Download - “NIF diagnostics,” J. Kilkenny
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Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 1 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
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Much of what we know about the universe comes from telescopes
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 2 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
• Telescopes evolved slowly over several centuries • Our atmosphere restricted studies of the universe to the visible • Our atmosphere gets in the way even in the visible
Space flight changed all that
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Shuttle( & δ) enabled NASA’s Great Observatories covering the spectrum from γ s to the infrared and opened our eyes on the Universe
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 3 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
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NASA’s Great Observatories, are four space-borne observatories measuring in four different bands: visible, gamma rays, x-ray, and infrared)
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 4 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
Hubble Space Telescope: 2.4 m optical: star birth, star death, and galaxy evolution, and has helped move black holes from scientific theory to fact.
The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory: violent physical processes in the Universe, emitting γ ‘s
Chandra x-ray observatory : X-ray telescopes. Detailed studies of black holes, supernovas, and dark matter.
The Spitzer Space Telescope: infrared
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A new set of foundational diagnostics will explore the physics of the Universe on NIF
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 5 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
X-rays – NIF has > 10 µm pinhole cameras, single frame dt ~ 100 psec and low resolution spectroscopy
- NIF needs dx ~ 2 µm, dt ~10 psec with real framing, λ/δλ ∼10,000 Gammas- NIF has several MeV resolution, dt ~ 10s psec
- NIF needs 0.1 MeV resolution, dt ~ 10 psec. Imaging? Optical - NIF has a limited interferometry (f/3.3, 600 nm VISAR)
-NIF needs Thomson, interferometry/Faraday into u.v. Neutrons- NIF has medium energy spectrometers, 20 µm static imaging
- NIF needs good sub-MeV resolution, versatile imaging ,
Foundational diagnostics need technology basis, consensus, phasing(Ω, Z) and long term commitment
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Fifty diagnostics on NIF for Ignition, High Energy Density Science, Basic Science- see posters
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 6 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
FABS31 on NIF
Hohlraum diagnostics
Capsule diagnostics
The diagnostics so far have been developed over several decades
Ignition diagnostics
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Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 7 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
NIF supports ~50 sophisticated diagnostics for users (through ~ 2012)- see posters
• Optical ~7 : Backscatter, into and close to lenses, VISAR and Streaked Optical Pyrometer, 4ω fiducials
• X-ray ~25: Gated and streaked imaging and spectroscopy, absolute time resolved x-ray band spectrometers
• Nuclear ~15: Neutron yield, spectroscopy and imaging, radio-chemistry, proton temporal and spectral, time resolved gamma band spectroscopy
• Diagnostic operations: facility operations and data acquisition
Most of the existing diagnostics have been prototyped at NTS or Nova or OMEGA or Z over decades
Kilkenny - BOG S&T, July 12-13, 2011 7 NIF-0711-22517.ppt
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Diagnostics have helped build the user community
LLNL – FABS, NBI – Dante I & II – VISAR – DISC – RAGS – hGXI – ARIANE – DIXI – NAD -- MRS
AWE – FFLEX
LANL – GXD – γ burn – n imaging
SNL – SPIDER – DISC – NAD (Cu) – RAGS
NSTec – Calibration
MIT – MRS – WRF – PToF
LLE – NToFs – 4ω fidu system – MRS, NADS – SPBT – HEXRS --pToF
U of M. – HEMPI
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Some of the existing diagnostics are foundational
MCP Module
CCD Camera
MCP Pulser Electronics
CCD Power Supply
Embedded Computer
Gated x-ray cameras widely used
Although widely used at the moment they are middle aged
GRH Installed at NIF
4 Gas Cells mounted on chamber (6m from TCC)
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Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 10 NIF-0112-24078.ppt Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 10 NIF-0112-24078.ppt 10
