nitrogen flow calc manual

7/26/2019 Nitrogen Flow Calc Manual

1/84

A World of Protection

Issued November 1, 2003

S/N 30000063

Nitrogen

4801 Southwick Drive

Third Floor

Matteson, IL 60443

Telephone: 708/748-1503Fax: 708/748-2847

email: [email protected]


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Contents

LIST OFTABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiLIST OFILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

1 GENERAL 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Use and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Fire Extinguishment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 DESIGN GUIDELINES 2

2.1 Design Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 Personal Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3 Release Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 Temperature Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.5 Electrical Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.6 Pressure Relief Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 SYSTEM DESIGN 5

3.1 Physical Properties of Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.2 Evaluation of Cylinder Storage Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.3 Inerting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 Extinguishing Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 Design Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.6 Design Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.7 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.8 Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.9 Flow Splits at All Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.10 Extinguishing Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4 NITROGEN SYSTEM DESIGN 15

4.1 Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.2 System Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15


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5 HYDRAULIC FLOW CALCULATION PROGRAM 16

5.1 Commands Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.1.1 System Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5.1.2 Hazard Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.1.3 Piping Model Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.1.4 Calculate and Display Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.1.5 Print Data and Results or Print Output Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.1.6 Clear All Current Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.2 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.3 File Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.4 Minimum/Maximum Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425.5 Check Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

APPENDIX 43

A-1 Nitrogen Calculation Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43A-2 Nitrogen Calculation Example #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47A-3 Nitrogen Calculation Example #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56A-4 Nitrogen Calculation Example #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65A-5 Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF TABLE PAGE NO.

3.1 Physical Properties of Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.4A Total Flooding Quantities, Volume Requirements of Nitrogen, Kg/M . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.4B Total Flooding Quantities, Volume Requirements of Nitrogen, Kg/Ft . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.6.1 Atmospheric Correction Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.7.6 Cylinder Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.7.7 Cylinder/Volume Ratio - Class A & Class C Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.7.8 Cylinder/Volume Ratio - Class B Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

A-5 Nominal Wall Thickness and Inside Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74


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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATION PAGE NO.

3.8.1 360 Nozzle Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.8.3 Nozzle Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.0 Software Introductory Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.1 Commands Available Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.1.1 System Information Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5.1.1.4.B1 Cylinder Selection Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5.1.1.4.B2 Cylinder Detail Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5.1.2.1 Hazard Data Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5.1.2.3 Area Nozzle List Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5.1.3 Piping Model Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.1.3.2.D Piping Model with Restrictor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

5.1.3.2.G Piping Data - Type of Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.1.3.2.I Piping Data, Fittings - Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.1.4.1 Calculation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1.4.2 Nozzle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.1.4.3 Hazard Concentration Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.1.4.3.C Venting Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5.1.4.4 Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

5.1.5 Print Data and Results or Print Output Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

5.1.5.4 Print Font Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5.3.3 Volume/Weight/Oxygen Concentration Calculator Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

A-2.1 Isometric Drawing for the system flow calculation example #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

A-2.2 Example Calc - System Information Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

A-2.3 Example Calc - Hazard Information Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

A-2.4 Example Calc - Piping Model Data Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

A-2.5 Example Calc - Calculate and Display Results Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

A-2.6 Example Calc - Nozzle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53A-2.7 Example Calc - Hazard Concentration Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

A-2.8 Example Calc - Venting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55


A-3.2 Example Calc - System Information Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

A-3.3 Example Calc - Hazard Information Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59



A-3.6 Example Calc - Nozzle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

A-3.7 Example Calc - Hazard Concentration Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63



A-4.2 Example Calc - System Information Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67A-4.3 Example Calc - Hazard Information Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68



A-4.6 Example Calc - Nozzle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

A-4.7 Example Calc - Hazard Concentration Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72



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REVISION SHEET

Date of issue for original and revised pages is:

Original . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 2003

Section Number Page Numbers Revision Date

Title Page (blank) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i - ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Section 1.0 - 1.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Section 2.0 - 2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Section 3.0 - 3.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Section 4.0 - 4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Section 5.0 - 5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Appendix A-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 - 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Appendix A-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 - 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Appendix A-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 - 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Appendix A-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 - 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Appendix A-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0


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A World of Protection

4801 Southwick Drive, 3rd FloorMatteson, IL 60443Phone 708/748-1503 Fax 708/748-2847Customer Service Fax 708/748-2908email: [email protected] site: www.chemetron.com

Foreword

Chemetron Fire Systems reserves the right to revise and improve its products as it deems necessary withoutnotification. This publication is intended to describe the state of this product at the time of its publication, andmay not reflect the product at all times in the future. The software screen prints depicted in this manual arepresented for reference purposes only and may not reflect the most current version of the Nitrogen Flow Calcu-lation Software.

This technical manual provides the necessary information for designing and performing flow calculations fora Chemetron Nitrogen Engineered System.

This publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form, by any method, for any purpose, without

the express written consent of Chemetron Fire Systems.

Any questions concerning the information presented in this manual should be addressed to the Matteson Office.

Copyright 2003 Chemetron Fire Systems. All Rights Reserved.Chemetron Fire Systems and Cardox are registered trademarks of Chemetron Fire Systems.


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1 GENERAL

1.1 Introduction

The interest in inert gas blends continues to increase due to the phase out of Halon systems inaccordance with the Montreal Protocol and the growing interest in meeting the intent of the KyotoProtocol.

Chemetrons Nitrogen fire extinguishing system utilizes pure Nitrogen. Nitrogen is a naturally occurringsubstance and is present in the atmosphere, and as such, it has no ozone depletion potential and nodirect global warming risk.

There are no toxicological factors associated with the use of Nitrogen and it will not decompose orproduce anybyproducts when exposed to a flame from a fire condition. However, heat and byproductsof the fire itself can still be substantial and could make the area untenable for human occupancy untilthe enclosure has been properly vented.

Nitrogen is stored in high-pressure cylinders at a nominal pressure of 2900 psi (200 bar) at 70F(21.1C). Safety and exposure guidelines, including concentration levels, as established by NFPA 2001,Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, should be followed.

1.2 Use and Limitations

Nitrogen fire extinguishing systems are primarily used as total flooding systems for protection of self-enclosed equipment or enclosed hazards to contain the extinguishant.

1.2.1 Use

Nitrogen systems operate safely in temperatures from -20F to 130F (-29C to +54C). Nitrogen willnot cause fogging during a discharge, a condition caused by the super-cooling of the water content

in the air. The density of Nitrogen in air is similar to that of atmospheric air, which greatly improvesthe holding time after a release compared with other heavier/lighter agents.

Nitrogen is electrically nonconductive and therefore suitable for use to extinguish fires in electric andelectronicequipment,suchas thatfound at electronicdata processing and telecommunication facilities.Nitrogen is also useful for extinguishing fires:

Involving flammable and combustible liquids and gasesIn subfloors and other concealed spacesIn tape file storage areasInvolving delicate artifacts and high-value assetsIn places where other extinguishing media could be directly destructive.

Deep-seated fires insolid material require that the Nitrogen atmosphere be maintained foran extendedperiod of time (holding time) to achieve total extinguishment.

Nitrogen does not leave any hazardous substances after a release. Since cleanup after a fire will onlyinvolve items damaged in the fire, downtime and secondary damage can therefore be kept to aminimum.


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1.2.2 Use Limitations

Nitrogen should not be used to extinguish fires involving

Chemicals containing their own supply of oxygen and which are capable of rapid oxidation in the

absence of air, such as cellulose nitrate, gunpowder, etc.Mixtures containing oxidizing materials, such as sodium chlorate or sodium nitrate.Chemicals capable of undergoing autothermal decomposition, such as some organic peroxidesand hydrazine.Reactive metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, and lithium.Reactive hydrides, or metal amides, some of which may react violently with gaseous extinguishants.

1.3 Fire Extinguishment Methods

Nitrogen systems extinguish fires by the following methods:

1.3.1 Total Flooding

Release of Nitrogen into an enclosure (total flooding) means that an inert atmosphere is created withinthe entire room volume.

