NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy2010Introduction*

NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy

NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy

NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy

NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy

Some Administrative Matters

All the Handouts and other information, including these PowerPoint Presentations may be accessed from the

Energy Home Page (on the INTERNET)

www2.env.uea.ac.uk/gmmc/env/energy.htm

www2.env.uea.ac.uk/gmmc/env/energy.htm*

A Group Project: partly individual, partly groupFormulate a Low Carbon Energy Policy for UK to 2030Each person will tackle a different task/theme

In the latter part of session today we will allocate tasks and discuss some general strategic questions relating to Energy Demand and Supply in UK..

Course Work*

1) Domestic Demand2) Industrial Demand3) Transport Demand4) Commercial/Other Demand5) Solar6) Wind7) Wave8) Tidal9) Hydro10) Biomass Non Transport11) Biomass Transport12) Energy for Waste13) Geothermal (not Heat Pumps) 14) Heat Pumps/ CHP15) HVDC Networks16) Gas17) Oil18) Coal

In UK each person is consuming energy at a rate of

5kW

In USA it is 10 kW

1/20th or Worlds Population consumes 25% of all energy

In Europe it is 5.7 kW

Globally it is around 2kW

ENERGY Consumption > Carbon Dioxide > Global Warming1.1 INTRODUCTION*

1.1 INTRODUCTIONNuclear Fusion ??*

Future Global Warming Rates*

Chart1

195819581958195819581958315.86195819581958195819581958

195919591959195919591959316.55195919591959195919591959

196019601960196019601960318.18196019601960196019601960

196119611961196119611961318.58196119611961196119611961

196219621962196219621962319.61196219621962196219621962

196319631963196319631963319.74196319631963196319631963

196419641964196419641964320.44196419641964196419641964

196519651965196519651965321.21196519651965196519651965

196619661966196619661966322.4196619661966196619661966

196719671967196719671967322.55196719671967196719671967

196819681968196819681968324.14196819681968196819681968

196919691969196919691969325.89196919691969196919691969

197019701970197019701970326.35197019701970197019701970

197119711971197119711971327.37197119711971197119711971

197219721972197219721972328.05197219721972197219721972

197319731973197319731973330.87197319731973197319731973

197419741974197419741974331.18197419741974197419741974

197519751975197519751975331.91197519751975197519751975

197619761976197619761976333.05197619761976197619761976

197719771977197719771977334.93197719771977197719771977

197819781978197819781978336.54197819781978197819781978

197919791979197919791979337.73197919791979197919791979

198019801980198019801980339.56198019801980198019801980

198119811981198119811981340.49198119811981198119811981

198219821982198219821982342.06198219821982198219821982

198319831983198319831983343.99198319831983198319831983

198419841984198419841984345.4198419841984198419841984

198519851985198519851985346.56198519851985198519851985

198619861986198619861986347.94198619861986198619861986

198719871987198719871987349.52198719871987198719871987

198819881988198819881988352.39198819881988198819881988

198919891989198919891989353.9198919891989198919891989

199019901990199019901990354.82199019901990199019901990

199119911991199119911991356.17199119911991199119911991

199219921992199219921992357.03199219921992199219921992

199319931993199319931993357.57199319931993199319931993

199419941994199419941994359.55199419941994199419941994

199519951995199519951995361.9199519951995199519951995

199619961996199619961996363.65199619961996199619961996

199719971997199719971997364.47199719971997199719971997

199819981998199819981998367.64199819981998199819981998

199919991999199919991999369.25199919991999199919991999

200020002000200020002000370.04200020002000200020002000

200120012001200120012001371.48200120012001200120012001

200220022002200220022002373.87200220022002200220022002

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Annual

(ppm)

Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere

Sheet1

Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.AnnualAnnual-Fit

1958-99.99-99.99315.71317.45317.5-99.99315.86314.93313.19-99.99313.34314.67-99.99-99.99

1959315.58316.47316.65317.71318.29318.16316.55314.8313.84313.34314.81315.59315.98316

1960316.43316.97317.58319.03320.03319.59318.18315.91314.16313.83315316.19316.91316.91

