447

ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ≠ xÑyôyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲ°y ˛õ!Ìܲ

÷º!çÍ ã˛e´Óï≈˛#

ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ≠ xÑyôyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲ°y ˛õ!Ìܲ

Ó y·˛§üyˆÏçÓ˚ §!¡ø°ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆã˛‹TyÄ Îáö

ÓƒÌ≈ •° ï˛áö ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yôÈÙÈ!ÓÓyˆÏò

Üœ˛yhsˇ xӧߨ– ¢Ó˚#Ó˚Ä ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ e´ü¢–

!•üy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓÓ˚ú˛à°y é˛Ó˚öyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ ë˛yu˛y çˆÏ° fl¨yö

ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏöÄ û˛y° ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õyö öy– ã˛¢üy ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ä

é˛y˛õ§y ˆòˆÏáö ˆÓ¢– xÓ§yò xyÓ˚ !Ó£Ïyò ˆâÓ˚y

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !ï˛!ö ò)ˆÏÓ˚ !öç≈ö ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ•z

xy◊Î˚ !öˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ°ö– ~Ó˚•z üˆÏôƒ 1867 §yˆÏ°Ó˚

öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ üyˆÏ§ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈#Î˚ Ó y·˛§üyˆÏçÓ˚

§û˛ƒÓ˚y ~ܲ x!û˛ö®ö˛õe ˛õyë˛yˆÏ°öñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ

≤ÃÌü Úü•!£Ï≈Û §ˆÏ¡∫yôö ܲÓ˚y •°– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z

§yôyÓ˚î üyö%£Ï ~ÓÇ Ó y·˛ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ §û˛ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ï˛!ö

ü•!£Ï≈ Óy ü•!£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ö–

1868 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ˆàˆÏ°ö xü,ï˛§Ó˚

•ˆÏÎ˚ °yˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yÄÎ˚y°!˛õ!u˛– ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ üyÓ˚#

•ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyŸ¬#Ó˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢

!•üy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ !öç≈ö ï˛˛õ§ƒy xyÓ˚ Ó ·˛í˛z˛õy§öy–

1870ÈÙÈ~ ˆÜ˛¢Óã˛w °u˛ö ˆÌˆÏܲ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚

!ܲå%È!òö ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!öÄ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°ö ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚–

xyÓyÓ˚ ò%•z Ó y·˛§üyˆÏçÓ˚ !ü°ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˛õyë˛yˆÏ°ö

!ܲv ï˛yÄ ÓƒÌ≈ •°– í˛z˛õÓ˚v 11 üyˆÏâÓ˚ û˛y£ÏˆÏî

ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ Îy Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ˆÜ˛¢Óã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ò° ï˛yˆÏï˛

ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛öy

xyÓ˚Ä í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 ≠ ÚÚôöƒ ˆÜ˛¢Óã˛wˆÏܲ

ˆÎ !ï˛!ö ~•z §ü%òÎ˚ §yô%ü[˛°# ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y

{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü!•üy ܲ#ï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ xyüy!òàˆÏܲ xÓ§Ó˚

!òÎ˚yˆÏåÈö– §ü%o Ó y·˛ôü≈ ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ ïÑ˛y•yˆÏܲ Óyôy

!òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy•z– ˛õÓ≈ï˛ ïÑ˛y•yˆÏܲ Óyôy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚

öy•z– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#üÎ˚ Ó y·˛ôü≈ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y ïÑ̨ y•yÓ˚ Ó ï˛–ÛÛ18

~•z xÓ!ô ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˆüâ !åÈ° öy !ܲv

˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xLjϢ é˛Py Óyï˛y§ Ó•zˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°–

ÚÚ... !ܲv ïÑ˛y•yˆÏܲ xy!ü ~•z xö%öÎ˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲ

Ó!°ˆÏï˛!åÈ ˆÎ !ï˛!ö •z•yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD á,‹TˆÏܲ öy

xyˆÏööñ ~!¢Î˚y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üôƒÓï≈˛# á,‹TˆÏܲ öy

ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– xydy ˛õÓ˚üydyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ á,‹T ÓƒÓôyö öy