1.3.2 Selector Valves/Distribution System

If more than one room or hazard in a building is to be protected, a common Nitrogen cylinder bankmay be used. The capacity of the cylinder bank must be calculated for protection of the largest room/hazard and/or adjoining rooms/hazards that may be involved in a fire simultaneously. In most cases,Nitrogen selector valve systems reduce the cost as compared to individual systems protecting the samehazards.

1.3.3 Modular System

In limited space areas where the authority having jurisdiction will allow for a modular system, cylinders

located singly or in multiple units within the room may be used. The total quantity of stored agent, thenumber of nozzles etc., shall be that as required for a central bank system. Cylinders shall be connectedeither electrically or pneumatically, allowing for simultaneous discharge. Each individual unit shall betreated as a separate system.

2 DESIGN GUIDELINES

Design Guidelines for Nitrogen systems are as established in NFPA 2001, Standard for Clean AgentFire Extinguishing Systems. Nitrogen has been designated IG-100 in NFPA 2001.

2.1 Design Standards

An Nitrogen systemshall alwaysbe designed in accordancewith the latestversionof applicabledesignstandards, taking into consideration requirements specified by local authorities having jurisdiction.

NFPA 2001,Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems

Marine Applications:

Safety Of Life At Sea. Solas, Consolidated Edition


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2.2 Personal Safety

CAUTION

WHEN EXTINGUISHING A FIRE USINGNITROGEN, THE OXYGEN LEVEL IN THE PROTECTED ROOM IS REDUCED

TO A LEVEL THAT WILL NOT SUSTAIN COMBUSTION. THIS COULD CREATE AN IMMINENT RISK TO PERSONNELOCCUPYING THE ENCLOSURE IF THE RESIDUAL OXYGEN LEVEL BECOMES LESS THAN THAT WHICH CAN SUPPORTLIFE. PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION FROM THE FIRE MUST ALSO BE CONSIDERED A HAZARD.

Suitable safeguards shall always be provided to ensure prompt evacuation from and prevent entryinto a hazardous atmosphere, and include a safe means for prompt rescue of any trapped personnel.Safety items such as personnel training, warning signs, discharge alarms, selfcontained breathingapparatus, evacuation plans and fire drills shall be considered and implemented as required.

CAUTION

PERSONNEL SHOULD BE ACQUAINTED WITH THE FACT THATNITROGEN PRESENTS A NOISE HAZARD DURINGDISCHARGE AND MAY RESULT IN DAMAGE TO HEARING IF PERSONNEL ARE PRESENT WITHOUT PROTECTION

DURING DISCHARGE.

Consideration shall be given to the possibility of migration of Nitrogen to adjacent areas outside ofthe protected space (pressure relief vent openings, etc.).

Nitrogen systems may be designed for a residual oxygen level of 12% or higher (sea level equivalent)if personnel can vacate the area within five minutes (exposure time of 5 minutes or less), but may bedesigned to have a residual oxygen level of 10% to 12% (sea level equivalent) if personnel can vacatethe area within 3 minutes (exposure limited to 3 minutes or less).

WARNING

NITROGEN SYSTEMS DESIGNED TO REDUCE OXYGEN LEVELS TO BELOW12% SHOULD ONLY BE PROVIDED IN

NORMALLY UNOCCUPIED AREAS.

Should the possibility exist for the oxygen level to drop below 10%, personnel must be evacuated priorto such oxygen depletion. A design concentration resulting in an oxygen level of less than 10% mayonly be used in normally unoccupied areas, and only if the personnel who could possibly be exposedcan vacate the area within 30 seconds.

However, in all situations it is necessarythat personnelevacuate thehazard priorto system discharge.Hence the need to include both predischarge alarms and time delays into all system designs.

Nitrogen systems designed to concentrations below 42.5% (corresponding to an oxygen con-centration of 12% or higher, sea level equivalent of oxygen) shall be permitted, given the following:

1. The space is normally occupied.2. Means are provided to limit exposure to no longer than 5 minutes.

Systems designed to concentrations between 42.5 and 52% (corresponding to between 12 and10% oxygen, sea level equivalent of oxygen) shall be permitted, given the following:

1. The space is normally unoccupied.2. Means are provided to limit exposure to no longer than 3 minutes.


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Systems designed to concentrations between 52 and 61.7% (corresponding to between 10 and8% oxygen, sea level equivalent of oxygen) shall be permitted, given the following:

1. The space is normally unoccupied.2. Where personnel could possibly be exposed, means are provided to limit the exposure to less

than 30 seconds

Systems designed to concentrations above 61.7% (corresponding to 8% oxygen or below, sealevel equivalent of oxygen), shall only be used in unoccupied areas where personnel are notexposed to such oxygen depletion.

2.3 Release Time

Industrial: NFPA 2001 recommends 95% of the design quantity of Nitrogen be released within60 seconds.Marine: Solas recommends85% of the design quantity of Nitrogen be released within 120 seconds.

Other countries/authorities may have different requirements than those mentioned above.

2.4 Temperature Considerations

During a discharge of the agent only, the temperature within the protected enclosure will dropapproximately10 - 20F (5 - 10C). After the endof thedischarge, the temperature will rise again withinapproximately 2 - 3 minutes.

2.5 Electrical Clearance

All system components shall be located to maintain no less than minimum clearance from energizedelectrical parts. Should a design insulation level not be available and where nominal voltage is usedfor the design criteria, the highest minimum clearance listed for this group shall be used.

The following references shall be considered as the minimum electrical clearance requirements for

the installation of clean agent systems:

ANSI C2,National Electrical Safety CodeNFPA 70,National Electrical Code29 CFR 1910, Subpart SNFPA 2001,Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems

2.6 Pressure Relief Venting

Whenreleased, fixed fire extinguishing systems employing compressed gases will create a considerablevolume of gas within the room due to expansion. To compensate for the overpressure, suitable meansof pressure relief venting must be employed. The free area of these openings/vents shall be

appropriately sized to avoid structural damage.

Normal rooms will withstand an increase of pressure of approximately 5 millibars (2 in. H O). Pressure2relief vents should be located at a high level on the wall or on the ceiling, clear of any direct nozzledischarge. At the end of the discharge the pressure relief vents shall close in order to maintain theextinguishing concentration for as long as possible.

The fire rating of all pressure vents should be equal to or greater than the rating of the structure. Therequired vent area should always be verified by the use of the system flow calculation program.


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3 SYSTEM DESIGN

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the minimum design requirements for Nitrogen fire extin-guishing systems based upon sound engineering principles, current international standards, test data

and field experiences.

General requirements and design criteria are based on NFPA 2001.

Nothing within this chapter intends to restrict new technologies or findings, providing that the level ofsafety prescribed is not reduced. This chapter does not cover general requirementsand design criteriafor fire detection and control systems. Reference should be made to local requirements.

3.1 Physical Properties of Nitrogen

Table 3.1 - Physical Properties of Nitrogen

Property Units Value

Molecular Weight N.A. 28.0

Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg C -195.8

Freezing Point C -209.9

Critical Temperature C -147.0

Gas Density at 70F (21.1C) kg/m 1.1613

Chemical Formula N (Nitrogen) 100%2

3.1.1 Purity of Nitrogen (N )2

Nitrogen: N >_ 99.7%: H O


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3.3 Inerting

In er t i n g c o n c e n tr a t io n s s h a l l b e u s e d w h e r e c o n d i t i o n s fo r s u b s e q u e n t r e f l a s h o r ex p l o s i o n

c o u l d e x i s t .These conditions exist when:

1) The quantity of fuel expected to be in the enclosure is sufficient to develop a concentration equalto or greater than one-half of the lower flammable limit throughout the enclosure, and

2) The volatilityof the fuel before the fire is sufficient to reach the lower flammable limit in air (maximum

ambient temperature or fuel temperature exceeds the closed cup flash point temperature),or3) The system cannot respond quickly enough to detect and extinguish the fire before the volatility

of the fuel is increased to a dangerous level because of the fire.

The minimum designconcentration used to inert atmospheres involving flammable liquids and gassesshall be the normal design value plus an added 10% safety factor.