1961316.89317.7318.54319.48320.58319.78318.58316.79314.99315.31316.1317.01317.65317.63

1962317.94318.56319.69320.58321.01320.61319.61317.4316.26315.42316.69317.69318.45318.46

1963318.74319.08319.86321.39322.24321.47319.74317.77316.21315.99317.07318.36318.99319.02

1964319.57-99.99-99.99-99.99322.23321.89320.44318.7316.7316.87317.68318.71-99.99319.52

1965319.44320.44320.89322.13322.16321.87321.21318.87317.81317.3318.87319.42320.03320.09

1966320.62321.59322.39323.7324.07323.75322.4320.37318.64318.1319.79321.03321.37321.34

1967322.33322.5323.04324.42325324.09322.55320.92319.26319.39320.72321.96322.18322.13

1968322.57323.15323.89325.02325.57325.36324.14322.11320.33320.25321.32322.9323.05323.11

1969324324.42325.64326.66327.38326.7325.89323.67322.38321.78322.85324.12324.62324.6

1970325.06325.98326.93328.13328.07327.66326.35324.69323.1323.07324.01325.13325.68325.65

1971326.17326.68327.18327.78328.92328.57327.37325.43323.36323.56324.8326.01326.32326.32

1972326.77327.63327.75329.72330.07329.09328.05326.32324.84325.2326.5327.55327.46327.52

1973328.54329.56330.3331.5332.48332.07330.87329.31327.51327.18328.16328.64329.68329.61

1974329.35330.71331.48332.65333.09332.25331.18329.4327.44327.37328.46329.58330.25330.29

1975330.4331.41332.04333.31333.96333.59331.91330.06328.56328.34329.49330.76331.15331.16

1976331.74332.56333.5334.58334.87334.34333.05330.94329.3328.94330.31331.68332.15332.18

1977332.92333.42334.7336.07336.74336.27334.93332.75331.58331.16332.4333.85333.9333.88

1978334.97335.39336.64337.76338.01337.89336.54334.68332.76332.54333.92334.95335.5335.52

1979336.23336.76337.96338.89339.47339.29337.73336.09333.91333.86335.29336.73336.85336.89

1980338.01338.36340.08340.77341.46341.17339.56337.6335.88336.01337.1338.21338.69338.67

1981339.23340.47341.38342.51342.91342.25340.49338.43336.69336.85338.36339.61339.93339.95

1982340.75341.61342.7343.56344.13343.35342.06339.82337.97337.86339.26340.49341.13341.09

1983341.37342.52343.1344.94345.75345.32343.99342.39339.86339.99341.16342.99342.78342.75

1984343.7344.51345.28347.08347.43346.79345.4343.28341.07341.35342.98344.22344.42344.44

1985344.97346347.43348.35348.93348.25346.56344.69343.09342.8344.24345.56345.9345.86

1986346.29346.96347.86349.55350.21349.54347.94345.91344.86344.17345.66346.9347.15347.14

1987348.02348.47349.42350.99351.84351.25349.52348.1346.44346.36347.81348.96348.93348.99

1988350.43351.72352.22353.59354.22353.79352.39350.44348.72348.88350.07351.34351.48351.44

1989352.76353.07353.68355.42355.67355.13353.9351.67349.8349.99351.3352.53352.91352.94

1990353.66354.7355.39356.2357.16356.22354.82352.91350.96351.18352.83354.21354.19354.19

1991354.72355.75357.16358.6359.34358.24356.17354.03352.16352.21353.75354.99355.59355.62

1992355.98356.72357.81359.15359.66359.25357.03355353.01353.31354.16355.4356.37356.36

1993356.7357.16358.38359.46360.28359.6357.57355.52353.7353.98355.33356.8357.04357.1

1994358.36358.91359.97361.26361.68360.95359.55357.49355.84355.99357.58359.04358.88358.86

1995359.96361361.64363.45363.79363.26361.9359.46358.06357.75359.56360.7360.88360.9

1996362.05363.25364.03364.72365.41364.97363.65361.49359.46359.6360.76362.33362.64362.58

1997363.18364364.57366.35366.79365.62364.47362.51360.19360.77362.43364.28363.76363.84

