“nif diagnostics,” j. kilkenny
TRANSCRIPT
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 1 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Much of what we know about the universe comes from telescopes
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 2 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
• Telescopes evolved slowly over several centuries • Our atmosphere restricted studies of the universe to the visible • Our atmosphere gets in the way even in the visible
Space flight changed all that
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 3 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Shuttle( & δ) enabled NASA’s Great Observatories covering the spectrum from γ s to the infrared and opened our eyes on the Universe
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 3 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
NASA’s Great Observatories, are four space-borne observatories measuring in four different bands: visible, gamma rays, x-ray, and infrared)
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 4 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Hubble Space Telescope: 2.4 m optical: star birth, star death, and galaxy evolution, and has helped move black holes from scientific theory to fact.
The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory: violent physical processes in the Universe, emitting γ ‘s
Chandra x-ray observatory : X-ray telescopes. Detailed studies of black holes, supernovas, and dark matter.
The Spitzer Space Telescope: infrared
A new set of foundational diagnostics will explore the physics of the Universe on NIF
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 5 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
X-rays – NIF has > 10 µm pinhole cameras, single frame dt ~ 100 psec and low resolution spectroscopy
- NIF needs dx ~ 2 µm, dt ~10 psec with real framing, λ/δλ ∼10,000 Gammas- NIF has several MeV resolution, dt ~ 10s psec
- NIF needs 0.1 MeV resolution, dt ~ 10 psec. Imaging? Optical - NIF has a limited interferometry (f/3.3, 600 nm VISAR)
-NIF needs Thomson, interferometry/Faraday into u.v. Neutrons- NIF has medium energy spectrometers, 20 µm static imaging
- NIF needs good sub-MeV resolution, versatile imaging ,
Foundational diagnostics need technology basis, consensus, phasing(Ω, Z) and long term commitment
Fifty diagnostics on NIF for Ignition, High Energy Density Science, Basic Science- see posters
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 6 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
FABS31 on NIF
Hohlraum diagnostics
Capsule diagnostics
The diagnostics so far have been developed over several decades
Ignition diagnostics
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 7 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
NIF supports ~50 sophisticated diagnostics for users (through ~ 2012)- see posters
• Optical ~7 : Backscatter, into and close to lenses, VISAR and Streaked Optical Pyrometer, 4ω fiducials
• X-ray ~25: Gated and streaked imaging and spectroscopy, absolute time resolved x-ray band spectrometers
• Nuclear ~15: Neutron yield, spectroscopy and imaging, radio-chemistry, proton temporal and spectral, time resolved gamma band spectroscopy
• Diagnostic operations: facility operations and data acquisition
Most of the existing diagnostics have been prototyped at NTS or Nova or OMEGA or Z over decades
Kilkenny - BOG S&T, July 12-13, 2011 7 NIF-0711-22517.ppt
Diagnostics have helped build the user community
LLNL – FABS, NBI – Dante I & II – VISAR – DISC – RAGS – hGXI – ARIANE – DIXI – NAD -- MRS
AWE – FFLEX
LANL – GXD – γ burn – n imaging
SNL – SPIDER – DISC – NAD (Cu) – RAGS
NSTec – Calibration
MIT – MRS – WRF – PToF
LLE – NToFs – 4ω fidu system – MRS, NADS – SPBT – HEXRS --pToF
U of M. – HEMPI
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 8 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 9 NIF-0112-24078.ppt 9
Some of the existing diagnostics are foundational
MCP Module
CCD Camera
MCP Pulser Electronics
CCD Power Supply
Embedded Computer
Gated x-ray cameras widely used
Although widely used at the moment they are middle aged
GRH Installed at NIF
4 Gas Cells mounted on chamber (6m from TCC)
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 10 NIF-0112-24078.ppt Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 10 NIF-0112-24078.ppt 10