3.4 Design Concentrations

Class A and Class C.Flammables require a safety factor of 20%. Designconcentration 36%(OxygenConcentration = 13.38%).

Class B. Flammable liquids require a safety factor of 30% above the design extinguishing concen-tration. Thedesignconcentration forn-Heptane is37%(Oxygen Concentration= 13.17%). Forall otherflammable liquids, the design concentration shall be 30% above the established cup burner value.

3.4.1 Equation Formula for Specific Requirements

A. X = 2.303 * (V /s) * Log (100/(100-C) = V /s * Ln (100/(100-C))S 10 S

Where:

X = Volume of agent required per m of protected volume to produce the indicated concentration3

at temperature specified (M /M ).3. 3

V = Specific volume of Nitrogen at 70F (21.1C) = 0.86152 m /kg at 1013 mbar.S 3

C = Design concentration of Nitrogen in the protected area

s = Specific volume of superheated Nitrogen vapor.Can be approximated by the formula s = 0.7997 + 0.00293t

t = Temperature in the Hazard (C).

For furtherdetails regarding specific vapor volumes at various temperatures, refer to NFPA 2001,Appendix A.

B. M = X/sx

Where:

M = The mass of Nitrogen/volume of protected area. See Tables 3.4A and 3.4B for M (kg/mx x3

and kg/ft ) values at various temperature and design concentration conditions.3


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Table 3.4A - Total Flooding Quantities - Volume Requirements of Nitrogen - Metric - M (Kg/M )x3

Temp

(C)

Typical Design Concentration (% by Volume) - From NFPA 2001

36 37 38 40 42 46 50

-30 0.758 0.786 0.812 0.868 0.926 1.047 1.178

-25 0.728 0.754 0.780 0.834 0.889 1.005 1.131

-20 0.700 0.725 0.749 0.801 0.854 0.966 1.087

-15 0.673 0.697 0.721 0.770 0.821 0.929 1.045

-10 0.647 0.671 0.694 0.741 0.790 0.894 1.006

-5 0.624 0.646 0.668 0.714 0.761 0.861 0.968

0 0.601 0.622 0.644 0.688 0.733 0.830 0.933

5 0.579 0.600 0.621 0.663 0.707 0.800 0.900

10 0.559 0.579 0.599 0.640 0.683 0.727 0.869

15 0.540 0.559 0.578 0.618 0.659 0.745 0.839

20 0.522 0.540 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.720 0.810

25 0.504 0.522 0.540 0.577 0.616 0.696 0.783

30 0.488 0.505 0.522 0.558 0.595 0.673 0.758

35 0.472 0.489 0.506 0.540 0.576 0.652 0.733

40 0.457 0.473 0.490 0.523 0.558 0.631 0.710

45 0.443 0.459 0.474 0.507 0.541 0.611 0.688

50 0.429 0.445 0.460 0.491 0.524 0.593 0.667

55 0.416 0.431 0.446 0.476 0.508 0.575 0.646


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Table 3.4B - Total Flooding Quantities - Volume Requirements of Nitrogen-US Standard-M (Kg/Ft )x3

Temp

(F)

Typical Design Concentration (% by Volume) - Based on NFPA 2001

36 37 38 40 42 46 50

-20 0.02129 0.02220 0.02280 0.02436 0.02598 0.02939 0.03306

-10 0.02035 0.02107 0.02180 0.02329 0.02484 0.02810 0.03160

0 0.01947 0.02017 0.02086 0.02229 0.02377 0.02689 0.03024

10 0.01865 0.01932 0.01998 0.02135 0.02277 0.02575 0.02897

20 0.01788 0.01852 0.01915 0.02047 0.02183 0.02469 0.02777

30 0.01716 0.01777 0.01838 0.01964 0.02094 0.02369 0.02665

40 0.01648 0.01706 0.01765 0.01886 0.02011 0.02275 0.02559

50 0.01584 0.01640 0.01696 0.01813 0.01933 0.02187 0.02460

60 0.01523 0.01578 0.01632 0.01744 0.01859 0.02103 0.02366

70 0.01466 0.01518 0.01571 0.01678 0.01790 0.02024 0.02277

80 0.01412 0.01463 0.01513 0.01617 0.01724 0.01950 0.02194

90 0.01361 0.01410 0.01458 0.01582 0.01662 0.01880 0.02114

100 0.01313 0.01360 0.01407 0.01503 0.01603 0.01830 0.02040

110 0.01267 0.01313 0.01358 0.01451 0.01547 0.01750 0.01969

120 0.01224 0.01268 0.01311 0.01401 0.01494 0.01690 0.01901

130 0.01183 0.01225 0.01267 0.01354 0.01444 0.01633 0.01837


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3.5 Design Concentrations

3.5.1 NFPA Design Concentrations

A. Class A: The minimum design concentration for a Class A surface fire hazard shall be the

extinguishing concentration times a safety factor of 1.2.

B. Class B: The minimum design concentration for a Class B fuel hazard oran onlymanuallyactuatedsystem shall be the extinguishing concentration times a safety factor of 1.3.

C. ClassC: The minimum design concentration for Class C hazards shall be at least that for a ClassA surface fire.

3.5.2 ISO Design Concentrations

The minimum design concentration for all hazards shall be the extinguishing concentration of theflammable times a safety factor of 1.3.

3.6 Design FactorsIn addition to the concentration requirement, additional Nitrogen may be required due to specialconditions that would affect the extinguishing efficiency, such as unclosable openings and their effecton distribution and maintaining concentration; reignition from heated surfaces; enclosure geometry;and obstructions and their effect on distribution.

3.6.1 Effects of Altitude

At elevations above sea level, Nitrogen expands to a greater specific vapor. A system designed forsea level will develop a greater concentration level at an elevation above sea level. To correct for theeffects of a higher elevation, the quantity of agent used should be reduced. The correction factors arelisted in Table 3.6.1.

Table 3.6.1 - Elevation Correction Factors

Altitude AltitudeEnclosure Enclosure

Pressure PressureCorrection Correction

Factor Factor Feet Kilometers PSIA cm Hg Feet Kilometers PSIA cm Hg

-3,000 -0.92 16.25 84.0 1.11 4,000 1.22 12.58 65.0 0.86

-2,000 -0.61 15.71 81.2 1.07 5,000 1.52 12.04 62.2 0.82

-1,000 -0.30 15.23 78.7 1.04 6,000 1.83 11.53 59.6 0.78

0 0 14.71 76.0 1.00 7,000 2.13 11.03 57.0 0.75

1,000 0.30 14.18 73.3 0.96 8,000 2.44 10.64 55.0 0.72

2,000 0.61 13.64 70.5 0.93 9,000 2.74 10.22 52.8 0.69

3,000 0.92 13.12 67.8 0.89 10,000 3.05 9.77 50.5 0.66

Note: Multiply the correction factor by the sea level design quantity of Nitrogen to obtain the correctquantity for a given altitude.


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3.7 Design Considerations

3.7.1 Leakage

Not only is it important that the Nitrogen design concentration be achieved within the prescribed

discharge time, but also that the extinguishing concentration is maintained for the specified periodof time to allow effective emergencyaction by trained personnel. This is equally important in all classesof fires (A, B,C)sincea persistent ignition source (e.g. an arc, heat source, oxyacetylene torchor deep-seated fire) can lead to a resurgence of the fire once the Nitrogen has dissipated.

It is necessary to insure that the agent leakage does not occur during discharge and that the requiredconcentration levels can be maintained for the entire holding period. Guidelines as established by NFPA2001 should be followed.

3.7.2 Temperature Considerations

During discharge the temperature within the protected enclosure will drop approximately 10 to 20F(5 to 10C). The temperature will rise again after approximately 2 - 3 minutes.

3.7.3 Flow Calculation

The Chemetron flow calculation program is required to design a Nitrogen system. It is based on theinput of:

a. Cylinder storage pressure at 70F (21.1C).b. Hazard enclosure temperature (start of pipe).c. Hazard enclosure volume(s), raised floor, room & suspended ceiling as applicable.d. Specific Nitrogen Quantity (Kg).e. Nitrogen design concentration.f. Cylinder size (15.9 l, 66.7 l or 80 l).g. Number of cylinders.h. Discharge time required (normally 60 seconds).

i. Minimum and maximum temperatures of the hazard.j. Number of nozzles selected per hazard.k. Piping data, estimated pipe dimensions and pipe schedule.l. Maximum pressure the enclosure/building structure can withstand.

