niccolò machiavelli the prince · 2020-03-18 · machiavelli as a “proto-fascist” the galileo...
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HUM102CulturalEncountersII
NiccolòMachiavelliThePrince
Dr.SandrineBertauxAssistantProfessorofHumanitiesBoğaziçiUniversity19February2020
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1513Machiavelli:ThePrince
1550Vasari:
LivesoftheArtists
1615Galileo:Lettertothe
GrandDuchess
ChristinaofTuscany
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Galileo(1564-1642)Anewperspectiveontheuniverse
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Vasari(1511-1574)
Anewperspectiveonartisticrepresentation
Vasari:SixTuscanPoets
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Machiavelli(1469-1527)ANewPerspectiveonPolitics
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ThestatesofItaly,ontheeveofFrance’sinvasion(1494)
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MachiavelliandtheRepublicofFlorence
• Seniorbureaucrat;• Diplomaticmissions;Wroteseveralreports.• ProtectingFlorence:army(vs.mercenaries)ReturnoftheMedicitopowerin1512:Machiavelliaccusedofconspiracy
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LeonardodaVinciMonaLisa
FailuretodiverttheArnoriver
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Strappado:AJudicialTorture
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ExiledfromFlorence:TheDuomoofFirenze
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ThePrince(1513)
• LatinDePrincipatibus(OfPrincipalities):theprinceistheruler
• Writtenin1513,themanuscriptcirculates,thebookwaspublishedafterMachiavelli’sdeath,in1532.
• PutontheIndexofProhibitedBooksoftheCatholicChurch
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Dedication:theobserverandtheobserved
“Ihopeitwillnotbethoughtpresumptuousifamanoflowsocialrankundertakestodiscusstheruleofprincesandlaydowninstructionsforthem.Whenpainterswanttorepresentlandscapes,theystandonlowgroundtogetatrueviewofthemountainsandhills;theyclimbtothetopsofthemountainstogetapanoramaoverthevalleys.Similarly,toknowthepeoplewellonemustbeaprince,andtoknowprinceswellonemustbeoneselfofthepeople.”
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DiscoursesonLivy
“Menbynatureareenvious.Ithasalwaysbeenasdangeroustoproposenewwaysofthinkingandnewinstitutionsasitistochecktheunknownoceansandundiscoveredcontinents.”
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ImitatingtheAncients
“Thinkoftherespectinwhichweholdantiquity.Often,totakejustonexample,asinglefragmentofanantiquestatuewillbepurchasedatenormousexpense…Hewillgiveitaplaceofhonourinhishouseandallowthosewhoaspiretobesculptorstocopyit.Think,ontheotherhand,oftheimmenselyskillfuldeedsthehistorybooksrecordforus…Thesedeedsmaybeadmired,buttheyarescarcelyimitated.”
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ThePrince:AGifttotheprince
“IhavenotfoundamongmybelongingsanythingIprizesomuchorvaluesohighlyasmyknowledgeoftheactionsofgreatmen,acquiredthroughlongexperienceofcontemporaryaffairsandextendedreadinginantiquity.”
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TheNatureofPolitics
• AbreakwithAristotle’s“manisapoliticalanimal”
Machiavelli:nothingnaturaltothepolis• Abreakwithmedievalphilosophy:governingistofollowthepreceptsofChristiantheology:i.e.loveyourenemy.
Machiavelli:politicsisautonomousandcanbebasedonrationalknowledge
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PrincipalitiesandRepublics
principalities
hereditaryrecent
foundations
annexedbya
hereditaryprince
freestates
accustomedtotheruleof
anotherprince
brand-new
Republics
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Thestudyofpolitics
• “Agreatmanymenhaveimaginedstatesandprincedomssuchasnobodyeversaworknewintherealworld,andthere’ssuchadifferencebetweenthewaywereallyliveandthewayweoughttolivethatthemanwhoneglectstherealtostudytheidealwilllearnhowtoaccomplishhisruin,nothissalvation.”
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Founderofmodernpoliticalthought
• Separationofmoralityandpolitics:• Nodivinelegitimacy;aboutstatecraft-theartofruling
• Thenewprince:nolegitimacy–newtotheterritoryandthepeople.
• Secularizationofpolitics• Comparativemethodacrosstimeandspace:universalityofpolitics.
• Machiavellithinkspoliticsintermsofpartisanship.
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TeacheroftheEvilortheGalileoofPolitics?
TeacherofEvil“MurderousMachiavelli”(Shakespeare),“oldNick”,“teacheroftheevil”(LeoStrauss)“Theendjustifiesthemeans”and“reasonofstate”Machiavellian/ism:deceit,manipulationMachiavelliasa“proto-fascist”
TheGalileoofPolitics• FrancisBacon(1561-1626):
Machiavelliisthefirsttoapproachpoliticswithanempiricalmethodologybyfocusingonwhatpoliticalstatesmendo,notwhattheyshoulddo.
• DenisDiderotEncyclopédie:ThePrinceisnotapraiseoftyrannybutasatireunveilingtheropesofpoliticalpower.
• Cassirer:TheGalileoofpolitics:radicalchangeofperspectiveonpolitics:itssecularization.
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fortunaandvirtù,• Fortune:aRomanGoddess;Christianity,divineprovidence.
• ForMachiavelli:“StillratherthangiveupourfreewillaltogetherIthinkitmaybetruethatFortunegovernshalfofouractions,but…sheleavestheotherhalfmoreorlessinourpowertocontrol.”
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Twometaphors
• Fortune,themetaphorofariver:shedirectsherfurywheretherearenodykesanddamswhichisthepresentconditionofItaly:Germany,SpainandFrancecaninvadeItaly.
• Fortune,themetaphorofawoman“ButIdofeelthis:thatitisbettertoberashthantimid,forFortuneisawoman,andthemanwhowantstoholdherdownmustbeatandbullyher.”(ch.25,69)
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virtù
• Notbasedonmorality,• Skillsofthenewprincetokeephisdominion.• FromAristotlematter/formdistinction:• Fortunaisthematter,virtùgivesititsform.• virtù:freewill(i.e.Lucretius,DeRerumNatura)
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Thenatureofmen
• “Thisiswhyarmedprophetsalwayswinandunarmedprophetslose.Apartfromallthefactorsconsideredabove,itisthenatureofpeopletobefickle;topersuadethemofsomethingiseasy,buttomakethemstandfastinthatconvictionishard”
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Ch.26:“AnexhortationtorestoreItalytolibertyandfreeherfromthe
Barbarians”
• Italyis“moreenslavedthantheHebrews,moreoppressedthanthePersians,moredefenselessthantheAthenians.Shehasnoleader,noorganization.… Thisbarbarianoccupationstinksinournostrils!”
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WasMachiavellimachiavellian?
• Whythenmakepublicthesecretsofpower?• Machiavelliisnotanaidetotheprince,butanembarrassment.
• AntonioGramsci,jailedbyMussolini,TheModernPrinceisnotapersonbutapoliticalparty.
• IfMachiavelliwasnotadvisingthosewhoalreadypracticepoliticsthewayhedescribesthentowhomthebookwasaddressed?Tothepeople,thosewhodonotknowandarebarredfromparticipatinginpolitics.
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Questions
• DoyouthinkMachiavelliadvocatestyranny?Istherealimittorulingbyfear?
• Howdo“observation”and“nature”compareandcontrastinGalileo,Vasari,andMachiavelli?