Nominative (the subject) The subject performs the verb action. Nouns have to AGREE with verbs

Singular nouns use singular verbs Plural nouns use plural verbsLatin is an INFLECTED language: changing the

inflection at the end of a word changes how it is used in the sentence. In Latin word order is less important than the inflected endings

Singular vs Plural Singular subjects have singular verbs

1st declension ends in –a 2nd declension ends in –us or –r 3rd declension has various endings

Plural subjects have plural verbs 1st declension ends in –ae 2nd declension ends in –i 3rd declension ends in -es

The Nominative endings:

DECLENSION 1st 2nd 3rd

SINGULAR -a -us, -r ?

PLURAL -ae -i -es

Nominative

Subjects and complements both use the nominative case. Aqua in piscinā est frigida. Cornelius est senator Romanus. Mater est laeta.

When the nominative comes after a form of the verb “to be” it is called a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE

Accusativum (aka Obiectum) The direct object receives the action of the verb.

I know you. The singular accusative ends in an –m.

1st declension ends in –am. 2nd declension ends in –um. 3rd declension ends in –em.

Plural accusative always ends in an –s. 1st declension ends in –as. 2nd declension ends in –os. 3rd declension ends in –es.

Describe these pictures in as much detail as you

can, using the nominative and accusative cases.

Casus Genitivus Used to show possessor

-ae / -arum = 1st declension -i / -orum = 2nd declension -is / -um = 3rd declension

Translate “of” or with apostrophe It must be next to the noun it possesses (usually

follows it). Must be learned for vocabulary

Tells what declension a noun is Shows the base of the word

Describe in detail one of

these pictures using genitives,

both singular and plural, from

all three declensions.

filia, fili , f., daughterae

Nominative (usually singular)

Genitive (usually singular)

1. Tells us what declension the noun is• -ae = 1st declension• -i = 2nd declension• -is = 3rd declension

2. By dropping this ending, we know what the base of the noun is.

Gender

English meaningfilius, fili , m. sonisoror, soror , f. sisterismater, matr , f. motheris

Casus Ablativus

Is used with Latin prepositionse / exSub incum

Can be used without a Latin preposition (“naked ablative”). Translate using “by”, “with”, “from”, or “in”.

Casus Ablativus Nudus

Naked Ablatives: by, with, from ,in Means / instrument: answers Latin

question Quo instrumento? The tool the subject uses goes in the ablative case without a preposition.

Time: answers Latin question Quando? Tells when the action of the sentence takes place.

Ablatives tell us:• Where (using prepositional phrases)

Davus in fossā stat. Geta e villā effugit.• What time (naked ablative)

Brevi tempore Cornelia est defessa. Cornelia in villā aestate habitat.• What was used (naked ablative)

Pueri puellas vocibus terrent. Marcus lupum ramo repellit.• In what manner the action was done.

Davus magnā voce clamat.

Describe these pictures using ablatives of tool,

time, and with prepositions.

Praepositiones Prepositional phrases usually describe physical location

or movement direction. Prepositions are used with only two cases: ablative and

accusative. Most prepositions “take” the accusative. The ones we

have learned are ad, per, prope, and in (“into”). There are only 9 prepositions that “take” the ablative.

The ones we have learned are sub, e/ex, and in (“in / on”), cum.

In a sentence, keep the preposition and it’s noun next to each other.

Write sentences about these pictures

using as many prepositional phrases

as you can.

Praepositiones ablativo serviunt.

e / ex sub cum in

Praepositiones accusativo serviunt.

prope per in ad

Vocative Case

Is used when calling someone by name. It’s endings are identical to the nominative

except for the 2nd declension singular:-us nouns have a vocative ending of –e.-ius nouns have a vocative ending of –i.

Watch your verb endings in sentences with vocatives. The subject of the sentence could be “you” or “y’all”.

The vocative case is used when directly addressing someone by name.

