civil participation
9 Conclusion
TÜV SÜD
Requirements for safe transport of radioactive material
Remember those...
Slide 4
TÜV SÜD
IAEA Requirements
Specific Requirements No. SSR-6
Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material
I. General Provisions
II. Activity Limits and Classification
III. Requirements for Radioactive Material and for Packagings and Packages
IV. Test Procedures
V. Requirements and Controls for Transport
VI. Approval and Administrative Requirements
Source: Wikimedia
Slide 5
TÜV SÜD
Provisions and Classification
I. General Provisions
• Radiation Protection Definition Contamination
“Contamination shall mean the presence of a radioactive substance on asurface in quantities in excess of 0.4 Bq/cm²for beta and gamma emitters and lowtoxicity alpha emitters, or 0.04 Bq/cm²for all other alpha emitters”
Radiation protection programme
• Emergency Response
• Management
• Compliance Assurance
• Training
Slide 6
TÜV SÜD
• Radioactive material
any material containing radionuclides where both the activity concentration and the total
activity in the consignment exceed the values specified
Shall be assigned an UN number in accordance with the classification of the material
Provisions and Classification
Classification of Radioactive Material
II. Activity Limits and Classification
RadionuclideA1
[TBq]
A2
[TBq]
A
Activity
concentration limit
for exempt
material
[Bq/g]
A0
Activity limit for an
exempt
consignment
[Bq]
Co-60 4,0E-01 4,0E-01 1,0E+01 1,0E+05
Cs-137 2,0E+00 6,0E-01 1,0E+01 1,0E+04
U-235 Unl. Unl. 1,0E+01 1,0E+04
Slide 7
TÜV SÜD
Requirements and Tests
General Requirements
III. Requirements for Radioactive Material and for Packagings and Packages
• Design
Easy and safe transport
Properly secured during transport
Lifting attachments
Surface
Access
Physics (Acceleration, vibration, resonance)
Radiation/Shielding
• max. radiation level on surface < 2 mSv/h
Source: GNS, Wikimedia
Slide 8
TÜV SÜD
Requirements and Tests
Requirements for B(U) packages
III. Requirements for Radioactive Material and for Packagings and Packages
• Seal
• Containment system
• Heat (generation, surface temperature, insolation, freezing) Thermal protection
• Pressure No relief system from containment
• Water Immersion
• After tests Loss of radioactive contents < 10-6 A2 per hour D < 10mSv/h in 1 m Meet requirements
-40°C to +70°C
Source: GNS, Wikimedia
Slide 9
TÜV SÜD
Requirements and Tests
Requirements for B(U) packages with FISSILE material
III. Requirements for Radioactive Material and for Packagings and Packages
• Maintain subcriticality
Leakage, moderator efficiency, geometrical changes, immersion
• Criticality Safety Index (CSI)
• Geometry and Temperature
Preserve outside dimensions
Prevent entry of a 10 cm cube
Ambient temperature
10280
)()(250 235
gm
Z
gmCSI
fissileU
Source: GNS, IAEA, Wikimedia
Slide 10
TÜV SÜD
Requirements and Tests
Demonstration of compliance with standards
IV. Test Procedures
• Methods
Substitutes for radioactive contents
Test with models of appropriate scale
Calculations
Appropriate methods of assessment
Source: Wikimedia
Slide 11
TÜV SÜD
Requirements and Tests
Tests for Packages
IV. Test Procedures
• Preparation
According to design?
Defects?
Containment system is clearly specified?
• Integrity of containment and shielding and assessing criticality safety
To be controlled after each test
Integrity of shielding and containment still fulfils requirements?