The program shall calculate and determine/verify:

a. Orifice diameter for the restrictor(s).b. Pipe sizes and required pipe schedule.c. Maximum pressure in distribution pipe network.d. Orifice diameter for each individual discharge nozzle.e. Estimated size of pressure relief vent opening.f. Final Nitrogen concentration for each protected hazard.

g. Actual discharge time (95% of design concentration).

3.7.4 Calculation of Room Volume

The volume to be used in calculating the required amount of Nitrogen shall be the gross enclosurevolume less the volume of any internal buildingstructures, such as columns. The volume shall includeventilation ducts and other related volumes.


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3.7.5 Quantity of Agent Calculation

The fire extinguishing or inerting concentrations shall be used in determining the Nitrogen designconcentration for a particular flammable. For combinations of flammables, the extinguishing or inertingvalue for the flammable requiring the greatest concentration shall be used.

The ambient temperature of the enclosure is necessary to determine the proper amount of Nitrogento be delivered to the hazard.

If a common bank of cylinders is used for several hazards/systems, these shall be calculated individuallyas if they were single systems. The number of cylinders required for the cylinder bank will be basedon the hazard with the largest demand, or the largest demand required for protecting hazards that maybe on fire simultaneously. The quantity of extinguishant to be stored must, as a minimum, be adequateto protect the largest hazard, and possibly other hazards if the risk exists of several fires occurringsimultaneously.

It is the project engineers responsibility that the designconcentration is chosenbased on the following:

1) Integrity of the room, unclosable openings, unstoppable extraction ventilating, etc.2) Combustible flammables involved.3) Design concentration equal to or higher than required by the most demanding flammable.4) Ventilation conditions.5) Elevation/altitude.6) Escape possibilities.7) Personal safety in general.

3.7.6 Cylinder Content

At a filling pressure of 2900 psi (200 bar) at 70F (21.1C), standard cylinders contain the following:

Table 3.7.6 - Cylinder Content

Cylinder Volume Nominal Filling Gas Used Gas Remaining

Liters 2900 psi (200 bar) During Release After Release

15.9 3.5 kg 3.4 kg 0.1 kg

66.7 14.6 kg 14.4 kg 0.2 kg

80.0 17.50 kg 17.3 kg 0.2 kg


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3.7.7 Cylinder/Volume Ratio - Class A & Class C Fires

Based on the cylinder size and pressure, each cylinder can protect the following volume at 70F(21.1C):

Table 3.7.7 - Cylinder/Volume Ratio -

Class A & Class C Fires

Cylinder

Volume NFPA(20% Safety Factor) ISO(30% Safety Factor)

Liters

Nominal Protected Volume - 2900 psi (200 bar)

m ft m ft3 3 3 3

15.9 6.56 231.8 5.93 299.3

66.7 27.80 981.7 25.10 886.3

80.0 33.40 1179.4 30.15 1064.8

Values are based on the following equation: V = M / Menc gas x

For M see Table 3.7.6. For M , see Tables 3.4A & B.Gas x

3.7.8 Cylinder/Volume Ratio - Class B Fires (n-Heptane)

Based on the cylinder size and pressure, each cylinder can protect the following volume at 70F(21.1C):

Table 3.7.8 - Cylinder/Volume Ratio -

Class B Fires (n-Heptane)

Cylinder

Volume

Liters

Nominal Protected

Volume - 2900 psi (200 bar)

NFPA & ISO(30% Safety Factor)

m ft3 3

15.9 6.34 223.9

66.7 26.85 948.2

80.0 30.15 1,064.8

Values are based on the following equation: V = M / Menc Gas x

For M see Table 3.7.6. For M , see Tables 3.4A & B.Gas x


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3.8 Nozzles

3.8.1 Selecting Number of Nozzles

The nozzles are designed for 360 coverage. The maxi-

mum coverage of a single nozzle is 1,254 ft (116.5 m ).2 2

The 360 nozzle cannot be mounted in a corner oragainst a wall. The maximum nozzle discharge radiusis 25 feet (7.6 M), with the longest side not to exceed355" (10.8 m). These nozzles should be centered in thearea of protection when multiple nozzles are dischargedinto the same hazard.

The height of the room shall range between 1 foot (.3 M)and 16 feet (4.88 M) from floor to ceiling. The nozzleshould be placed as close or near to the containers aspossible to minimize system piping. The ceiling tiles in

the hazard area must be clipped to hold them in placeduring a discharge and prevent damage.

As a general rule, the maximum volume that one nozzle can cover is 5700 cu.ft. (161.6 cu.m.). At themaximum height of 16 feet (4.88 m) the distance that such a nozzle can cover is reduced to 18.8 ft(5.7 m).

NOT E

THE MAXIMUM ENCLOSURE HEIGHT THAT MAY BE FLOODED BY A SINGLE TIER OF NOZZLES IS16FEET(4.88M).FOR ENCLOSURES WITH CEILING HEIGHTS ABOVE16 (4.88 M), NOZZLES SHALL BE PLACED AT MULTIPLELEVELS/ELEVATIONS TO A MAXIMUM HEIGHT PER ELEVATION OF16FEET(4.88 M).

The number of nozzles, their size and location in the distribution piping network shall be such that thedesired design concentration will be established within the specified discharge time in all parts of theprotected enclosure, and such that the discharge will not unduly splash flammable liquids or createdust clouds that could extend the fire, create an explosion, harm any personnel occupying the enclosureor otherwise adversely affect the contents or integrity of the enclosure.

Chemetron supplies nozzles ranging in size from 1/2 to 1-1/2, with orifices from 3 mm to 26 mm.The quantity of Nitrogen per nozzle will vary based on pressure and orifice size.

In a Nitrogen system, pipe diameters, nozzle sizes, nozzle orifices and restrictor sizes shall alwaysbe verified by a flow calculation.

When determining the number of nozzles to be used in a system, the shape of the enclosure (area

and volume) as well as the shape of any protected voids (raised floor, suspended ceiling) must betaken into account. Other important considerations include: installed equipment in the enclosure/void(chimneyeffect); pressure in the pipe (pipe wall thickness); obstructions that mayaffect the distributionof the discharged Nitrogen; and architectural considerations, i.e., a warehouse may allow for the useof a 1-1/2 nozzle whereas an office environment may require a number of smaller nozzles.


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3.9 Flow Splits at All Tees

Nitrogen systems do nothave to be balanced systems. When using tees in an Nitrogen pipingnetwork,the flow split can be as little as 5% to as much as 95% in any configuration. Tees can be orientatedin any direction or configuration.

3.10 Extinguishing Effect

When Nitrogen is discharged, an inert atmosphere is created in the protected hazard. Within a shorttime, the fire will be suffocated as the oxygen content will decrease from the normal 20.9% to 15-10%(depending on the flammables involved).

For most flammable liquids and solid materials, a 15% oxygen level is the lowest limit at which a firecan be sustained; however 30% safety factor requirements result in the 12-10% oxygen level. A 10%oxygen level is the lowest limit acceptable for short-term personnel occupancy in the protectedhazard/room.

NOT E

IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE EXTINGUISHMENT OF SOME MATERIALS, IT IS NECESSARY TO LOWER THE OXYGEN LEVELBELOW10%.THESE SYSTEMS REQUIRE SPECIAL SAFETYPRECAUTIONS- REFER TOPARAGRAPH2.2,PERSONALSAFETY.

4 NITROGEN SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 Flow Calculation

Pipe andnozzles forChemetronNitrogen systemsare sized using theChemetron Fire SystemsNitrogenFlow Calculation software. The software is based on recognized hydraulic theory and the results ofthe program havebeen verified in rigorous laboratory tests. Calculations made with this software have

been checked by Factory Mutual and UL Canada to assure accuracy and determine its limitations.The calculations are based on an ambient cylinder temperature of 70F 10F (21.1C 5.5C).Therefore, the cylinder shall be located in a climate controlled environment to ensure the temperatureis consistently within this range. Calculations performed on systems where the cylinders are notmaintained within this range may not be accurate and the designed quantities of agent may not bedischarged from one or more discharge nozzles.