Some of the existing diagnostics are foundational
Although widely used at the moment they are middle aged
VISAR used for ignition, WCI and Basic Science
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The next set of diagnostics will be chosen to satisfy NIF’s missions in the second decade
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Science Use
MTF 10.1
MTF 10.2
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The 6th NIF diagnostic workshop 5/5–6/11 started process for diagnostic plan beyond 2012
New diagnostics proposed # Neutron spectroscopy 7 Neutron/gamma imaging 2 Radio-chemistry 2 Gamma spectroscopy 5
Optical: interferometry, Faraday,Thomson 3
X-ray spectroscopy 9 X-ray imaging 8 Manipulators 2
Work is needed to provide sufficient information to a make an engineering plan
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After the workshop NIC and NNSA agreed to do pre-conceptual designs on about 20 of the diagnostics
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LLNL HOPG spectrometer for XRTS Glenzer !"#$%"$LANL Advanced radiochemistry: beta decay Grim &'()LANL n image x-ray image registration Grim &'(&LANL Multiple Monochromatic Imager Kyrala &'()LLE Time-resolved HXRD Sangster &'(&LLE HSXRS for the streak camera Regan &'()LLNL sub-Mev neutrons using a Fission detector Bernstein &'()LLNL Strength Diffraction Diagnostic Smth &'()LLNL Rad Optic Diagnostics with ps Resolution for NIF 2013-2015 Lowry &'()LLNL Bang time and drift velocity McNaney &'(&LLNL Advanced CR with ARC-FIDO Crane &'(&LLNL X-ray Crystal Spectrometer- survey spectrometer Seeley &'()
*+,-./#,%0123
LANL/GA Design of Gamma Compton Spectrometer Hilsabeck !"#!LANL Gamma Compton Spectrometer/Monochromator Herrman !"#!LANL Hardened GRH-15 Herrman !"#!LLNL Optical Interferometer/Faraday Hye Sook Park$%&'(%'LLNL ~20 keV x-ray optic imager Pivaroff !"#!)!"#*LLNL Furlong Nuclear Diagnostic Station/Test Bench Schneider !"#!)+%&'(%'LLNL High resolution x-ray spectroscopy l/dl >2000 Koch/Stewart !"#!LLNL 4w Thomson Scattering Glenzer/Ross$%&'(%'LLNL/GA Hardened, < 10 ps,multi-mono LOS x-ray camera Hilsabeck !"#*
Foundational
Designs and new ideas discussed at 7th diagnostic workshop May 1-4
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Foundational diagnostics will be enabling for NIF in the second decade
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ARC :new states of matter and a diagnostic
TCC
x-ray detector
KB Optic
1.5
m
18.5 m
Chamber
wall
MXI - < 5 µm: DIXI - < 10 ps gating
Multi-layer X-ray Imager( MXI): DIXI x-ray framing
Gamma ray spectroscopy: furlong detector station
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An energy-resolving Gamma Compton Spectrometer (GCS) : LANL, LLNL, GA & NSTec
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1.E-‐07
1.E-‐06
1.E-‐05
1.E-‐04
1.E-‐03
0 5 10 15 20
Gammas/N
eutron
/(0.1 M
eV bin)
Gamma-‐Ray Energy (MeV)
DT
Fusi
on
D(n
,γ)
12C
(n,γ)
12C
(n,n
’γ)
12C
(n,γ)
γ-rays
(γ,e) converter
Compton electrons magnet
detector array
Calculated DT Gamma-Ray Spectrum
• Spectral uncertainties call for energy resolution - GRH is only energy thresholding, not resolving
• Spectral lines may provide: - DT yield from 16.75 MeV fusion line - Fuel rhoR from D(n,γ) 15.58 MeV line - Ablator rhoR from 12C(n,n’γ) 4.44 MeV line - Additional nuclear physics outside of NIC campaign
Gamma Compton Spectrometer
• Requirements - Yield >1e16 DTn - Energy Resolution ≤ 0.5 MeV - <1ns temporal response - Tunable energy range (1-20 MeV)
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Gamma ray spectroscopy, single hit pixelated detector, conceptualized as a multi-purpose new 260 m detector station
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 16 NIF-0711-24080.ppt
New detector station will be multi-purpose and will require a broad user community support
260 meter
1.E-‐07
1.E-‐06
1.E-‐05
1.E-‐04
1.E-‐03
0 5 10 15 20
Gammas/N
eutron
/(0.1 M
eV bin)
Gamma-‐Ray Energy (MeV)
DT
Fusi
on
D(n
,γ)
12C
(n,γ)
12C
(n,n
’γ)
12C
(n,γ)
Calculated DT Gamma-Ray Spectrum
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New optical diagnostics will be foundational for NIF
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4! Thomson Scattering, 1 kJ to measure Te, ne, and flows
4! probe on 33B
Thomson Scatter
Streaked optical spectra in DIM 90-315
Te
Thomson scattering used for all missions
TCC
DIM 90-315
VISAR, Optical Interferometry
Laser probe
Optical probe for interferometry, Faraday
Should we use a soft X-ray laser?