1998365.32366.15367.31368.61369.3368.87367.64365.77363.9364.23365.46366.97366.63366.58

1999368.15368.86369.58371.12370.97370.33369.25366.91364.6365.09366.63367.96368.29368.28

2000369.08369.4370.45371.59371.75371.62370.04368.04366.54366.63368.2369.43369.4369.39

2001370.17371.39372372.75373.88373.17371.48369.42367.83367.96369.55371.1370.89370.91

2002372.29372.94373.38374.71375.4375.26373.87371.35370.57370.1371.93373.63372.95372.93

Sheet1

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Annual

(ppm)

Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere

hawaii

YearJan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.AnnualAnnual-Fit

1958-99.99-99.99315.71317.45317.5-99.99315.86314.93313.19-99.99313.34314.67-99.99-99.99

1959315.58316.47316.65317.71318.29318.16316.55314.8313.84313.34314.81315.59315.98316

1960316.43316.97317.58319.03320.03319.59318.18315.91314.16313.83315316.19316.91316.91

1961316.89317.7318.54319.48320.58319.78318.58316.79314.99315.31316.1317.01317.65317.63

1962317.94318.56319.69320.58321.01320.61319.61317.4316.26315.42316.69317.69318.45318.46

1963318.74319.08319.86321.39322.24321.47319.74317.77316.21315.99317.07318.36318.99319.02

1964319.57-99.99-99.99-99.99322.23321.89320.44318.7316.7316.87317.68318.71-99.99319.52

1965319.44320.44320.89322.13322.16321.87321.21318.87317.81317.3318.87319.42320.03320.09

1966320.62321.59322.39323.7324.07323.75322.4320.37318.64318.1319.79321.03321.37321.34

1967322.33322.5323.04324.42325324.09322.55320.92319.26319.39320.72321.96322.18322.13

1968322.57323.15323.89325.02325.57325.36324.14322.11320.33320.25321.32322.9323.05323.11

1969324324.42325.64326.66327.38326.7325.89323.67322.38321.78322.85324.12324.62324.6

1970325.06325.98326.93328.13328.07327.66326.35324.69323.1323.07324.01325.13325.68325.65

1971326.17326.68327.18327.78328.92328.57327.37325.43323.36323.56324.8326.01326.32326.32

1972326.77327.63327.75329.72330.07329.09328.05326.32324.84325.2326.5327.55327.46327.52

1973328.54329.56330.3331.5332.48332.07330.87329.31327.51327.18328.16328.64329.68329.61

1974329.35330.71331.48332.65333.09332.25331.18329.4327.44327.37328.46329.58330.25330.29

1975330.4331.41332.04333.31333.96333.59331.91330.06328.56328.34329.49330.76331.15331.16

1976331.74332.56333.5334.58334.87334.34333.05330.94329.3328.94330.31331.68332.15332.18

1977332.92333.42334.7336.07336.74336.27334.93332.75331.58331.16332.4333.85333.9333.88

1978334.97335.39336.64337.76338.01337.89336.54334.68332.76332.54333.92334.95335.5335.52

1979336.23336.76337.96338.89339.47339.29337.73336.09333.91333.86335.29336.73336.85336.89

1980338.01338.36340.08340.77341.46341.17339.56337.6335.88336.01337.1338.21338.69338.67

1981339.23340.47341.38342.51342.91342.25340.49338.43336.69336.85338.36339.61339.93339.95

1982340.75341.61342.7343.56344.13343.35342.06339.82337.97337.86339.26340.49341.13341.09

1983341.37342.52343.1344.94345.75345.32343.99342.39339.86339.99341.16342.99342.78342.75

1984343.7344.51345.28347.08347.43346.79345.4343.28341.07341.35342.98344.22344.42344.44

1985344.97346347.43348.35348.93348.25346.56344.69343.09342.8344.24345.56345.9345.86

1986346.29346.96347.86349.55350.21349.54347.94345.91344.86344.17345.66346.9347.15347.14

1987348.02348.47349.42350.99351.84351.25349.52348.1346.44346.36347.81348.96348.93348.99

1988350.43351.72352.22353.59354.22353.79352.39350.44348.72348.88350.07351.34351.48351.44