4.2 System Check

While the basic computer program used for calculating pipe and orifice sizes cannot be checked bymanual means, there is a definite need to check the input information upon which the calculation isbased. Since there may be inadvertent or necessary changes due to on-site job conditions, it is alsoessential to check the system as calculated against the system as installed.


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5 FLOW CALCULATION PROGRAM

TheNitrogen calculation program (Nitrogen FLOW) hasbeen writtenwithin theWindows environment.TM

Installation procedures will be provided with the software. (It is our assumption that the user has a basicknowledge of this operating system and its operation will not be addressed within this manual.) Thecomputer program will establish pipe sizes as well as calculate terminal pressures, discharge time, andnozzle drill sizes. The primary requirement for a proper calculation is to insure that the system is modeledinto the computer program correctly. Therefore, the input parameters may be printed out as well asthe calculation results. This makes it possible to verify the input data against the intended designparameters and/or the actual installation. It is possible to input either kilograms required for each nozzleor the existing nozzle drill size (fixed code).

The Nitrogen flow calculation program has been divided into three main areas:

1) Commands Available2) Output3) File Utilities.

NOT E

THE CALCULATION INFORMATION CAN BE ENTERED AND DISPLAYED IN US STANDARD ORMETRIC UNITS. IT CANBE CONVERTED AT ANY TIME UPON COMMAND BY SIMPLY USING THE METRIC CHECK BOX.


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5.1 Commands Available

This area has been subdivided into the following categories:

System Information

Hazard InformationPiping Model dataCalculate and Display ResultsClear All Current Data


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5.1.1 System Information

Within the Systems Information screen there are four submenus:

Project Data

RevisionConfiguration VariablesCylinder Data

5.1.1.1 Project Data

The Project Data section consists of the following data:

A. Project Number:Reference number

B. Project Name: Name of project or end user

C. Site Location: Installation location

D. Hazard Name:Name of protected hazard


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IMPORTANT

DO NOT ENTER A COMMA , IN THESE FIELDS AS IT IS AN ILLEGAL CHARACTER.

5.1.1.2 RevisionThis data field is used to track versions/changes on a specific data file and/or submittal.

5.1.1.3 Configuration Variables

A. Report Title:The data entered here will appear in the general heading area on all printouts. Theintended use is to allow Chemetron distributors to incorporate their company name into the printouts.

B. Altitude:Select a value between -3,000 to 10,000 feet (-914 m to 3,048 m) above sea level. Thishas an effect on the quantity of gas required.

C. Discharge Time: Set to 60 seconds by default. For industrial applications, thedischarge time shouldbe set to 60 seconds; for Marine applications, the discharge time should be set to 120 seconds.

Other countries/authorities having jurisdiction may have different requirements than those statedabove. Discharge time refers to the time required to discharge 95% of the design quantity into theappropriate area for an industrial application, or the time required to discharge 85% of the designquantity for marine applications.

5.1.1.4 Cylinder Data

TheCylinder Datasection consists of the following data:

A. Total Number of Cylinders (Main):The number of cylinders required to contain the amount ofNitrogen required for a discharge. If the Automatic Cylinder Selection option is checked, this valueis assigned automatically by the program. This option is checked by default.

B. Cylinder Selection:(Figure 5.1.1.4B1) If the automatic cylinder selection option is checked, thecomputer automatically picks the fewest possible cylinders of the same capacity. You have theoption of changing both the cylinder type and the cylinder quantity. Per NFPA 2001, when usinginert agents such as Nitrogen, it is acceptable to manifold different sized cylinders together. Thecylinder selection form allows you to do that easily. By depressing the close button in the lowerright corner, the form will close and return you to the System Information screen. After completingthis part, the total number of cylinders is displayed in the cylinder data section, along with the totalamount of Nitrogen that will be supplied. After a cylinder capacity has been selected, depress theDetail button (Figure 5.1.1.4.B2) to view the parameters for that particular cylinder.

NOT E

THE30LITER AND75LITER CYLINDERS ARE NOTFM/ULCAPPROVED OR LISTED AND ARE NOT RECOGNIZEDBY THESE AGENCIES.

C. Pipe Temperature:The initial pipe temperature should be entered here.

D. Main/Reserve: Adjusts the quantity of equipment for the Bill of Material printout.


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5.1.2 Hazard Information

Within the Hazard Information screen there are three subcategories:

Hazard DataAreaArea Nozzle List

5.1.2.1 Hazard Data

The first section is used to input the hazard area name(s) for reference, the fire type, concentration and

temperatures. More than one area name may be included; however, each area name must be enteredseparately.

A. Area Name: Enter the name of the specific area.

B. Type:By default, this option is set to a Class A type fire.

C. % (% Concentration): This is the minimum percentage of Nitrogen concentration required for thisspecific area. By default this option is set at 36.0%, values lower than 36.0% are not approved.

D. Min. Temp.:Enter the minimum ambient temperature for the area. By default this value is set at70F (21.1C). This is the temperature used in determining the amount of Nitrogen required forthe desired concentration.

E. Max. Temp.:Enter the maximum ambient temperature for the area. By default, this value is setat 70F (21.1C).

F. To edit an area after data has been entered, simply click on the areas name. You can identifywhatarea is being edited at any time by looking at the current area label.


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5.1.2.3 Area Nozzle List

Each area must have one or more nozzles associatedwith it. Each nozzle will have a unique ID number.When automatically assigned, these numbers will be incremental, starting with 301. Chemetron offerstwo nozzle styles:

A radial nozzle with NPT pipe threadsA radial nozzle with BSP pipe threads

To add nozzles, you can add the recommended nozzle number generated by the software by simplypressing the add button, or you can input the nozzle number of your choice. The radial NPT nozzle isthe system default.


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5.1.3 Piping Model Data

The piping information is the heart of the system model. This area is where the pipe data and the agentmass per nozzle is recorded. Several pieces of data are required and Section 5.1.3.2 provides a briefdescription of each of the columns.

5.1.3.1 System Design Considerations for Sectioning of Pipe

The first step is to make an isometric sketch of the system. All rises and drops should be noted, aswell as other known pertinent data such as manifold size and pipe schedule.

A separate pipe section is required for any one of the following conditions:

Change in Pipe Diameter.Change in Pipe Schedule.Divisions of Flow (as at a tee).Rise or drop in elevation greater than 5 feet (1.52 meters).Before and after the restrictor.Before and after a selector valve (if applicable)


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A. Terminal Points

1. All terminal points should progress in logical numeric succession. The starting point (point 1)is located at the bottom of the first cylinder. From here the subsequent points are plotted movingtoward the discharge nozzles.

2. A terminal point is placed upstream of (before) a tee where a division of flow occurs. Where flowis routed through only one branch of a tee, a terminal number can be omitted if none of the fourconditions mentioned above occurs.

3. A selector valve, if used, should be kept as close to the beginning of a section as possible (withinapproximately two feet). A selector valve can begin a section by placing the terminal point atthe valves inlet.

4. A terminal point should be located at the start of a rise or drop of greater than five feet.5. Number the terminalpoints consecutively to the end of eachdistribution section. Do not duplicate

numbers on the same hazard calculation.6. Multi-hazard systems demand close attention. The hazard requiring the greatest quantity of

Nitrogen should be calculated first, since it will establish the size of the manifold and maindischarge header. These sizes must be used in calculations for the other hazards.

5.1.3.2 Column Headings and DescriptionsA. Nodes:These points identify the section of pipe, nozzle or a cylinder that is being modeled.

B. Start:This indicates the beginning of a pipe, manifold, or cylinder section.

C. End:This indicates the end of the same section.

D. CylinderQty: Thequantity of cylinders flowing through this specific sectionof manifold piping. Entera quantity of zero (0) to indicate distribution piping. Enter an R to designate a restrictor.