Requirements for FISSILE material still fulfilled
Source: Wikimedia
Slide 12
TÜV SÜD
Requirements and Tests
Tests for Packages
IV. Test Procedures
• Transport conditions test
Water spray test
Free drop test
Stacking test
Penetration test
5 cm/h rain
for 1h
5 cm/h rain
for 1h
Source: GNS, Wikimedia
Slide 13
TÜV SÜD
Requirements and Tests
Tests for Packages
IV. Test Procedures
• Transport conditions test
Water spray test
Free drop test
Stacking test
Penetration test
3.2 cm
6 kg
Source: GNS, Wikimedia
Slide 14
TÜV SÜD
Requirements and Tests
Tests for Packages
IV. Test Procedures
• Tests accident conditions
Mechanical test (3 drop)
• Drop I: 9 m drop
• Drop II: 1 m drop on bar
• Drop III: Dynamic crush test
Thermal test
• 30 min at 800°C
• Return to steady state conditions
Water immersion test
• 8h under a head of water of at least 15 mSource: GNS, Wikimedia
Slide 15
TÜV SÜD
Requirements and Tests
Tests for Packages
IV. Test Procedures
• Additional test for packages containing fissile material
Water leakage test
• 2 Drop tests + thermal test + immersion of 0.9 m for at least 8 h
After the tests:
loss of radioactive contents < 10–6A2 per hour
retain sufficient shielding
radiation level at 1 m < 10 mSv/h at max load
Source: GNS, Wikimedia
Slide 16
TÜV SÜD
GNS SBoX®
IVa. Casks
Requirements and Tests
Protection plate
Lid
Separate closure lids
Source: GNS, Wikimedia
Slide 17
TÜV SÜD
GNS Mosaik®
IVa. Casks
Requirements and Tests
Waste containers: radiation dose rates & radiation
resistance
• External radiation dose rates of conditioned waste
packages must be in compliance with the limits for
facilities and equipment at which they will be handled
• Control may be established by limiting radionuclide
inventories or by providing supplemental shielding to
the container
• Radiation can affect the waste container, and
qualification tests may be required. Generally, effects of
irradiation are likely to be most severe for containers
constructed from polymers, less for concrete containers,
and the least for metal containers.Source: GNS
Slide 18
TÜV SÜD
Controls and Approval
Shipment
V. Requirements and Controls for Transport
• Before first shipment
packaging conform with design specifications?
• Design pressure
• Shielding, containment, heat transfer
• Fissile: criticality safety features
• Before each shipment
Package contains neither
• Radionuclides different from those specified for package design
• Contents from those specified for package design
Lifting attachments removed
System is in equilibrium
Inspection for closures, valves and openings
Source: GNS, Wikimedia
Slide 19
TÜV SÜD
• Assign category to a package
Controls and Approval
Categories
V. Requirements and Controls for Transport
TI 0 0 < TI < 1 1 < TI < 10
Max.
radiation
level on
surface
< 0.005 mSv/h >0.005 mSv/h
< 0.5 mSv/h
> 0.5 mSv/h
< 2.0 mSv/h
Source: GNS, IAEA, Wikimedia
Slide 20
TÜV SÜD
UN number, proper shipping name, categorization, labelling and marking in accordance with
certificate of the country of origin
• Labelling
Package
• according to the appropriate category
• FISSILE
• Labelling for radioactive contents
Complete labels with:
• name of radionuclides
• activity
• TI number
• Labelling for radioactive contents
CSI
Controls and Approval
Labelling and Marking
V. Requirements and Controls for Transport
✓
✓
U-235ActivityTI
✓
✓
✓
CSI✓Source: GNS, IAEA, Wikimedia
Slide 21
TÜV SÜD
Controls and Approval
Labelling and Marking
V. Requirements and Controls for Transport
UN number, proper shipping name, categorization, labelling and marking in accordance with
certificate of the country of origin
• Marking
Package
• ID of consignor and/or consignee
• UN number, preceded by the letters “UN”
and proper shipping name
• ID mark, serial number, “Type B(U)”,
if conform with the according design
• trefoil symbol
Source: GNS, IAEA, Wikimedia
Slide 22
TÜV SÜD
Controls and Approval
Consignors Responsibilities
V. Requirements and Controls for Transport
• Particulars of consignment
Transport documents shall include vital information
UN, TI, category, activity, shipping name
• Certification or Declaration
“I hereby declare…in accordance with international and national governmental regulations”
• Information for carriers
Supplementary requirements (loading, stowing…)
Restrictions on mode of transport
Emergency arrangements
• Notification of competent authorities
Especially for Type B and C packagesSource: Wikimedia
Slide 23
TÜV SÜD
Controls and Approval
Approval
VI. Approval and Administrative Requirements
• Before each shipment…
Requirements
in certificate of approval fulfilled?
• General
Design approval
Shipment approval
✓
✓
✓
✓
Package design Shipment
Source: GNS, IAEA, Wikimedia
Slide 24
TÜV SÜD
Controls and Approval
Certificates
VI. Approval and Administrative Requirements
Shipment Approval
Regulations
Restrictions on mode of
transport
freight, routeing
Specification
actual radioactive
contents
Emergency Arrangements
...