•Î˚–... Ó y·˛ôü≈ÈÙÙÙfl∫yô#öôü≈ó fl∫yô#öï˛y Ó˚«˛y öy

ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ° Ó y·˛ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ç#Óö ••zˆÏÓ öy– á,‹T ˆÎáyˆÏöñ

ˆ§áyö ••zˆÏï˛ fl∫yô#öï˛y ˛õ°yÎ˚ö ܲˆÏÓ˚– á,ˆÏ‹TÓ˚

öyˆÏüˆÏï˛ !Óàï˛!ÓÓyò Ó y·˛ôü≈ ••zˆÏï˛Ä !ÓˆÏm£Ïyö°

≤ÃIµ!°ï˛ ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏåÈñ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ û˛yÓ

§ü%!aï˛ ••zÎ˚yˆÏåÈ–ÛÛ19

ڈΈÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ~ܲ°y ˛õˆÏÌÛ

~•z Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄÓ˚ܲü ˆòÔï˛ƒ

ã˛ˆÏ° öy– 1873 ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚Ä ˛õ!Ó˚Ó yçˆÏܲÓ˚

448

˛

ç#Óö ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ– ˛õb#Ó˚ =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚

x§%fliï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ çyöˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛y°ˆÏ•Ô!§

˛õy•yí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöˆÏü ~ˆÏ°ö– ï˛Ó% §Ó˚y§!Ó˚

ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ ¢y!hsˇ!öˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏö ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òö ôƒyöü@¿

ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢£Ï ˆòáy ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ°ö ˛õb# §yÓ˚òy§%®Ó˚#

ˆòÓ#ˆÏܲ– 10 üyã≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓöyÓ§yö •°– ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚

xyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ò#â≈!òö ~ܲ§ˆÏD ˆçyí˛¸y§ÑyˆÏܲyÓ˚

Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ö

!•üy°ˆÏÎ˚ó !ܲÇÓy ôƒyöfli ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö ¢y!hsˇ!öˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏö

åÈy!ï˛üï˛°yÎ˚– ˆÓy°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢)öƒ ô)§Ó˚ ≤ÃyhsˇˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z

ˆåÈyR à,•!ê˛ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ xy◊ü !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ÓƒyÜ%˛°

•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°ö !ï˛!ö– xöƒ çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ üy!ê˛ ~ˆÏö

àyˆÏåÈ àyˆÏåÈ û˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏ°ö ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢– Ó˚&«˛ï˛yÓ˚

Ó%ˆÏܲ §Ó%ç åÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆâÓ˚y xy◊ü!ê˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óí˛¸ !≤ÃÎ˚

•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰– §ˆÏD Ó˚•zˆÏ°ö Ó¶%˛ ◊#ܲZ˛ !§Ç• xyÓ˚

ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §%ܲˆÏZ˛Ó˚ x˛õ)Ó≈ àyö–

ò,!‹TÓ˚ fl∫“ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Ä ˛õyë˛yû˛ƒy§ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö–

˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈö ÓyˆÏÓ˚y áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ú!í˛Üœ˛y•zö xƒyu˛ ú˛° xú˛

ˆÓ˚yüyö ~¡õyÎ˚yÓ˚Û– §yˆÏ•ÓàO ÓçÓ˚yÎ˚ ӈϧ ˛õˆÏí˛¸

ˆú˛°ˆÏåÈö ú˛Ó˚y!§ òy¢≈!öܲ !û˛QÓ˚ Ü%˛çуyÓ˚ ˆ°áy

≤Ã!§k˛ Ó•z ÚLe vrai le beau le bienÛÈÙÙÙÈü)°

ú˛Ó˚y!§ˆÏï˛– xÌã˛ ú˛Ó˚y!§ !ï˛!ö çyˆÏöö öy–

•zLjÏÓ˚!çÈÙÈú˛Ó˚y!§ x!û˛ôyˆÏöÓ˚ §y•y΃ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~üö

ò%Ó˚*• òy¢≈!öܲ Ó•z ˛õí˛¸y ΈÏÌ‹T xôƒÓ§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyç–

˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ܲyˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ~•z @ˇÃsi ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ xö%Óyò

ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó˚wöyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚– Ú§ï˛ƒñ §%®Ó˚ñ

üD°ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~•z xyò¢≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚