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B. Piping Results

1. Section Nodes: The starting and ending nodes for a particular section of the pipe model.

2. Nominal Pipe Size: The computed or inputted pipe size and schedule.

NOT E

PIPE SELECTION AND PRESSURE RATINGS ARE BASED ON THE USE OFA-53B/A-106B SMLSCARBON STEELPIPE WITH A MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUE (SE)OF18000PSI.

3. Length: Length of pipe within the section, including elevation changes.

4. Elev: The length of an elevation change within the section of pipe.

5. EQL: Total equivalent length of the section of pipe. This includes pipe, elbows, tees, couplings,unions, valves, and any additional information inputted into the equivalent length column ofthe data file.

6. Start PSIA (Bar): The pressure at the beginning of the section.

7. Term PSIA (Bar): The pressure at the termination of the section.

8. Flow Rate: The flow rate through the pipe sectiondisplayed in lbs/min, or kgs/min if the metricoption is enabled.


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NOT E

CHEMETRONS CALCULATION DISPLAYS INSTANTANEOUS FLOW RATES. SINCE FLOW RATES VARY THROUGHOUTTHEDISCHARGE DUE TOCYLINDER PRESSURERECESSION, THEPRODUCTOF THEFLOW RATE TIMES THE DISCHARGE

TIME WILLNOT, IN GENERAL, EQUAL THE TOTAL QUANTITY OF AGENT. THE INSTANTANEOUS FLOW RATES ARE

PROVIDED FOR INFORMATION ONLY AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED IN THE EVALUATION OF CALCULATIONS .

5.1.4.2 Nozzle Performance

A. Nozzle ID: The identification number given to a specific nozzle.

B. Nozzle Size: The selected or computed size and schedule of a nozzle.

C. Description: Description of the nozzle used or the restrictor.

D. Orifice Drill Dia: The nozzle drill code that was calculated by the program.

If N/A is displayed in this column, then there is no nozzleavailable, whichmakes thecalculation

invalid. Note the pipe size of thenozzle in question, return to the piping model, change the pipesize of that particular nozzle to something other than the calculated pipe size and rerun thecalculation.

E. Stock Number: The Chemetron Fire Systems stock number for the particular nozzle. If the stocknumber ends with 3 dashes (---), this indicates that while the nozzle was calculated, the nozzleselected is either a nozzle that Chemetron does not sell or that the orifice diameter calculated fallsoutside of our design parameters. This makes the calculation invalid.

F. Nitrogen Discharged: The quantity of Nitrogen discharged through a particular nozzle.


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The pressure venting calculation for an inert gas discharge into an enclosure is based on thefollowing.

The following derivation uses the equation for flow through an orifice as the starting point.

w = lbs/sec of atmosphere flowing out of ventd = diameter of vent opening (inches)C = flow coefficientP = pressure differential across vent opening in psi = density (lbs/cu ft) of atmosphere flowing through vent

X = (area of orifice in square inches) = d /42

W = (flow in lbs/min) = 60 w

144 P (lbs/sq in) = P (lbs/sq ft)

For nitrogen, a conservative vent area will be calculated assuming:

1. maximum flow rate of inert gas into the enclosure

2. the atmosphere being vented is comprised solely of air from the enclosure.

For example, consider Nitrogen with a specific gravity relative to air of .966. Under equilibriumpressureconditions, for every unit mass of Nitrogen entering theenclosure, 1.035 units of air masswill exit the enclosure.

Since flow calculations for Nitrogen discharge systems provide mass flow rates for Nitrogen, it isuseful to convert the vent area equation to use the Nitrogen mass flow rate as an input quantity.

LetQequal the peak calculated mass flow rate of Nitrogen in kgs/min. Then

Substituting 0.07528 lb/cu ft (the density of air at 68F and 1 atmosphere), the final equation is


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Calculationof fixed pipe and fixed nozzle system fails.Pipingsystem is too long or pipe

sizes too small or nozzle sizes too large.Problem: This is usually caused when a fixed piping/nozzle network cannot accommodatethe required flow rate, or the pressure falls below the minimum 430 psia.

Pressure falls below 20 bar for first increment of Nitrogen discharging from cylinderin Section ### to ###. Take measures to decrease pressure loss - lengthen discharge

time, increase number of cylinders, shorten pipe runs, check fixed pipe sizes.Problem: Extreme pressuredrop with the pipe sections terminal pressure below 20 bar duringthe first calculated increment of Nitrogen leaving the storage container. This is usually causedby a fixed piping/nozzle network that cannot accommodate the required flow rate. This is alsocaused by errors in specifying the quantity of Nitrogen to be discharged from the nozzles orby discharge times that are too short.

Maximum pipe schedule is not sufficient for downstream pressure.Problem: The maximum pressure downstream of the restrictor is greater than what our greatest

pipe schedule can handle, i.e., Schedule XXS cannot handle the maximum pressure in thepiping.

Pressure in section ### - ### drops to ### psia. Check for fixed pipe sizes, excessive

pipe lengths or flow rates.Problem: Extreme pressure drop with the pipe sections terminal pressure below 430 psiaduring the first calculated increment of Nitrogen leaving the storage container. This is usuallycaused by a fixed piping/nozzle network that cannot accommodate the required flow rate. Thisis also caused by errors in specifying the quantity of Nitrogen to be discharged from the nozzlesor by discharge times that are too short.

Calculated flow velocity exceeds velocity of sound in section ### - ### during ##%

increment.Pr o b l e m: Choked Flow in pipe section may result in unpredictable pressure downstreamof the pipe section in question. Possible causes include a fixed piping/nozzle network thatcannot accommodate the required flow rate. This is also caused by errors in specifying thequantity of Nitrogen to be discharged from the nozzles, or by discharge times which are tooshort. If the restrictor is a fixed orifice in the input, it is too small. Pressure drop through theorifice cannot be more than 51% of the incoming pressure to the restrictor.

Warning: Flow rate is too low to pressurizepipe withincalculatedtime. Actual pressure

in pipe may not reach calculated pressures.Problem: The percent of the stored Nitrogen needed to pressurize the pipe to peak pressureis greater than 16% of the total stored Nitrogen. In such instances, the actual system pressuresfail to reach the theoretically predicted pressure. This is usually caused by excessive pipevolume (large pipe ID and/or very long pipe runs).

Warning: Pipe schedule in section ### to ### is thinner than required.- This warning is based on the use of A-53B or A-106B seamless pipe with SE = 18000.

- This pipe has a maximum pressure rating of #### psi for the required diameter.Problem: The calculated maximum pressure in the specified section of pipe is greater thanwhat the pipe schedule designated for that pipe section can handle. To fix this, increase the

pipe schedule in the specified pipe section.


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Branch piping leading to Nozzle ### is too long. ### seconds to reach peak pressure -

maximum allowable time is ### seconds. Actual pressure and quantity at nozzles may

not match calculation.Problem: Extreme difference in length, pipe volume or flow rate among branch lines leadingto various nozzles may cause unpredictable variation between predicted and actual pressureat system nozzles. Resolution: movenozzles closer together or redesign to eliminate excessive

pipe length.

Pressures fell below minimums as ##% increment left cylinder. -orWarning: Flow calculation failed to converge after ## percentile of agent discharge.Problem: If pressure drop and flow rates fail to converge for a calculation of an incrementless than the 50 percent increment leaving the storage cylinder, the system calculation mayth

be unreliable. Usually caused by fixed pipe sizes and/or excessively long pipe runs.

Warning: Flow of ###.## in section ### - ### is above maximum of ###.## kg/min .Problem: The pipe size is too small for the specified section of pipe. It has exceeded the limitsestablished during agency testing. To fix this, increase the pipe diameter.

There are ## Orifice(s) with no drill diameter.Problem: Calculation completed, however the nozzles that were calculated are outside ourlisted parameters. To fix this, change the pipe diameter on the section of pipe that containsthe nozzle in question.