1989352.76353.07353.68355.42355.67355.13353.9351.67349.8349.99351.3352.53352.91352.94

1990353.66354.7355.39356.2357.16356.22354.82352.91350.96351.18352.83354.21354.19354.19

1991354.72355.75357.16358.6359.34358.24356.17354.03352.16352.21353.75354.99355.59355.62

1992355.98356.72357.81359.15359.66359.25357.03355353.01353.31354.16355.4356.37356.36

1993356.7357.16358.38359.46360.28359.6357.57355.52353.7353.98355.33356.8357.04357.1

1994358.36358.91359.97361.26361.68360.95359.55357.49355.84355.99357.58359.04358.88358.86

1995359.96361361.64363.45363.79363.26361.9359.46358.06357.75359.56360.7360.88360.9

1996362.05363.25364.03364.72365.41364.97363.65361.49359.46359.6360.76362.33362.64362.58

1997363.18364364.57366.35366.79365.62364.47362.51360.19360.77362.43364.28363.76363.84

1998365.32366.15367.31368.61369.3368.87367.64365.77363.9364.23365.46366.97366.63366.58

1999368.15368.86369.58371.12370.97370.33369.25366.91364.6365.09366.63367.96368.29368.28

2000369.08369.4370.45371.59371.75371.62370.04368.04366.54366.63368.2369.43369.4369.39

2001370.17371.39372372.75373.88373.17371.48369.42367.83367.96369.55371.1370.89370.91

2002372.29372.94373.38374.71375.4375.26373.87371.35370.57370.1371.93373.63372.95372.93

Monthly values areexpressed inparts per million (ppm) andreported in the 1999SIO manometricmole

fraction scale. The monthly values have beenadjusted to the 15thof eachmonth.Missing values are

denoted by-99.99.The "annual"averageis thearithmetic mean of the twelve monthly values. Inyears

withone ortwo missing monthlyvalues,annualvalueswere calculated by substituting afit value

(4-harmonics withgain factor and spline) forthat month andthen averaging the twelve monthlyvalues.

Total winter precipitationTotal summer precipitationSource: Tim Osborne, CRUChange in precipitation 1961-2001*

Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.OfficeIs Global Warming man made?Prediction: Anthropogenic onlyNot a good match between 1920 and 1970 Predictions include: Greenhouse Gas emissions Sulphates and ozone Solar and volcanic activity*

Is Global Warming man made?Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.OfficePrediction: Natural onlygood match until 1960 Predictions include: Greenhouse Gas emissions Sulphates and ozone Solar and volcanic activity*

Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.OfficePrediction: Natural and AnthropogenicGenerally a good matchPredictions include: Greenhouse Gas emissions Sulphates and ozone Solar and volcanic activityIs Global Warming man made?*

Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar RegionNASA satellite imagery

Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html 20% reduction in 24 years20 24 1979 - 2003*

Increasing Occurrence of Drought*

Source: Tim Osborne, CRUIncreasing Occurrence of Flood*

Assumptions: 20% renewable generation by 2020, Demand stabilizes at 420 TWH in 7 years Electricity Scenarios for UK and implications on CO2 emissions.20 year growth in demand1.8-2% per annum2.2% in 2003*

How much Carbon Dioxide is each person emitting as a result of the energy they use?

In UK 9 tonnes per annum.

What does 9 tonnes look like?

Equivalent of 5 Hot Air Balloons!

To combat Global Warming

we must reduce CO2 by 60%

i.e. to 2 Hot Air Balloons

How far does one have to drive to emit the same amount of CO2 as heating an old persons room for 1 hour?

1.6 miles1.1 INTRODUCTION*

Consequences of Global Warming

Increased flooding in some parts Increased incidence of droughts Increased global temperatures General increase in crop failure, although some regions may benefit in short term Catastrophic climate change leading to next Ice Age.

Energy must be studied from a multi-disciplinary standpoint1.1 INTRODUCTION*

What is CRed doing - will you become a partner?Will you pledge to reduce Carbon Dioxide?

The pledge might be a small challenge, it might be a large one.