Some of the existing diagnostics are foundational
Although widely used at the moment they are middle aged
VISAR used for ignition, WCI and Basic Science
The next set of diagnostics will be chosen to satisfy NIF’s missions in the second decade
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 11 NIF-0711-24080.ppt
Science Use
MTF 10.1
MTF 10.2
The 6th NIF diagnostic workshop 5/5–6/11 started process for diagnostic plan beyond 2012
New diagnostics proposed # Neutron spectroscopy 7 Neutron/gamma imaging 2 Radio-chemistry 2 Gamma spectroscopy 5
Optical: interferometry, Faraday,Thomson 3
X-ray spectroscopy 9 X-ray imaging 8 Manipulators 2
Work is needed to provide sufficient information to a make an engineering plan
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 12 NIF-0711-24080.ppt
After the workshop NIC and NNSA agreed to do pre-conceptual designs on about 20 of the diagnostics
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LLNL HOPG spectrometer for XRTS Glenzer !"#$%"$LANL Advanced radiochemistry: beta decay Grim &'()LANL n image x-ray image registration Grim &'(&LANL Multiple Monochromatic Imager Kyrala &'()LLE Time-resolved HXRD Sangster &'(&LLE HSXRS for the streak camera Regan &'()LLNL sub-Mev neutrons using a Fission detector Bernstein &'()LLNL Strength Diffraction Diagnostic Smth &'()LLNL Rad Optic Diagnostics with ps Resolution for NIF 2013-2015 Lowry &'()LLNL Bang time and drift velocity McNaney &'(&LLNL Advanced CR with ARC-FIDO Crane &'(&LLNL X-ray Crystal Spectrometer- survey spectrometer Seeley &'()
*+,-./#,%0123
LANL/GA Design of Gamma Compton Spectrometer Hilsabeck !"#!LANL Gamma Compton Spectrometer/Monochromator Herrman !"#!LANL Hardened GRH-15 Herrman !"#!LLNL Optical Interferometer/Faraday Hye Sook Park$%&'(%'LLNL ~20 keV x-ray optic imager Pivaroff !"#!)!"#*LLNL Furlong Nuclear Diagnostic Station/Test Bench Schneider !"#!)+%&'(%'LLNL High resolution x-ray spectroscopy l/dl >2000 Koch/Stewart !"#!LLNL 4w Thomson Scattering Glenzer/Ross$%&'(%'LLNL/GA Hardened, < 10 ps,multi-mono LOS x-ray camera Hilsabeck !"#*
Foundational
Designs and new ideas discussed at 7th diagnostic workshop May 1-4
Foundational diagnostics will be enabling for NIF in the second decade
14 NIF-0711-22517.ppt
ARC :new states of matter and a diagnostic
TCC
x-ray detector
KB Optic
1.5
m
18.5 m
Chamber
wall
MXI - < 5 µm: DIXI - < 10 ps gating
Multi-layer X-ray Imager( MXI): DIXI x-ray framing
Gamma ray spectroscopy: furlong detector station
An energy-resolving Gamma Compton Spectrometer (GCS) : LANL, LLNL, GA & NSTec
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 15 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
1.E-‐07
1.E-‐06
1.E-‐05
1.E-‐04
1.E-‐03
0 5 10 15 20
Gammas/N
eutron
/(0.1 M
eV bin)
Gamma-‐Ray Energy (MeV)
DT
Fusi
on
D(n
,γ)
12C
(n,γ)
12C
(n,n
’γ)
12C
(n,γ)
γ-rays
(γ,e) converter
Compton electrons magnet
detector array
Calculated DT Gamma-Ray Spectrum
• Spectral uncertainties call for energy resolution - GRH is only energy thresholding, not resolving
• Spectral lines may provide: - DT yield from 16.75 MeV fusion line - Fuel rhoR from D(n,γ) 15.58 MeV line - Ablator rhoR from 12C(n,n’γ) 4.44 MeV line - Additional nuclear physics outside of NIC campaign
Gamma Compton Spectrometer
• Requirements - Yield >1e16 DTn - Energy Resolution ≤ 0.5 MeV - <1ns temporal response - Tunable energy range (1-20 MeV)
Gamma ray spectroscopy, single hit pixelated detector, conceptualized as a multi-purpose new 260 m detector station
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 16 NIF-0711-24080.ppt
New detector station will be multi-purpose and will require a broad user community support
260 meter
1.E-‐07
1.E-‐06
1.E-‐05
1.E-‐04
1.E-‐03
0 5 10 15 20
Gammas/N
eutron
/(0.1 M
eV bin)
Gamma-‐Ray Energy (MeV)
DT
Fusi
on
D(n
,γ)
12C
(n,γ)
12C
(n,n
’γ)
12C
(n,γ)
Calculated DT Gamma-Ray Spectrum
New optical diagnostics will be foundational for NIF
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 17 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
4! Thomson Scattering, 1 kJ to measure Te, ne, and flows
4! probe on 33B
Thomson Scatter
Streaked optical spectra in DIM 90-315
Te
Thomson scattering used for all missions
TCC
DIM 90-315
VISAR, Optical Interferometry
Laser probe
Optical probe for interferometry, Faraday
Should we use a soft X-ray laser?