Hazard X did not achieve concentration required in 60 seconds.Problem: 95% of the required Nitrogen needed to achieve concentration in a specified areadid not discharge into the hazard area in less than 60 seconds. To fix this, increase the flowrate for the hazard area nozzles. If it is a piping system with fixed pipe/nozzles, try increasingthe hazard area nozzle codes.

Concentration achieved is less than requested for Hazard X.Problem: The required amount of Nitrogen needed to achieve concentration was not dischargedinto the hazard area by the end of the system discharge. To fix this, increase the flow rate for

the hazard area nozzles. If it is a piping system with fixed pipe/nozzles, try increasing the hazardarea nozzle codes.

C. Error messages for when ULC listing and FM approval limits are exceeded

Warning: Flow in section ### - ### is below minimum for complete turbulence.Warning: Pipe volume exceeds 60% of cylinder volume. Pressure drop calculation may beunreliable.Ratio of orifice diameter to feed pipe diameter > 65% for manifold orifice.Ratio of orifice diameter to feed pipe diameter < 30% for manifold orifice.Warning: Nozzle pressure for ### is below 430 psia minimum.Ratio of orifice diameter to feed pipe diameter > 65% for nozzle ###.Ratio of orifice diameter to feed pipe diameter < 20% for nozzle ###.

Warning: Flow in section ### - ### is below minimum of ###.## kg/min.Warning: Flow of ###.## in section ### - ### is above maximum of ###.## kg/min.Warning: Flow in section ### - ### is below minimum for complete turbulence.Warning: Manifold orifice union size must match feed pipe size.Warning: Manifold orifice diameter exceeds diameter of section ### - ### -- increase pipediameter in this section to match nominal size of restrictor.After manifold, orifice pipe length must be at least 10 pipe diameters before flow may be splitat a tee.


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Warning: Section ### - ### side outlet branch of side/thru tee carries ## % of flow. Maximumbranch flow from side tee is 95 percent.Warning: Section ### - ### bullhead tee minor flow branch carries ##% of flow. Minimumbranch flow from bullhead tee is 5 percent.Warning: Section ### - ### side outlet flow branch of side/thru tee carries ##% of flow. Minimum

branch flow from side tee is 5 percent.

D. Miscellaneous Error Messages

(101) Problem with drill diameter table in flow program.

Warning: Choked flow occurs in manifold orifice - system pressures maybe llower than

calculated. Check consistency of flow rates. Flow rates may be lower than calculated

and discharge time longer than calculated.Pr o b l e m: Choked Flow in pipe section may result in unpredictable pressure downstreamof the pipe section in question. Possible causes include a fixed piping/nozzle network that cannotaccommodate the required flow rate. This is also caused by errors in specifying the quantityof Nitrogen to be discharged from the nozzles, or by discharge times that are too short. If the

restrictor is a fixed orifice in the input, it is too small. Pressure drop through the orifice cannotbe more than 51% of the incoming pressure to the restrictor.

Warning: Manifold orifice diameter exceeds diameter of section XX - XX --increase pipe

diameter in this section to match nominal size of orifice union.

Problem: When employing an orifice union instead of a restrictor, the orifice union is a differentsize than the piece of pipe that feeds the orifice union.

Error: Velocity of sound exceeded in section XX - XX in run number X of calculation.

Pr o b l e m: Choked Flow in pipe section may result in unpredictable pressure downstreamof the pipe section in question. Possible causes include a fixed piping/nozzle network that cannotaccommodate the required flow rate. This is also caused by errors in specifying the quantityof Nitrogen to be discharged from the nozzles, or by discharge times that are too short. If the

restrictor is a fixed orifice in the input, it is too small. Pressure drop through the orifice cannotbe more than 51% of the incoming pressure to the restrictor.

5.1.5 Print Data and Results or Print Output Results

This screen will allow the user to send both the results of the calculation and/or the input data used forthe calculation to either a selected printer or to an ASCII file on a disk drive.

5.1.5.1 Items to Print

A. Input Data Listing: When this option is selected, clicking on the adjacent option box will output thedata file.

B. Calculation Results: The selection of this option will output the results of the calculation.

C. Bill Of Material: The mechanical Nitrogen system Bill of Material, including pipe and pipe fittings.

5.1.5.2 Output Units

A. English: This option will output the required information with standard English units.

B. Metric: This selection will produce a metric unit output.


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5.1.6 Clear All Current Data

When this command is executed the current data file will be cleared from all fields to allow for entry ofnew data. If the current data file has modifications that have not been saved, the program will prompt

for verification prior to executing the command.

5.2 Output

This area will allow the user to export either the data file or calculation results.

5.2.1 Print Data and Results

Refer to Section 5.1.5.

5.3 File Utilities

This is the data file maintenance section of the program.

5.3.1 Load

An existing data file, stored on a disk drive, may be loaded into the program for modifications or recal-culation.

5.3.1.1 Save

The current data file may be saved to a disk drive for historical information.


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5.3.1.2 Delete

A data file may be erased from a disk drive.However, please note that once the data file has been

deleted, it cannot be retrieved.

5.3.2 ExitThe exit button will unload the program and return you to the previous Windows system screen.TM

5.3.3 Vol/Lbs/% Calculate (Vol/Kgs/% Calc)

This calculator may be used anywhere within the data input or calculation results screens, whereverthe command button is visible. The required input is:

A. Temperature: Defaults at 70F (21.1C)

B. Altitude: Defaults at 0 feet, sea level

In addition, two of the remaining four fields must be inputted and the remaining fields will be solved.The remaining four fields are:

C. Volume

D. Weight

E. Concentration

F. Oxygen: If a concentration and volume isinputted, the program will display the percent-age of oxygen remaining in that volume. If anoxygen value and a volume is inputted, theprogram will compute the weight and theconcentration achieved.

For example, if the quantityof agent and the volumeare known, the concentration may be computed.If the volume and the concentration are known, theamount of Nitrogen can be computed. Should theconcentration and the amount of Nitrogen beknown, the calculator will determine the volume inwhich these parameters will fit.


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5.4 Minimum/Maximum Flow Rates

This button can be pressed to show the following approximate flow rates for estimating pipe sizes.Maximum flow rates are based on 20 times the minimum.

Table 5.4 - Estimating Pipe Sizes

Pipe Size

Flow - Kgs/Minute

Schedule 40 Schedule 80 Schedule 160 Schedule XXS

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

1/2 (15 mm) 1.3 26.9 0.8 15.3 0.2 3.7 N/A N/A

3/4 (20 mm) 3.0 60.1 2.3 46.1 1.3 25.6 N/A N/A

1 (25 mm) 5.1 101.6 4.2 84.0 2.9 58.5 1.2 23.3

1-1/4 (32mm) 8.6 172.3 7.5 149.3 6.2 124.0 3.6 72.8

1-1/2 (40 mm) 11.4 228.8 10.1 201.0 8.1 162.7 5.6 111.7

2 (50 mm) 18.0 360.9 16.1 321.1 12.5 249.7 10.1 201.8

2-1/2 (65 mm) 25.1 501.1 22.4 447.4 19.0 379.7 13.6 272.23 (80 mm) 37.9 757.3 34.0 679.4 28.1 561.8 22.0 439.3

4 (100 mm) 65.1 1302.1 58.7 1173.4 47.3 946.7 39.9 798.1

5 (125 mm) 104.9 2097.6 94.7 1893.7 75.1 1501.7 66.3 1326.9

6 (150 mm) 157.5 3149.2 140.3 2805.8 111.4 2227.9 98.3 1965.4

8" (200 mm) 298.2 5964.2 267.5 5349.9 205.4 4108.9 209.8 4196.1

5.5 Check Points

Although the computer can provide complete flow calculations, it cannot exercise the human judgementrequiredto decide if the results are satisfactory. Obviously, itemssuch as actual pipe length, equivalentlengths, elevation changes, and the types of tee junctions must be checked against the piping layout

drawing and the actual installation.

NOT E

THE INSTALLER IS REQUIRED TO VERIFY THAT THE PIPE SCHEDULES INSTALLED MATCH AND CONFORM TO THEPIPE SCHEDULES GIVEN IN THIS SOFTWARE. SEEAPPENDIXTABLEA-4.