Design Approval
Regulations
Packaging
Description
Identification
Specification
Radioactive contents
Design
Containment
Description
Supplementary operational
controls
…Source: Wikimedia
Slide 25
TÜV SÜD
Goal
Final disposal
Source: GNS, IAEA, BfS
Slide 26
TÜV SÜD
6
Contents
Requirements for transport of nuclear waste
7 German site selection Act
Slide 27
8 Repository decision and civil participation
9 Conclusion
TÜV SÜD
Wozu Endlager?• Entsorgung vorhandener Abfälle aus Kernkraftwerken
• Schutz vor radioaktiver Strahlung über lange Zeit
• Tiefe Erdschichten können radioaktive Stoffe langfristig einschließen
Site selection act
Slide 28
TÜV SÜD
Site select act
Objectives:
- Unbiased, science-based and transparent site selection procedure
- Disposal within Germany
- Siting 2031
- The best possible safe storage over a million years
- Civil participation broad consensus
- Parliamentary decisions at important milestones
- Perception of responsibility by today's generation
- Commission “Disposal of HLW” (Report with recommendations, 2016)
Slide 29
TÜV SÜD
Commission “Disposal of HLW”
Chairman (2) Representatives:
Industry (2)
Church (2)
Environmental
organizations (2)
Unions (2)
Scientists (8)
German Federal Parliament
(8)
Federal Council (8)
memberss
Slide 30
TÜV SÜD
Recommendations of commission “Disposal of HLW”
Option: Repository (mine) with reversibility
The way to the site:
procedure
civil participation
criteria
Political and social recommendations:
organization structure
legislation
Slide 31
TÜV SÜD
Site selection act
2014 Establishment of the Commission §3
2015 Commission recommendations, evaluation of site selection act §4
2014 Federal Office for Nuclear Waste Disposal §7
2016 Start of site selection process §12
20xx Decision on sites for surface exploration §14
2023 Decision on sites for underground exploration §17
2031 Site decision §20
licensing procedure, construction, operation, decommissioning
Slide 32
TÜV SÜD
Options for possible repositories in Germany
Deep geological depositoriesCharacteristics
• Safety through geological stable system
• Host rock and technical barriers
• Storage of LLW, ILW & HLW
Rock salt
• Very low permeability, high thermal conductivity
• E. g. Germany, USA, Russia
Claystone
• Low permeability, low dissolution behaviour
• E. g. Switzerland, France, GB
Crystalline rock/granite
• High strength, low dissolution behaviour
• E. g. Finland, China, Korea
Source: TÜV SÜD ET
Slide 33
TÜV SÜD
Repository (mine) with reversibility
Step 1: - Site selection procedure
Step 2: - Mining technological development of the site
Step 3: - Disposal of radioactive waste in the repository mine
Step 4: - Observation before closure of the repository mine
Step 5: - Closure of the repository mine
Step 1: Stage I:
- Start with the white map
- Comparative analysis based on existing data
- Decision of the German Federal Parliament and Federal Council about the
on the surface exploration of possible site regions
Stage II:
- Overground exploration, comparisons and evaluation
- Decision of the German Federal Parliament and Federal Council about the
subsurface exploration of possible sites
Stage III:
- Subsurface exploration, comparisons and evaluation
- Determination of the repository site by the German Federal Parliament and
Federal Council
Slide 34
TÜV SÜD
6
Contents
Requirements for transport of nuclear waste
7 German site selection Act
Slide 35
8 Repository decision and civil participation
9 Conclusion
TÜV SÜD
• National Accessory Committee § 8
• Conference subareas § 9
• Regional conferences § 10
• Conference Council of the Regions § 11• www.endlagersuche.de
• Residents, communities concerned and environmental
associations can appeal against the decision before the
final decision of the German Federal Parliament and Federal
Council
Civil Participation
Slide 36
TÜV SÜD