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Foundational Diagnostics focus groups- reporting out in May
• X-ray : Bradley, Bell, Pivovaroff
• Gamma: Herrmann, Stoeffl, Yon Ho Ki, Zacharias
• Optical : Bower, Park, Ross
• Neutron: Bernstein, Frenje
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Capability gaps-‐from Sarrao
Basic Research Directions Workshop on User Science
at the National Ignition Facility
Lab-Astro Panel • Facility capabilities
• Beam delays up to 10 µs • Far off axis (10 cm) laser pointing • Induction coils
• X-ray diagnostics • Large FOV (~cm), ~ µm resolution gated imaging • Large aperture, high res spectral x-ray imager • Versatile x-ray scattering • Diverse x-ray spectroscopy
• “Optical” diagnostics • Optical interferometry • Faraday rotation • UV Thomson scattering
Nuclear Physics Panel • High resolution charged-particle,
neutron and gamma spectrometry techniques at low energies
• Capsule designs tailored to mimic thermonuclear reaction plasma environments in stellar and big bang nucleosynthesis
• Capsule designs tailored to mimic neutron spectra in Asymptotic Giant Branch and massive stars that drive s process nucleosynthesis
• Capabilities to load radioactive elements in capsules
• Radiochemical diagnostic capabilities (debris collection) and in-situ counting
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Shuttle( & δ) enabled NASA’s Great Observatories covering the spectrum from γ’s to the infrared and opened our eyes on the Universe
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NIF and a new generation of diagnostics will allow us to explore the physics of the Universe in the Laboratory
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Implementing diagnostics on the NIF engages the user community, but needs major effort by LLNL
• About 50 diagnostics systems have been implemented over the
last 5 years. Proposed by community. Scope driven by ICF and SSP programs, reviewed by community
• Diagnostics on NIF require major resource efforts: user requirements, design, facility interfacing, IQ, OQ, PQ, operations, data analysis
— There are no simple diagnostics on NIF: IBR review CDR, FDR, IQ, OQ , PQ, WAP processes, data archiving and analysis
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NIF target diagnostic implementation: Phase I and II up to 2012
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Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4FY09 FY10 FY11
SXI-U/L SXD, SXD-B – x-ray streak FABS/NBI (30, 50 degree cones) GXD – gated x-ray (equator, polar) Dante-U/L FFLEX
Ignition – Phase 1
Ignition – Phase 2
Yield to ~1015
Yield to ~1017-1018
Ignition Performance Yield – nToFs, NADS, MRS, GRH T – nToFs, hGXI ρR – MRS, nToFs, WRF, GRH, RAGS, NI-DSF Shape & size – hGXI, ARIANE, DIXI, NI Abs. burn history/BT – GRH, nToF BT, SPBT, PSBT SPIDER
Hohlraum/Capsule Performance Pointing – SXI Timing – SXD, DISC, 4ω fidu, pulse synch Hohlraum Coupling – FABS/NBI Shape & size – GXD Radiation temperature – Dante-U/L LEH closure – SXI/soft x-ray Hot electrons – FFLEX Velocity & remaining mass – DISC, GXD Shock timing – VISAR/SOP
PQ
PQ
VISAR/SOP SXI – soft x-ray band DISC – x-ray streak NBI (23 degree cone)
Hohlraum/Capsule – Phase 2
hGXI – gated x-ray, 70 ps (equator, polar) nToF – 4m DT high, 4m BT, 20 m equator/alcove, 4m DSF MRS – Magnetic Recoil Spectroscopy GRH – Gamma Reaction History NAD – Well (Zr), flanges (Zr), 20 meter alcove (Cu) WRF (on-site processing)
nToF – 4m DD/DT low NAD – neutron activation/In WRF – Wedge Range Filter HSXRS-Hot spot spectrometer
Yield ~1010 neutrons
Hohlraum/Capsule – Phase 1
NI – Neutron imaging ARIANE – gated x-ray, ~70 ps SPBT, PSBT – x-ray, p bang time RAGS – Rad Chem SPIDER – spectral x-ray burn history DIXI – gated x-ray, ~10 ps