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NITROGEN SURFACE FIRE REQUIREMENTS

Concentration Required: % Sheet 2

Total Flooding Quantities - Volume Requirements of Nitrogen - Metric - Kg/M3

Temp

(C)

Design Concentration (% by Volume)

36 37 38 40 42 46 50

-30 0.758 0.786 0.812 0.868 0.926 1.047 1.178

-25 0.728 0.754 0.780 0.834 0.889 1.005 1.131

-20 0.700 0.725 0.749 0.801 0.854 0.966 1.087

-15 0.673 0.697 0.721 0.770 0.821 0.929 1.045

-10 0.647 0.671 0.694 0.741 0.790 0.894 1.006

-5 0.624 0.646 0.668 0.714 0.761 0.861 0.968

0 0.601 0.622 0.644 0.688 0.733 0.830 0.933

5 0.579 0.600 0.621 0.663 0.707 0.800 0.900

10 0.559 0.579 0.599 0.640 0.683 0.727 0.869

15 0.540 0.559 0.578 0.618 0.659 0.745 0.839

20 0.522 0.540 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.720 0.810

25 0.504 0.522 0.540 0.577 0.616 0.696 0.783

30 0.488 0.505 0.522 0.558 0.595 0.673 0.758

35 0.472 0.489 0.506 0.540 0.576 0.652 0.733

40 0.457 0.473 0.490 0.523 0.558 0.631 0.710

45 0.443 0.459 0.474 0.507 0.541 0.611 0.688

50 0.429 0.445 0.460 0.491 0.524 0.593 0.667

55 0.416 0.431 0.446 0.476 0.508 0.575 0.646


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Total Flooding Quantities - Volume Requirements of Nitrogen - US Standard - Kg/Ft3

Temp

(F)

Design Concentration (% by Volume)

36 37 38 40 42 46 50

-20 0.02129 0.02220 0.02280 0.02436 0.02598 0.02939 0.03306

-10 0.02035 0.02107 0.02180 0.02329 0.02484 0.02810 0.03160

0 0.01947 0.02017 0.02086 0.02229 0.02377 0.02689 0.03024

10 0.01865 0.01932 0.01998 0.02135 0.02277 0.02575 0.02897

20 0.01788 0.01852 0.01915 0.02047 0.02183 0.02469 0.02777

30 0.01716 0.01777 0.01838 0.01964 0.02094 0.02369 0.02665

40 0.01648 0.01706 0.01765 0.01886 0.02011 0.02275 0.02559

50 0.01584 0.01640 0.01696 0.01813 0.01933 0.02187 0.02460

60 0.01523 0.01578 0.01632 0.01744 0.01859 0.02103 0.02366

70 0.01466 0.01518 0.01571 0.01678 0.01790 0.02024 0.02277

80 0.01412 0.01463 0.01513 0.01617 0.01724 0.01950 0.02194

90 0.01361 0.01410 0.01458 0.01582 0.01662 0.01880 0.02114

100 0.01313 0.01360 0.01407 0.01503 0.01603 0.01830 0.02040

110 0.01267 0.01313 0.01358 0.01451 0.01547 0.01750 0.01969

120 0.01224 0.01268 0.01311 0.01401 0.01494 0.01690 0.01901

130 0.01183 0.01225 0.01267 0.01354 0.01444 0.01633 0.01837


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Elevation Correction Factors

Altitude Enclosure Pressure Correction

FactorFeet Kilometers PSIA cm Hg

-3,000 -0.92 16.25 84.0 1.11

-2,000 -0.61 15.71 81.2 1.07

-1,000 -0.30 15.23 78.7 1.04

0 0 14.71 76.0 1.00

1,000 0.30 14.18 73.3 0.96

2,000 0.61 13.64 70.5 0.93

3,000 0.92 13.12 67.8 0.89

4,000 1.21 12.58 65.0 0.86

5,000 1.52 12.04 62.2 0.82

6,000 1.83 11.53 59.6 0.78

7,000 2.13 11.03 57.0 0.75

8,000 2.44 10.64 55.0 0.72

9,000 2.74 10.22 52.8 0.69

10,000 3.05 9.77 50.5 0.66

Note: Multiply the correction factor by the sea level design quantity of Nitrogen to obtain the correctquantity for a given altitude.


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A-2 NITROGEN CALCULATION EXAMPLE #1

Concentration Required: %36 Sheet 1

Project: Date:Example #1 10/1/03

Hazard: Engr:Room

Type of Combustible: Class A Fire

Volume

L x W x H = Cu Ft/Cu M14 15 10 2,100

L x W x H = Cu Ft/Cu M



Total = Cu Ft/Cu M2,100

Nitrogen Required(Refer to Tables on Sheets 2 & 3)

Volume x (concentration factor) = Kgs2,100 .01584 34.80

Kgs x (atmospheric correction factor) = Kgs34.80 1.00 34.80

Total Kilograms Required = 34.80

Storage Required

Kgs Reqd /34.80 14.4 Kgs/Cyl = 3 Cylinders

Cylinders Main & Cylinders Reserve3 3

Description Stock # Capacity Description Stock # Capacity

Usable Usable

(Kgs) (Kgs)

80 Liter Cylinder Assembly(Filled cylinder & valve) 15.9 Liter Cylinder Assembly(Filled cylinder & valve)

200 bar D.O.T. & TC Versions 10980090 17.3 200 bar D.O.T. & TC Versions 10980093 3.4

66.7 Liter Cylinder Assembly(Filled cylinder & valve) D.O.T. = Department of Transportation (US)TC = Transportation Canada200 bar D.O.T. & TC Versions 10980091 14.4


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Project: Date:Example #2 with selector valve 10/1/03

Hazard: Engr:Room


Volume

L x W x H = Cu Ft/Cu M26 25 10.5 6,825







100.06 Kgs x 1.00 (atmospheric correction factor) = 100.06 Kgs


Storage Required


6 Cylinders Main & 6 Cylinders Reserve


Usable Usable

(Kgs) (Kgs)


200 bar D.O.T. & TC Versions 10980090 17.3 200 bar D.O.T. & TC Versions 10980093 3.466.7 Liter Cylinder Assembly(Filled cylinder & valve) D.O.T. = Department of Transportation (US)

TC = Transportation Canada200 bar D.O.T. & TC Versions 10980091 14.4


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Project: Date:Example #3 10/1/03

Hazard: Engr:Room


Volume

L x W x H = Cu Ft/Cu M856 1 1 856

L x W x H = Cu Ft/Cu M111 1 1 111

L x W x H = Cu Ft/Cu M2,222 1 1 2,222

L x W x H = Cu Ft/Cu M15,000 1 1 15,000




266.66 Kgs x 1.00 (atmospheric correction factor) = 266.66 Kgs


Storage Required


16 Cylinders Main & 16 Cylinders Reserve


Usable Usable

(Kgs) (Kgs)


200 bar D.O.T. & TC Versions 10980090 17.3 200 bar D.O.T. & TC Versions 10980093 3.466.7 Liter Cylinder Assembly(Filled cylinder & valve) D.O.T. = Department of Transportation (US)

TC = Transportation Canada200 bar D.O.T. & TC Versions 10980091 14.4


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A-5 Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Pipe

Table A-4 - Nominal Wall Thickness and Inside Diameter

NominalPipe

Size

Outside

Diameter

Wall Schedule

I.D. 40 80 160 XXS

1/2 .840Wall .109 .147 .187 .294

I.D. .622 .546 .466 .252

3/4 1.050Wall .113 .154 .218 .308

I.D. .824 .742 .614 .434

1 1.315Wall .133 .179 .250 .358

I.D. 1.049 .957 .815 .599

1-1/4 1.660Wall .140 .191 .250 .382

I.D. 1.380 1.278 1.160 .896

1-1/2 1.900Wall .145 .200 .281 .400

I.D. 1.610 1.500 1.338 1.100

2 2.375Wall .154 .218 .343 .436

I.D. 2.067 1.939 1.689 1.503

2-1/2 2.875

nitrogen flow calc manual

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