• National Accessory Committee1. Klaus Brunsmeier,聯邦德國環境和自然保護協會董事會成員,前核廢料最終
處置委員會成員。2. Bettina Gaebel,,民眾代表,自由職業者,市場和信息交流專家。3. Prof. Dr. Armin Grunwald,德國聯邦議院技術後果評估辦公室主任,前核廢料
最終處置委員會成員。4. Prof. Dr. Hendrik Lambrecht,民眾代表,Pforzheim大學工業生態學和定量方法
教授。5. Dr. habil. Monika C. M. Müller,基督教樓庫姆學院生態學和環境系研究主任。6. Prof. Dr. Kai Niebert,蘇黎世大學自然科學和可持續性系教育學教授, 德國自
然保護聯盟主席。7. Prof. Dr. Miranda Schreurs,慕尼黑大學環境和氣候變化政策系教授,前環境專
家委員會成員。8. Jorina Suckow,民眾代表,核協會年輕一代成員,法律系學生。9. Prof. Dr. Klaus Töpfer,前聯合國環境規劃署負責人和前德國聯邦環保部部長。
民眾代表的任期為三年,可以連任兩次。民眾代表不可以是聯邦或州的立法機構成員,也不可以是聯邦或省政府成員。民眾代表不能和選址以及核廢料最終處置有經濟利益關係。
Civil Participation
Slide 37
TÜV SÜD
Regulation forCivilParticipation
Provisions for civil participation in accordance with AtVfV
§3 Abs.1 Nr.1&3 AtVfV: Kind and scope of the documents §4 AtVfV: Announcement of the project§5 Abs.1 AtVfV Contents of the announcement§6 Abs.1&2 AtVfV: Disclosure of the application and documents for public
inspection §7 AtVfV: Objections§8 Abs.1&2 AtVfV: Objections & public hearing§10 Abs.1 AtVfV: Cancellation of public hearing§12 Abs.1 AtVfV: Proceedings of public hearing§13 Abs.1 AtVfV: Minutes of public hearing§19b Abs.2 AtVfV: Licences pursuant to§7para.(3)of the Atomic Energy Act
Slide 38
TÜV SÜD
Conflict Situation: Repository
Slide 39
Civil Participation
Submission and examination of the documents to be interpreted
(Request, short-description, safety report, environmental impact study, additional
decision-significantly documents)
Public announcement of the intention
(Federal Gazette, regional press)
Display
(Federal Office for Nuclear Disposal, local room)
Objections
(Limitation, Knowledge anonymised by the applicant/expert)
Consideration date
(Public announcement, local room)
Word-protocol
(Consideration at the assessments, transmission to objectors)
Announcement and interpretation of the approval
(Federal Office for Nuclear Disposal, local room)
TÜV SÜD
Civil Participation
Slide 40
Participation
Working group
round table
environmental mediation
Public discussion
Survey
Open councilExpert´s opinion
Posting
information event
Public reference
Consultation
Information
Source: ÖI
TÜV SÜD
Civil Participation
Slide 41
Basic
evaluation
Preliminary
planning
Preliminary
design
Approval planning
Execution documentsKeep residents about progress of work to date
Site marketing: Open-door day, site visit, school tours
Object mentoring and
documentationConstruction
Award of contract
Communicate course
Plan compacted represent (pictures)
Illustrate the process, repeat message
Employees training for public hearing
Advantages and disadvantages with alternative
Represent plane and tech. documents simplified.
Understandable communication (clarify technical term)
Analysis: Who are the stakeholders, what position they
represent, what opportunities and risk issues there are?
Planing: What communication aims to combine? what issues
need to be become the focus? what are the key messages?
Source: ÖI
TÜV SÜD
• Onkalo repository for HLW (film: 6 min.)
The first repository for HWL in the world
• Repository Konrad for L/ILW (film: 12 min.)
The deepst geological repository for L/ILW in the world?
• Gorleben for HLW (film: 3 min.)
History of a possible repository for HLW
Good practice ?
Slide 42
Nuclear Disposal Report:
TÜV SÜD
6
Contents
Requirements for transport of nuclear waste
7 German site selection Act
Slide 43
8 Repository decision and civil participation
9 Conclusion
TÜV SÜD
• Options for possible repositories – suitability
• Internation status of repository for nuclear disposal
• Safety requirments and long-term safety case
• Repositories for nuclear waste in Germany
• Disposal conditions of the repository Konrad
• Requirements for safe transport of radioactive material
• German site selection Act
• Repository decision and civil participation
Conclusion
Slide 44
Nuclear Disposal
TÜV SÜD
Thank you for your attention
Slide 45