Foundational Diagnostics focus groups- reporting out in May
• X-ray : Bradley, Bell, Pivovaroff
• Gamma: Herrmann, Stoeffl, Yon Ho Ki, Zacharias
• Optical : Bower, Park, Ross
• Neutron: Bernstein, Frenje
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 18 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 19 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Capability gaps-‐from Sarrao
Basic Research Directions Workshop on User Science
at the National Ignition Facility
Lab-Astro Panel • Facility capabilities
• Beam delays up to 10 µs • Far off axis (10 cm) laser pointing • Induction coils
• X-ray diagnostics • Large FOV (~cm), ~ µm resolution gated imaging • Large aperture, high res spectral x-ray imager • Versatile x-ray scattering • Diverse x-ray spectroscopy
• “Optical” diagnostics • Optical interferometry • Faraday rotation • UV Thomson scattering
Nuclear Physics Panel • High resolution charged-particle,
neutron and gamma spectrometry techniques at low energies
• Capsule designs tailored to mimic thermonuclear reaction plasma environments in stellar and big bang nucleosynthesis
• Capsule designs tailored to mimic neutron spectra in Asymptotic Giant Branch and massive stars that drive s process nucleosynthesis
• Capabilities to load radioactive elements in capsules
• Radiochemical diagnostic capabilities (debris collection) and in-situ counting
Shuttle( & δ) enabled NASA’s Great Observatories covering the spectrum from γ’s to the infrared and opened our eyes on the Universe
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NIF and a new generation of diagnostics will allow us to explore the physics of the Universe in the Laboratory
Implementing diagnostics on the NIF engages the user community, but needs major effort by LLNL
• About 50 diagnostics systems have been implemented over the
last 5 years. Proposed by community. Scope driven by ICF and SSP programs, reviewed by community
• Diagnostics on NIF require major resource efforts: user requirements, design, facility interfacing, IQ, OQ, PQ, operations, data analysis
— There are no simple diagnostics on NIF: IBR review CDR, FDR, IQ, OQ , PQ, WAP processes, data archiving and analysis
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 22 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
NIF target diagnostic implementation: Phase I and II up to 2012
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 23 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4FY09 FY10 FY11
SXI-U/L SXD, SXD-B – x-ray streak FABS/NBI (30, 50 degree cones) GXD – gated x-ray (equator, polar) Dante-U/L FFLEX
Ignition – Phase 1
Ignition – Phase 2
Yield to ~1015
Yield to ~1017-1018
Ignition Performance Yield – nToFs, NADS, MRS, GRH T – nToFs, hGXI ρR – MRS, nToFs, WRF, GRH, RAGS, NI-DSF Shape & size – hGXI, ARIANE, DIXI, NI Abs. burn history/BT – GRH, nToF BT, SPBT, PSBT SPIDER
Hohlraum/Capsule Performance Pointing – SXI Timing – SXD, DISC, 4ω fidu, pulse synch Hohlraum Coupling – FABS/NBI Shape & size – GXD Radiation temperature – Dante-U/L LEH closure – SXI/soft x-ray Hot electrons – FFLEX Velocity & remaining mass – DISC, GXD Shock timing – VISAR/SOP
PQ
PQ
VISAR/SOP SXI – soft x-ray band DISC – x-ray streak NBI (23 degree cone)
Hohlraum/Capsule – Phase 2
hGXI – gated x-ray, 70 ps (equator, polar) nToF – 4m DT high, 4m BT, 20 m equator/alcove, 4m DSF MRS – Magnetic Recoil Spectroscopy GRH – Gamma Reaction History NAD – Well (Zr), flanges (Zr), 20 meter alcove (Cu) WRF (on-site processing)
nToF – 4m DD/DT low NAD – neutron activation/In WRF – Wedge Range Filter HSXRS-Hot spot spectrometer
Yield ~1010 neutrons
Hohlraum/Capsule – Phase 1