§y!•ï˛ƒò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚Ä ü)°Ü˛Ìy–

ˆÜ˛¢Óã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲöƒyÓ˚ !ÓÓy•ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ

xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%È Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z§üˆÏÎ˚•z Ó y·˛§üyˆÏç xyÓyÓ˚

û˛yäö ˆòáy !ò°– !¢ÓöyÌ ¢yflf#ñ !¢Óã˛w ˆòÓñ

xyö®ˆÏüy•ö Ó§%ñ myÓ˚ܲyöyÌ àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ≤Ãü%á

Ú§yôyÓ˚î Ó y·˛§üyçÛ fliy˛õö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– !ܲv

~ÈÙÈ!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ !ӈϢ£Ï •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö

öy– ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏöyÓ˚ü !öç≈öï˛yÎ˚

~ܲyˆÏhsˇ Ó ˆÏ·˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õy§öy ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö–

1879ÈÙÈ80 ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲyê˛ xyÓ˚ òy!ç≈!°ÇÈÙÈ~ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚

1881ÈÙȈÏï˛ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ˆ˛õÑÔåȈϰö ˆòÓ˚yò%ˆÏö– ≤ÃyÎ˚

ÓåÈÓ˚ !ï˛ˆÏöܲ !ï˛!ö !åȈϰö ˆòÓ˚yò%ö xyÓ˚

ü%ˆÏ§Ô!Ó˚ˆÏï˛– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !Ó˛õ!_ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà•z !åÈ°–

!ã˛!ܲͧyÄ ã˛°!åÈ° ˆòÓ˚yò%ˆÏö– 1883ÈÙÈˆï˛ ˆöˆÏü

~ˆÏ°ö ܲy¢#ˆÏï˛– xyÓyÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏ°ö

ÓÑy!ܲ˛õ%Ó˚ÈÙÈày!ç˛õ%Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ü%ˆÏ§Ô!Ó˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ– ˛õˆÏÌ

!ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ö Óí˛¸ çyüy•z §yÓ˚òy≤çyò

àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ§ÇÓyò– Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚

Ó˚yˆÏï˛•z ˆòˆÏÓwöyˆÏÌÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ~•z çyüyï˛yÓ˚ xyܲ!fløܲ

ü,ï%˛ƒ âˆÏê˛ !¢°y•zòˆÏ•– !ï˛!ö !åȈϰö ˆòˆÏÓwöyˆÏÌÓ˚

!ã˛öºüˆÏîÓ˚ §D#– Óí˛¸ û˛Ó˚§y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z

û˛yäy üö !öˆÏÎ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°ö ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚–

§yÓ˚òy§%®Ó˚# ˆòÓ#

449

ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ≠ xÑyôyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲ°y ˛õ!Ìܲ

ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö ã%Ñ˛ã%˛í˛¸yÎ˚– àDyï˛#ˆÏÓ˚

Ä°®yçˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy Óy!í˛¸ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÌyܲÓyÓ˚ çöƒ

û˛yí˛¸y ˆöÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–

ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åȈϰö !ö!ÿ˛ˆÏhsˇ !ö!Ó≈ˆÏâ¯

ˆ§áyˆÏö•z ˆ¢£Ïç#Óöê˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓö– !ܲv

~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏ¢yܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xyFåÈߨ ܲÓ˚°–

ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyîy!ôܲ !≤ÃÎ˚ ÚÓ ·˛yö®Û ˆÜ˛¢Óã˛w •z•ˆÏ°yܲ

ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ˆ§•z û˛Î˚yÓ• xyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ IJõÓ˚

xyÓyÓ˚ xyâyï˛ ~° ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ%e ˆ•ˆÏüwöyˆÏÌÓ˚

ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛– ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §D#

◊#ܲZ˛ !§Ç•– Óí˛¸ ˆÓ!¢ ~ܲy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö– Óí˛¸

ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§Ôòy!üö# ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyÈÙÈ÷◊*£ÏyÓ˚

òy!Î˚c !ö¤˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õy°ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– !≤ÃÎ˚öyÌ ~ÓÇ

!¢ÓöyÌ ¢yflf#ñ ≤Ãï˛y˛õã˛w üç%üòyÓ˚ !öÎ˚!üï˛

Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– ï˛yÓ˚•z üˆÏôƒ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ çyü≈yö