1. Quid facis, Flavia?

2. Quid facitis, ancillae?

3. Abite, molesti pueri!

4. Cur nihil facitis, servi ignavi!

5. Pater! Nuntius in villā est!6. Senatores! Tempus est ad urbem

redire.7. Cave, Sexte! Descende, Sexte!

8. Scribisne epistulas, Corneli?

What other case has endings identical to the vocative? Can you spot the exception?

Miscellania

All nouns have gender: masculine, feminine, and we will learn neuter at a later date

Nouns we have met fall into 3 declensions Adjectives have to have the same gender and

number as the noun they modify. Pater occupatus Ancillae strenuae Servi defessi

Verbum

Verba have singular and plural endings. They change number according to their

subject. They can be transitive and take a direct

object. Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct

object, so don’t even look for one!

Personal Endings Latin uses personal endings on its verbs instead

of separate pronoun subjects as English does. The Latin personal endings correspond to the

same pronoun subjects that English uses. A Latin verb has its subject built in to the verb. It

is not necessary to have a subject noun or pronoun for a Latin sentence.

But most importantly….READ A LATIN VERB BACKWARDS!

Iyou

he/she/itwey’allthey

-m or –o-s-t

-mus-tis-nt

consulimus = we consultnos

Read a Latin verb “backwards”

induimus = we put onexcitas = you awaken

intratis = y’all enter

musstis

Observe the noun or pronoun subject, then put the correct ending on the verb.

1. Ego villam intr______.

2. Nos tunicas indui_______.

3. Ancillae villam purgare para______.

4. Vosne ad meam villam veni_________?

5. Princeps senatores ad urbem revoca________.

6. Tu nuntium ad villam duci________.

7. Nos ancillas in villā non adiuva__________.

8. Tune magnum clamorem audi_____ ubi nos

appropinqua______?

9. Ubi mater te excita_______, Marce, tu non responde______.

10.Dum nos in cubiculo dormi__________, vos villam

cura__________.

ego - o i tu - s you (s) -t he, she, it nos - mus we vos - -tis y’all -nt they

omus

nt

tist

smuss

must s

mus

tis

Do you remember these categories of verbs? Let’s give them names.

portāre

portoportasportat

portamusportatisportant

timēre

timeotimestimet

timemustimetistiment

surgere

surgosurgissurgit

surgimussurgitissurgunt

arripere

arripio arripis arripit

arripimus arripitis arripiunt

audire

audioaudisaudit

audimusauditis

audiunt

Which conjugation / category do the following verbs follow?excitāre, conspicere, docēre, agere, induere, intrāre, venire?

1st conjugation

2nd conjugation

3rd conjugation

3rd – i conjugation

4th conjugation

Imperatives The special verb form to give a command is called an

imperative. The imperative verb has no subject (“you” understood). Singular imperatives are used when giving a command

to one person. Imperatives singular are formed by dropping the –re off the

infinitive form. Plural imperatives are used when giving a command to

two or more people. Imperatives plural are formed in the 1st, 2nd, & 4th conjugations by

adding –te to the singular form. Imperatives plural in the 3rd conjugation end in –ite.

Infinitivum Can never be the only verb in a sentence. It is usually introduced by verbs such as:

vult potest necesse est amat timet parat

It is called complementary because it completes the meaning of the sentence.

Cornelius multas epistulas scribere vult.

Write a story about this picturing using the following guidelines:

• Tell the story from the viewpoint of one of the characters, using “I”, “we”, and “you” verbs.

• Include at least one genitive• Include three uses of the ablative:

1. Ablative with a Latin preposition2. Ablative of time (naked abl)3. Ablative of tool (naked abl)

• Include the following vocabulary:amicus fero, ferre invenio, invenire traho, trahere bonus, bonamiser, misera absum, abestarea quamquamcum

ursus, ursi, m. bearporcellus, porcelli, m. pigletIor, ioris, m. Eyoretigris, tigris, m. tiger