Visit the CRed Websitewww.cred-uk.org*

UEA Heat Pump*

In 1974 Bramber Parish Council decided to go without street lighting for three days as a saving. ( this was during a critical power period during a Miners Strike).

Afterwards, the parish treasurer was pleased to announce that, as a result electricity to the value of 11.59 had been saved.

He added, however, that there was a bill of 18.48 for switching the electricity off and another of 12.00 for switching it on again.

It had cost the council 18.89 to spend three days in darkness.An example of where saving resources and money are not the same*

From the Independent29th January 1996similar warning have been issued in press for this winterWhat is wrong with this title?*

No shortage of energy on the planet

Potential shortage of energy in the form to which we have become accustomed.Fossil fuels

FUEL CRISIS.1.2 THE ENERGY CRISIS - The Non-Existent Crisis*

~ 15% of energy derived from food used to collect more food to sustain life. + energy used formaking clothing, tools, shelterEarly forms of non-human power:-1) fire2) animal power

1.3 HISTORICAL USE OF ENERGY up to 1800OTHER ENERGY FORMS HARNESSED

1) Turnstile type windmills of Persians2) Various water wheels (7000+ in UK by 1085)3) Steam engines (?? 2nd century AD by Hero)4) Tidal Mills (e.g. Woodbridge, Suffolk 12th Century)*

LONDON - late 13th /early 14th Century

Shortage of timber for fires in London Area

Import of coal from Newcastle by sea for poor

Major environmental problems -high sulphur content of coal

Crisis resolved - The Black Death.

1.4 The First Fuel Crisis*

UK - Late 15th/early 16th century

Shortage of timber - prior claim for use in ship-buildingUse of coal became widespread -even eventually for richChimneys appeared to combat problems of smokeEnvironmental lobbies against useInterruption of supplies - miner's strikeMajor problems in metal industries led to many patents to produce coke from coal (9 in 1633 alone) 1.5 The Second Fuel Crisis:-*

Problems in Draining Coal Mines and Transport of coal

> threatened a third Fuel Crisis in Middle/late 18th Century

Overcome by Technology and the invention of the steam engine by Newcommen.

a means of providing substantial quantities of mechanical power which was not site specific (as was water power etc.).

NEWCOMMEN's Pumping Engine was only 0.25% efficient

1.6 Problems in Draining Coal Mines

WATT improved the efficiency to 1.0%

*

Current STEAM turbines achieve 40% efficiency, 1.6 Current Limitationsfurther improvements are LIMITED PRIMARILY BY PHYSICAL LAWS NOT BY OUR TECHNICAL INABILITY TO DESIGN AND BUILD THE PERFECT MACHINE.Coal fired power stations: ultimate efficiency ~ 45%

even with IGCC

CCGT Stations are currently 47-51% efficient > ultimately ~ 55%.*

Explosive sports - e.g. weight lifting 500 W for fraction of second

Sustained output of fit athlete --> 100 - 200 W

Normal mechanical energy output

Early Wind Power DevicesC 700 AD in Persia

used for grinding corn pumping water

evidence suggests that dry valleys were Dammed to harvest wind*

NUCLEAR CHEMICAL - fuels:- gas, coal, oil etc. MECHANICAL - potential and kinetic ELECTRICAL HEAT - high temperature for processes - low temperature for space heating

All forms of Energy may be measured in terms of Joules (J), BUT SOME FORMS OF ENERGY ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS1.8 Forms of Energy*

Energy does not usually come in the form needed: convert it into a more useful form.

All conversion of energy involve some inefficiency:-

Physical Constraints (Laws of Thermodynamics) can be very restrictive MASSIVE ENERGY WASTE.

This is nothing to do with our technical incompetence. The losses here are frequently in excess of 40%

1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION*

Technical Limitations (e.g. friction, aero-dynamic drag in turbines etc.) can be improved, but losses here are usually less than 20%, and in many cases around 5%.