˛õ![˛ï˛ üƒy:ü%°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õe!Ó!öüÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ

û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˙!ï˛•ƒ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–

1885ÈÙÈˆï˛ ã%Ñ˛ã%˛í˛¸y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !ï˛!ö ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö

ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫– •zˆÏFåÈ !åÈ° ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲê˛y !òö xyÓ˚Ó

§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚•z ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓö– !ܲv xyÓ•yÄÎ˚y

§•ƒ •° öy– !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ •° ã%Ñ˛ã%˛í˛¸yÎ˚– ~ܲê%˛ §%fli

•ˆÏï˛•z ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˆã˛ÔÓ˚D#ˆÏï˛ Îï˛#wˆÏüy•ö ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚

ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ°ö ˆòˆÏÓwöÿÏܲ–

ˆ§Ôòy!üö# ˆòÓ#Ó˚ ÷◊*£ÏyÎ˚ e´ü¢ xyˆÏÓ˚yàƒ °yû˛

ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ flø,!ï˛!ê˛ xÓö#wöyÌ Óí˛¸

§%®Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈö ≠ ÚÚÓˆÏí˛¸y!˛õ!§üy ïÑ˛yÓ˚

ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– !ï˛!ö çyöˆÏï˛ö ܲï≈˛yòyòyü¢yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚

˛õåÈ®ÈÙÈx˛õåÈ®– xy•yñ ˆÓã˛y!Ó˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y!˛õ!§üyñ !ÓôÓy

!åȈϰö !ï˛!öñ ܲ# !öá%Ñï˛ ˆ§Óyñ xyÓ˚ ܲ# û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y

ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çöƒÙÙÙxüö xyÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ öy–ÛÛ20

ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y Ó y·˛§üyçñ Îy xy!ò Ó y·˛§üyç öyˆÏü

˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Ä ≤çyÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ

ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö•z !ӈϢ£Ï üyÌy âyüyö!ö– ü%!‹TˆÏüÎ˚ !ܲå%È

xö%Ó˚yà# ~ÓÇ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z

§#üyÓk˛ !åÈ° ˆ§!ê˛– !ܲv ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ §üyçç#ÓˆÏö

!ï˛!ö ◊k˛yÓ˚ í˛zÑã%˛ xy§ˆÏö•z x!ô!¤˛ï˛ !åȈϰö–

!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ôü≈ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ö¤˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°ñ

ˆ§•z§Ó ü@¿ §yôܲ xˆÏöܲ §üˆÏÎ˚•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ

xö%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ö–

~ܲ!òö ~ܲ í˛zIµ° Î%Óܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏ°ö–

Óí˛¸ öy!ï˛ ò#ˆÏ˛õwöyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ï˛!ö §•˛õyë˛#– ïÑ˛yÓ˚

§yôöyÓ˚ ˙ܲy!hsˇÜ˛ï˛y ˆòˆÏÓwöÿÏܲ !Ó!fløï˛ Ü˛Ó˚°–

!ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚˆï˛yüyˆÏï˛ ˆÎyà#Ó˚ °«˛îÙ

§Ü˛° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ xyˆÏåÈó ï%˛!ü ôƒyöyû˛ƒy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°

ˆÎyà¢yflf!ö!ò≈‹T ú˛°§Ü˛° ¢#â •z ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ

•z!ö•z öˆÏÓ˚wöyÌ ò_– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üö ï˛áö {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚

x!hflψÏc §!®•yöñ xyÓy°ƒ°y!°ï˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚Ï

ê˛yöyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ˆÏö x¢yhsˇ– ¢y!hsˇÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç Ó y·˛§üyˆÏç

xyã˛yÎ≈ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ

450

Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈö– ◊#Ó˚yüÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛áöÄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚

!òÓƒ!ü°ö âˆÏê˛!ö– ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ xï˛ƒhsˇ ˆfl¨•

ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö ~•z ï˛Ó˚&î ˆÎyà#ˆÏܲ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧy• ~ÓÇ

ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyˆÏï˛•z öˆÏÓ˚wöyÌ xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ ôƒyöü@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚

˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°ö–

fl∫yü# !ÓˆÏÓܲyöˆÏ®Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆòˆÏÓwöyˆÏÌÓ˚