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Multi-layer X-ray Imager( MXI) and x-ray framing camera cameraMulti-layer X-ray Imager( MXI) and x-ray framing camera
TCC
x-ray detector
KB Optic
1.5
m
18.5 m
Chamber
wall
DIXI technology allows gating camera
Foundational diagnostics will be enabling for NIF in the second decade
ARC
Kilkenny - BOG S&T, July 12-13, 2011 24 NIF-0711-22517.ppt
Gamma ray spectroscopy: furlong detector station
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Moving VISAR outside of the Target Bay enables Optical Interferometry in the VISAR lab
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 25 NIF-0711-24080.ppt
TCC
DIM 90-315
VISAR, Optical Interferometry
Laser probe
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LLE: Special capsules and spectrometer have been designed to trace origin of ablator mix in the hot spot
Kilkenny - NIF Diagnostics Discussion, Jan. 30, 2012 26 NIF-0112-24078.ppt
1 2 3 4
5
layer dopant (atomic %)
1 Cu(0.1%) 2 Si(0.7%)
Ge(0.15%) 3 Si(1.7%)
Ge(0.15%) 4 Si(1%) 5 none
Cu, Ge, Si doped CH ablator
Supersnout II (5.75 – 16.5 keV)
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Multiple Monochromatic imager
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Phase III diagnostic planning
• In April 2012 another diagnostic workshop will evaluate the pre-conceptual designs of the ~20 proposed diagnostics
• The diagnostic management group will work ICF Execs to recommend a second decade diagnostic plan
Some of the foundational detectors will be costly and hard to accommodate in 10.3
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Higher spectral resolution requires many single hit fast detectors about 200 m away
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The gamma detectors have to be very fast, to prevent pilup when the NIF neutrons hit the chamber wall. Some fast scintillators are: LaBr3 “Brilliance” detectors. The Best…. But VERY expensive. Need to build factory, share with GSI / FAIR plans
NIF Detector array, 8’ by 8
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Kilkenny - BOG S&T, July 12-13, 2011 30 NIF-0711-22517.ppt
• Phase I and II ~fifty diagnostics mostly finished- selected in response to user programs through 2012 • Phase III Diagnostics for >2012 - mission responsive, foundational-high impact, and user community building
Moving onto Phase III of NIF Diagnostics
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Time dilation x-ray imaging show < 10 ps resolution on LLNL’s COMET laser. Shows the way to build an x-ray framing camera
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incident
photon
signal
hv rf pulse
photocathode
gated
photomultiplier
array
anode mesh
drift space
time-dilated
electron signal
The time dilation tube magnifies time by drifting pho-electron image
!
Tested on COMET laser
Shows < 10 psec gating
!
"!!
#!!!
#"!!
$!!!
$"!!
%!!!
! $! &! '! (! #!!
!"#$%&'()
10 psec
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Phase I Phase 2
Phase I and II Hohlraum/capsule diagnostics
Kilkenny—Science on NIF Technical Review Committee, June 13-15, 2011 32 NIF-0511-22038s2.ppt
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Phase I and II ignition diagnostics ( 17 + 6)
Phase I Phase 2
Kilkenny—Science on NIF Technical Review Committee, June 13-15, 2011 33 NIF-0511-22038s2.ppt
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Gamma ray spectroscopy: 200 m detector station
High impact diagnostics will be enabling for new HED science on the NIF in the out-years
Diagnostic plans for the out-years currently being developed by and for the community
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Low energy neutron spectroscopy
High resolution x-ray spectroscopy