Some forms of energy have low physical constraints converted into another form with high efficiency (>90%).

e.g. mechanical electrical mechanical/electrical/chemical -----------> heat

Other forms can only be converted at low efficiency

e.g. heat ------------> mechanical power - the car! or in a power station1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION*

USE MOST APPROPRIATE FORM OF ENERGY FOR NEED IN HAND. e.g. AVOID using ELECTRICITY for LOW TEMPERATURE SPACE heating Hot Water Heating in UK, Germany, India, China but using electricity in Norway, Canada. Colombia, France is sensible

Cooking (unless it is in a MicroWave).1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION*

HEATING - space and hot water demand (80%+ of domestic use excluding transport)

LIGHTINGCOOKINGENTERTAINMENTREFRIGERATIONTRANSPORT INDUSTRY - process heating/ drying/ mechanical power

IT IS INAPPROPRIATE TO USE ELECTRICITY FOR SPACE HEATING1.10 WHAT DO WE NEED ENERGY FOR?*

HIGH GRADE: - Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical

MEDIUM GRADE: - High Temperature Heat

LOW GRADE: - Low Temperature Heat

All forms of Energy will eventually degenerate to Low Grade HeatMay be physically (and technically) of little practical use - i.e. we cannot REUSE energy which has been degraded - except via a Heat Pump.1.11 GRADES OF ENERGY*

Energy Conservation is primarily concerned with MINIMISING the degradation of the GRADE of ENERGY. (i.e. use HIGH GRADE forms wisely - not for low temperature heating!!).

To a limited extent LOW GRADE THERMAL ENERGY may be increased moderately in GRADE to Higher Temperature Heat using a HEAT PUMP. However, unlike the recycling of resources like glass, metals etc., where, in theory, no new resource is needed, we must expend some extra energy to enhance the GRADE of ENERGY.1.12 ENERGY CONSERVATION*

The study of ENERGY is complicated by the presence of numerous sets of UNITS OF MEASURE which frequently confuse the issue.

It is IMPORTANT to recognise the DIFFERENCE between the TWO BASIC UNITS:-

a) the JOULE (a measure of quantity)

b) the WATT (a RATE of acquiring/ converting/ or using ENERGY).

2.0 UNITS INTRODUCTION*

The basic unit of Energy is the JOULE.

the WORK DONE when a force moves through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force. The SI unit is the JOULE, and all forms of Energy should be measured in terms of the JOULE.

FORCE is measured in Newtons (N)DISTANCE is measured in metres (m)

Thus WORK DONE = Newtons x metres = Joules.

A 1 kg lump of coal, or a litre of oil will have an equivalent Energy Content measured in Joules (J).

Thus 1 kg of UK coal is equivalent to 24 x 106 J.or 1 litre of oil is equivalent to 42 x 106 J.

The different units currently in use are shown in Table 2.12.1 Quantity of Energy*

JOULE (J). calorie (cal) erg Kalorie (or kilogram calorie Kcal or Kal) British Thermal Unit (BTU) Therm kilowatt-hour (kWh) million tonnes of coal equivalent (mtce) million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) - (often also seen as - mtep - in International Literature). litres of oil gallons (both Imperial and US) of oil barrels of oil million tonnes of peat equivalentTable 2.1 Energy units in common use.2.1. QUANTITY OF ENERGY*

Situation is confused further US (short) ton Imperial (long) ton metric tonne.

European Coal has an Energy content 20% than the equivalent weight of UK coal.

See Data Book for conversion factors.

Always use the SI unit (JOULE) in all essays etc. If necessary cross refer to the original source unit in brackets.

CONSIDERABLE CONFUSION SURROUNDS THE USE OF THE KILOWATT-HOUR -- DO NOT USE IT!!!!2.1. QUANTITY OF ENERGY*

The RATE of doing WORK, using ENERGY is measured in WATTS.

i.e. 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second 1 W = 1 J s-1

Burn 1 kg coal (Energy Content 24 x 106 J) in 1 hour (3600 seconds) RATE of consumption is:-

24 x 106 / 3600 = 6666.7 W

Equally, a Solar Panel receiving 115 W m-2 (the mean value for the UK), the total energy received in the year will be:-

115 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 365 = 3.62 x 109 J.

2.2. RATE OF USING ENERGY*

NOTE: THE UNITS:-

KILOWATTS per HOUR

KILOWATTS per YEAR

KILOWATTS per SECOND

are MEANINGLESS (except in very special circumstances).