˛õ%ö!ü≈°ö âˆÏê˛ 1899ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 19 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚– ˆ§•z

!ü°ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ§ï%˛Ó¶˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ò%Ó˚*• ܲyç!ê˛ §¡õߨ

•ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° û˛!àö# !öˆÏÓ!òï˛yÓ˚ §y@ˇÃ• ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§–

ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛!òö xyˆÏà•z 14 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá

!öˆÏÓ!òï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòˆÏÓwöyˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü §y«˛yÍ •Î˚–

ˆ≤’àÈÙÈü•yüy!Ó˚Ó˚ §üÎ˚ ~•z ü•#Î˚§#Ó˚ xydï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚

ܲÌy ˆòˆÏÓwöyˆÏÌÓ˚ xçyöy !åÈ° öy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD

§y«˛yˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏà•z ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ xöƒ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚

§ˆÏD !öˆÏÓ!òï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§Ô•yò≈ƒ fliy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–

!öˆÏÓ!òï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xy°yˆÏ˛õ fl∫yü#ç#Ó˚ ≤çD

í˛zay˛õˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD•z ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ fl∫yü#ç#ˆÏܲ

ˆòáyÓ˚ çöƒ xô#Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ö– xӈϢˆÏ£Ï fl∫yü#ç#Ó˚

xyàüö âˆÏê˛ ü•!£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆçyí˛¸y§ÑyˆÏܲyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛–

!öˆÏÓ!òï˛yÓ˚ 23 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ 1899ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õe ˆÌˆÏܲ

çyöy ÎyÎ˚ñ fl∫yü#ç# !öˆÏÓ!òï˛yˆÏܲ §ˆÏD !öˆÏÎ˚

ˆçyí˛¸y§ÑyˆÏܲyÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ü•!£Ï≈ˆÏܲ ≤Ãîyü ܲˆÏÓ˚

fl∫yü#ç# ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yí˛¸y !öˆÏÓòö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–

ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ò%çö ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ü!öê˛ òˆÏ¢Ü˛ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰö–

ü•!£Ï≈Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏ° fl∫yü#ç# !Óö#ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚

xy¢#Ó≈yò ≤ÃyÌ≈öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–

ÚÜœ˛yhsˇ ÓÑy¢#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï Ó˚y!àî#Û

¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ~ܲê%˛ §%fli ˆÓyô •ˆÏï˛•z ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ xyÓyÓ˚

ÓyÎ˚öy ôÓ˚ˆÏ°ö òy!ç≈!°Ç ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚– ö#°üyôÓ

í˛y_´yÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ˆÏD !öˆÏÎ˚ ò#ˆÏ˛õwöyÌ ã˛°ˆÏ°ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚

§ˆÏD– •yÄÎ˚y ÓòˆÏ°Ó˚ ~•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆö¢y–

°yÓîƒ≤Ãû˛y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚îyÎ˚ ü•!£Ï≈Ó˚ ~•z

ˆ¢£ÏºüˆÏîÓ˚ !òö=!°Ó˚ ܲÌy çyöy ÎyÎ˚– 1887

!á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 3 ç%ö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ

ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ¢yöyˆÏFåÈö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õy!ç≈ï˛ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ܲÌy ≠

ÚÚàû˛#Ó˚Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !ã˛hsˇyÎ˚ ≤ÃÓ,_ ••zˆÏ° ˆò!á

˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyüyÓ˚ xydyÓ˚ !¢«˛y ~áöÄ §üyÆ •Î˚

öy•z ï˛y•y §¡õ)î≈ ܲ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ•z {ŸªÓ˚ ~áöÄ

xyüyÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# Ï̂ï˛ Ó˚y!áÎ˚y Ï̂åÈö ~ÓÇ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ü,ï%̨ ƒü%̂ Ïá

ˆú˛!°Î˚y xy§ß¨ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÌy fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y•zÎ˚y ï˛y•yÓ˚

çöƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ ••zˆÏï˛ xyüyÎ˚ xÓ§Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈö–ÛÛ21

òy!ç≈!°ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyÓ•yÄÎ˚y §•ƒ •° öy ˆÓ!¢!òö–

