Nervous and Endocrine Systems Review

7A

1. What is the function of the nervous & endocrine systems?

Regulation

To control and coordinate all body processes by sending messages.

2. A muscle or gland which responds to a message carried to it by motor neurons is called a(n) _______.

3. A change in the surroundings or the environment that triggers a nerve impulse is called a(n) _____.

4. The electrochemical message that travels through the nervous system is known as the _________.

5. A change in the external environment that initiates (starts) an impulse is called a _______.

6. Nerve cells are called __________.

effector

stimulus

impulse

stimulus

neurons

7. You are walking outside and it starts the rain. You open up your umbrella.

a.What is the stimulus in this example?

b.What receptor was used?

c.What was the response?

d.What effector was used?

The rain

Eyes, skin

Opening up the umbrella

Muscles in the hand and arms

8. A structure that detects stimuli is a a) effector 

b) synapse     

c) receptor       

d) muscleC

9. Label the diagram of the neuron below.

E

A

F

B CD

nucleus

Cell body

dendrites axon Schwann cells

Terminal branches

Neuron Structure10. Most axons are covered with ___________ which aids

impulse  transmission by improving electrical insulation.

11. ___________ receive the impulse from the previous neuron.

12. The longest part of a neuron is the ______.

13. The ____________ contains the nucleus and other cell organelles.

14. The part of the neuron that produces and releases neurotransmitters are the ____________.

15. The space between each neuron is called a ________________.

Myelin/Schwann cells

Dendrites

axon

cell body

terminal branches

synapse

16. The diagram below represents the end of the one neuron and the beginning of the next.

A B

a. Which letter represents the neurotransmitters?

b. Which letter represents the synapse?

B

A

17. Synapses are located directly between 

(1.) dendrites and axons 

(2.) cytons and axons 

(3.) terminal branches and dendrites 

(4.) axons and terminal branches

3

18. How does an impulse travel from one neuron to the next?

Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse and carry the impulse across.

19. Sensory neurons transmit impulses from the _________ to the ____________________.

20. Interneurons carry impulses from the _____________ to ____________.

21. Motor neurons carry impulses from the ______________________ to ___________.

receptors Brain & spinal cord

sensory neurons motor neurons

Brain and spinal cord effectors

22. Neurons that carry messages toward the CNS (brain and spinal cord) are called

sensory neurons

23. In a simple spinal reflex, the pathway for an impulse is along a sensory neuron directly to a motor neuron through 

(1.) a receptor 

(2.) an interneuron 

(3.) an effector 

(4.) the brain 2

24. Sensory neurons transmit messages

a) from the central nervous system to a muscle a gland

b) from the brain to the spinal cord

c) from the environment to the spinal cord or brain

d) within the brain

e) All of the above are true. C

A

B

Receptor

sensory neuron

motor neuron

interneuron

25. Label the 3 types of neurons below.

C

26. Why are reflexes much faster than a normal response?

27. What controls reflexes?The impulse only travels to the spinal cord, not the brain.

Spinal cord

28. Identify the path an impulse takes in the body (reflex arc).

• Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

29. Label the parts of the reflex arc below.

stimulus

RECEPTORSENSORY NEURON

INTERNEURON

MOTOR NEURON

response

EFFECTOR

A

BC

D

E

F

G

30. What does this picture represent?

Central Nervous System

31. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. What type of neuron is the central nervous system composed of?

32. The ________________ nervous system is composed of all nerves branching off from the spinal cord. These nerves are composed of _____________ neurons and ______________ neurons.

interneurons

peripheral

Motor Sensory

33. What structures make up your central nervous system?

Brain and Spinal Cord

34. Identify the parts of the brain labeled in the diagram.

medulla

cerebrum

cerebellum

spinal cord

35. Identify the part of the brain being describe.

a. What structure controls reasoning, memory, emotions, and habits?

b. What controls involuntary actions?

c. What controls and coordinates and balance?

d. Loss of memory as a result of an accident would indicate damage to which part?

e. What controls activities such as breathing and heart rate?

cerebrummedulla

cerebellum

cerebrum

medulla

36. According to this diagram, a gland secretes a chemical. What is the name of this chemical?

37. The organs and tissues that the chemical is transported to by the blood is made up of what kind of cells?

Hormone

Target cells

38. An important method of communication between cells is shown in the diagram.  What is the chemical referred to in the diagram?

1. a hormone important in maintaining homeostasis

2. an enzyme detected by a cell membrane receptor

3. DNA necessary for regulating cell functions

4. a food molecule taken in by an organism

1

39. Explain why cell C is the target cell for the hormone in the diagram.

Cell C has receptors that fit perfectly with the hormone.

40. If a human system fails to function properly, what is the most likely result?

1. a stable rate of metabolism

2. a disturbance in homeostasis

3. a change in the method of cellular respiration

4. a change in the function of DNA

2

41. Identify all glands labeled in the diagram.

Pituitary gland

Thyroid glandParathyroid gland

Islets of Langerhans

Ovaries

Adrenal glands

42. A hormone that increases the rate and strength of heart contractions during times of sudden stress is secreted by which structure? What is the name of this hormone?

43. Hormones that regulate other glands such as the ovaries are secreted by which structure?

44. What is the name of structure F? What is the function of its hormone?

45. What does the hormone secreted by structure B control?

Adrenal glands, Adrenaline

Pituitary gland

Parathyroid, controls calcium levels in blood

Metabolism

46. What structure secretes the hormone that controls growth?

47. What structure regulates calcium metabolism?

48. Which structure regulates blood glucose levels? What are the names of those hormones?

A – pituitary gland

F - Parathyroid

C - PancreasInsulin

Glucagon

49. What HORMONE causes blood sugar level to decrease? What GLAND produces this hormone?

50. What part of the brain controls the pituitary gland?

51. What hormones produced by the ovaries stimulate the production of female secondary sex characteristics?

InsulinIslets of Langerhans on the pancreas

Hypothalamus

Estrogen

52. Which HORMONE helps to stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male?

53. Why is the pituitary glands called the “master gland?”

Testosterone

It regulates other glands in the body.

54. Increased perspiration, a higher body temperature, and a rapidly beating heart are all possible responses to a stressful situation. These body responses are most likely a direct result of the interaction of the

1. digestive and endocrine systems

2. digestive and respiratory systems

3. nervous and endocrine systems

4. nervous and reproductive systems 3

55. Which statement describes a feedback mechanism involving the human pancreas?

1. The production of estrogen stimulates the formation of gametes for sexual reproduction.

2. The level of oxygen in the blood is related to heart rate.

3. The level of sugar in the blood is affected by the amount of insulin in the blood.

4. The production of urine allows for excretion of cell waste.

3

56. Hormones and secretions of the nervous system are chemical messengers that

1. store genetic information

2. carry out the circulation of materials

3. extract energy from nutrients

4. control and coordinate system interactions

4

57. This diagram best illustrates

a. recombination b. feedback

c. insertion d. deletion

58. What is the function of this process?Maintain homeostasis.Regulate hormone levels in the blood.

b

1

1

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

4

4

1