NI – Neutron imaging ARIANE – gated x-ray, ~70 ps SPBT, PSBT – x-ray, p bang time RAGS – Rad Chem SPIDER – spectral x-ray burn history DIXI – gated x-ray, ~10 ps
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 24 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Multi-layer X-ray Imager( MXI) and x-ray framing camera cameraMulti-layer X-ray Imager( MXI) and x-ray framing camera
TCC
x-ray detector
KB Optic
1.5
m
18.5 m
Chamber
wall
DIXI technology allows gating camera
Foundational diagnostics will be enabling for NIF in the second decade
ARC
Kilkenny - BOG S&T, July 12-13, 2011 24 NIF-0711-22517.ppt
Gamma ray spectroscopy: furlong detector station
Moving VISAR outside of the Target Bay enables Optical Interferometry in the VISAR lab
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 25 NIF-0711-24080.ppt
TCC
DIM 90-315
VISAR, Optical Interferometry
Laser probe
LLE: Special capsules and spectrometer have been designed to trace origin of ablator mix in the hot spot
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 26 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
1 2 3 4
5
layer dopant (atomic %)
1 Cu(0.1%) 2 Si(0.7%)
Ge(0.15%) 3 Si(1.7%)
Ge(0.15%) 4 Si(1%) 5 none
Cu, Ge, Si doped CH ablator
Supersnout II (5.75 – 16.5 keV)
Multiple Monochromatic imager
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 27 NIF-0711-24080.ppt
Phase III diagnostic planning
• In April 2012 another diagnostic workshop will evaluate the pre-conceptual designs of the ~20 proposed diagnostics
• The diagnostic management group will work ICF Execs to recommend a second decade diagnostic plan
Some of the foundational detectors will be costly and hard to accommodate in 10.3
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 28 NIF-0711-24080.ppt
Higher spectral resolution requires many single hit fast detectors about 200 m away
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 29 NIF-0711-24080.ppt
The gamma detectors have to be very fast, to prevent pilup when the NIF neutrons hit the chamber wall. Some fast scintillators are: LaBr3 “Brilliance” detectors. The Best…. But VERY expensive. Need to build factory, share with GSI / FAIR plans
NIF Detector array, 8’ by 8
Kilkenny - BOG S&T, July 12-13, 2011 30 NIF-0711-22517.ppt
• Phase I and II ~fifty diagnostics mostly finished- selected in response to user programs through 2012 • Phase III Diagnostics for >2012 - mission responsive, foundational-high impact, and user community building
Moving onto Phase III of NIF Diagnostics
Time dilation x-ray imaging show < 10 ps resolution on LLNL’s COMET laser. Shows the way to build an x-ray framing camera
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 31 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
incident
photon
signal
hv rf pulse
photocathode
gated
photomultiplier
array
anode mesh
drift space
time-dilated
electron signal
The time dilation tube magnifies time by drifting pho-electron image
!
Tested on COMET laser
Shows < 10 psec gating
!
"!!
#!!!
#"!!
$!!!
$"!!
%!!!
! $! &! '! (! #!!
!"#$%&'()
10 psec
Phase I Phase 2
Phase I and II Hohlraum/capsule diagnostics
Kilkenny—Science on NIF Technical Review Committee, June 13-15, 2011 32 NIF-0511-22038s2.ppt
Phase I and II ignition diagnostics ( 17 + 6)
Phase I Phase 2
Kilkenny—Science on NIF Technical Review Committee, June 13-15, 2011 33 NIF-0511-22038s2.ppt
Gamma ray spectroscopy: 200 m detector station
High impact diagnostics will be enabling for new HED science on the NIF in the out-years
Diagnostic plans for the out-years currently being developed by and for the community
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 34 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Low energy neutron spectroscopy
High resolution x-ray spectroscopy