öy!üˆÏÎ˚ xyöy •° ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ– Ó˚yáy •° ˛õyÜ≈˛ !fiê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚

~ܲ Óí ¸̨ Óy!í ¸̨̂ Ïï˛– xyd#Î˚̨ õ!Ó˚çö Ó¶%̨ Óy¶˛Ó §Ü˛ Ï̂°Ó˚

xy§yÎyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ àüàü ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ °yà° ˆ§ÈÙÈÓy!í˛¸–

ˆ§Ôòy!üö# ˆòÓ#Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚•z° ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚–

ã˛yܲÓ˚ÈÙÈÓyܲÓ˚ Ó˚•z° xˆÏöܲ–

~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°ö ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y ÓåÈÓ˚–

§yôyÓ˚î Ó y·˛§üyˆÏçÓ˚ ü!®Ó˚ fliy˛õöyÓ˚ çöƒ

§yï˛•yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy òyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– öy!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°wöyˆÏÌÓ˚

ü,ï%˛ƒ§ÇÓyò ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ àû˛#Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ ü%£ÏˆÏí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°ö–

öyï˛Óí˛z §y•yöyÓ˚ ˛õ%ö!Ó≈ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçö •ˆÏFåÈ

÷öˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Í«˛îyÍ Ó˚Ó#wöÿÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏ°ö

~°y•yÓyˆÏò– Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ°ö ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%ö!Ó≈Óy•–

ˆ§•z Ó,k˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ä ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ÈÙȧ¡õ!_Ó˚

!•ˆÏ§Ó çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ö– ˆáÑyç Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ö ç!üòy!Ó˚Ó˚

xyÎ˚ÈÙÈÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚– üyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü !òö!ê˛ ~ˆÏ°•z !öÎ˚ü

ܲˆÏÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§Ó˛õe !öˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ö– xÌã˛ !ï˛!ö•z

Îáö ôƒyˆÏö Ó§ˆÏåÈö ï˛áö •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°ˆÏåÈö Óy•ƒ

ˆã˛ï˛öy– {ŸªÓ˚ÈÙÈí˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ !ö!Óí˛¸ §yôöyÎ˚ ü@¿

ÌyܲˆÏåÈö !Î!öñ !ï˛!ö•z xyÓyÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ !öˆÏFåÈö ˆ˛õy£Ïƒ

àyû˛#!ê˛ˆÏܲ ò%ô áyÄÎ˚yˆÏöy •° !ܲ öy– ˆ¢Ô!áö

ˆüçyç!ê˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏåÈöñ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xhsˇ•#ö

í˛zͧy• ˆòáyˆÏFåÈö ôü≈yˆÏ°yã˛öyˆÏï˛Ä– !Ó£ÏÎ˚§¡õ!_Ó˚

í˛z•z° ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ¢y!hsˇ!öˆÏܲï˛öˆÏܲ ê˛∆yfiê˛ §¡õ!_

ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏFåÈö– xyÓyÓ˚ Óyäy!°Ó˚ û˛yÓy°%ï˛y xyÓ˚

{ŸªÓ˚û˛yÓöyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚§)ˆÏe•z Ó˚Ó#wöÿÏܲ

451

ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ≠ xÑyôyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲ°y ˛õ!Ìܲ

flõ‹T !öˆÏò≈¢ !òˆÏFåÈöñ ¢y!hsˇ!öˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏö ˆÎö ïÑ˛yÓ˚

ˆÜ˛yöÄ §üy!ôü!®Ó˚ !ö!ü≈ï˛ öy •Î˚– Ó ·˛!ã˛hsˇyÎ˚ ˆÎö

Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ öy òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–

ˆ¢£Ï!òˆÏܲ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ xyÓ˚Ä ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸°– ܲÌy

Ó°yÓ˚ ¢!_´Ä ≤ÃyÎ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°ˆÏ°ö– Ó%ˆÏܲ ˆú˛yí˛¸y

•°– ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏflfy˛õã˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö–

!öˆÏçÄ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åȈϰö §ü%ˆÏá•z ¢y!hsˇ˛õyÓ˚yÓyÓ˚–

≤Ã!ï˛!òö §Ü˛yˆÏ° ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ%Óü%ˆÏáy ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛

•ï˛– í˛zò#Î˚üyö §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öü@¿ •ˆÏï˛ö

àû˛#Ó˚ ôƒyˆÏö– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ%îƒ üyâ üyˆÏ§ ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚

ӈϧ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö

xü,ï˛ôyˆÏü– ˆ§!òö 19 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 1905–

x!öɈϢ£Ï ÓƒÌy

öyöy !ӈϫ˛yˆÏû˛ !Ó«%˛k˛ í˛z_y° í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚

Ó%ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ !åȈϰö Úü•!£Ï≈Û– }!£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z

ò%•z Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !Î!ö ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö

≤ÃÓ° mˆÏ®µ xyˆÏ°y!í˛¸ï˛ ~ܲ §Ç«%˛∏˛˛ ≤ÕÓ˚ˆÏܲ !fliÓ˚

≤ÃK˛yÎ˚– x!Óã˛!°ï˛ xyòˆÏ¢≈ !Ó°y§ÈÙȘÓû˛ÓÈÙÈ≤Ãyã%˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚

çàï˛ˆÏܲ ˆ•°yÎ˚ ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö

{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ§¶˛yˆÏö ≤ÃÓ,_ •ˆÏÎ˚– öyöy üï˛ Ä

˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy ˆÌˆÏܲ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ÎÌyÌ≈

ôü≈!çK˛y§yÎ˚ í˛zm%k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy!dܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛

§yôö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛‹T •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö

fl∫ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôü≈ÈÙÈ˙!ï˛•ƒ ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ !Óçyï˛#Î˚

~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò¢#Î˚ xye´üî ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó≈yhsˇÉܲÓ˚ˆÏî

Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÓòÈÙÈí˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ

!ö!Óí˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ xö%¢#°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Î%ˆÏày˛õˆÏÎyà#

!Óöƒy§ !òˆÏï˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yû˛y£ÏyˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ%‹T

ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ú˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_#î≈Û Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛–

ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛öyÎ˚ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˛õyÓ˚

§y!ߨôƒ xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö K˛yˆÏöÓ˚

˛õˆÏÌñ §yôöyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ– ÎÌyÌ≈•z !ï˛!ö ˆ§•z ü•yö

˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÈÙÙÙ!Î!öñ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ ܲÌy ôyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y

ÎyÎ˚ñ Úxyô%!öܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚°%∏˛ §üyˆÏç Ó ·˛!ö¤˛ à,•ˆÏfliÓ˚

xyò¢≈ ˛õ%öÉfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !àÎ˚yˆÏåÈö–Û ÓyôyÓ˚

!Ó¶˛ƒyã˛° x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöó fl∫çö!ÓˆÏFåȈÏò ܲyï˛Ó˚

•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ !ö®yÈÙȧüyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ !Ók˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ

!ÓŸªy§û˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ÎsfîyÎ˚ üü≈y!hsˇÜ˛ xyâyï˛ §•ƒ

ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ï˛Ó% §ï˛ƒ!ö¤˛yÎ˚ x!Óã˛° ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈö–

Ó ·˛!ã˛hsˇyÎ˚ !öü@¿ ˆÌˆÏܲ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ

í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– xy˛õ§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏDñ

˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ §ˆÏD– !öɧD §yôˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ó ˆÏ·˛Ó˚ §¶˛yö

ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–

û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ôü≈§yôöyÓ˚ •z!ï˛Ó,_˛ §ü,k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö

!öçfl∫ fl∫yï˛ˆÏsfƒ–

ï˛Ìƒ§)e

18– x!çï˛Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ã˛e´Óï≈˛#ñ ü•!£Ï≈ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚

S˛õ!ÿ˛üÓD ÓyÇ°y xyܲyˆÏò!ü ≠ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ

2013Vñ ˛õ,É 477

19– ï˛ˆÏòÓñ ˛õ,É 477ÈÙÈ478

20– ◊#üï˛# Ó˚yî# ã˛®ñ âˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y xÓö#wöyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚

S!ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛# ≠ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ 1398Vñ ˛õ,É 56

21– ü•!£Ï≈ ˆòˆÏÓwöyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ñ ˛õ,É 583

¢y!hsˇ!öˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏö åÈy!ï˛üï˛°y