WARNING: DO NOT SHOW YOUR IGNORANCE IN EXAM QUESTIONS BY USING SUCH UNITS

2.2. RATE OF USING ENERGY*

Implies that the cost of Sizewell would be about 15!!!!!!!*

milli - mx 10-3 kilo - kx 103 Mega - Mx 106 Giga - Gx 109 Tera - Tx 1012 Peta - Px 1015 Exa - Ex 1018

NOTE:-

1) The prefix for kilo is k NOT K2) There are no agreed prefixes for 1021 or 10243) Avoid mixing prefixes and powers of 10 wherever possible.

i.e. 280 GJ is permissible but not 28000 GJ or 2.8 x 10 4 GJ.2.3. SI PREFIXES*

All uses of energy involve conversion of one form of energy to another.

Energy conversion processes is inherently inefficient3. ENERGY - DEFINITIONS the amount of useful energy outEfficiency () = ----------------------------------------- x 100% the amount of energy put inSome Typical Efficiencies:-steam (railway) engines 10% cars 20 - 25% electric fire ~100%gas central heating boiler 70 - 75%oil central heating boiler 65 - 70%UEA boiler ~87%Power Station Boiler 90-92%Open Coal fire 10%Coal Central Heating 40-50% Steam Turbine 45-50%*

3.2 PRIMARY ENERGY -

The energy content of the energy resource when it is in the ground.

3.3 DELIVERED ENERGY -

The energy content of the fuel as it is delivered to the place of use.

3.4 USEFUL ENERGY -

The actual amount of energy required for a given function IN THE FORM USABLE FOR THAT FUNCTION.

ENERGY DEFINITIONS*

Primary Energy Content of fuel PER = ------------------------------------------ Delivered Energy content of fuel

EXAMPLES:- Gas - 1.06 : Oil - 1.08 : Coal - 1.02 --------------------------------------e.g. for gas, 6% of the energy extracted is used either directly, or indirectly to deliver the energy to the customer.

- exploration - making production platforms - making pipelines - pumping - administration and retail of fuel - fractionating/blending fuel 3.5 PRIMARY ENERGY RATIO (PER)For Electricity, the PER has varied over the years - it is currently around 2.80*

Appliances are not, in general 100% efficient in converting the fuel into a useful form of energy.

Thus (from 3.1 above):-

The efficiency of the appliance may be expressed as:-

useful energy out (in form required) = ------------------------------------------------ energy input to appliance (+) + in most cases, the energy input will be the delivered energy, so:-

useful energy = ------------------------------- delivered energy3.6 Appliance Efficiency ()*

Life Cycle Analysis

If we want 1 GJ of useful energy, How much energy must we dig from the ground if we require the energy as heat from as gas boiler with an efficiency of 70%?

Primary Energy Required = 1 / 0.7 x 1.06 = 1.51 GJ =======

Be sure you understand this relationship, and why it is not:-

0.7 x 1.06

or 1.3 x 1.06

3.7 FURTHER COMMENTS ABOUT EFFICIENCY*

Energy Efficiency is the efficient use of energy.

IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN A SAVING OFRESOURCES.

e.g.Producing 20% more products for same energy input would not save energy overall even though it would reduce energy requirement per product.

Insulating a poorly heated house will increase the efficiency of using energy, but the savings in resources will be small

increased temperature avoiding hypothermia is efficient use of energy. 3.8 ENERGY EFFICIENCY*

Energy Conservation is the saving of energy resources. Energy Efficiency is a necessary pre-requisite for Energy Conservation(remember Energy Efficiency does not necessarily mean Energy Conservation).It is interesting to note the Government Office was termed THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OFFICESome members of the Government still believe Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation are the same.

However, the ENERGY SAVING TRUST (relevant for domestic applications is closer to what is needed. The CARBON TRUST is the equivalent organisation for businesses

3.9 ENERGY CONSERVATION*

Industry/Commerce often consider Energy Conservation only as a saving in MONETARY terms

The moral definition is the saving of resources. This often will not result in a MONETARY saving

The so called Energy Conservation Grants to Industry in late 1970's early 1980's were not Conservation Grants at all, but Grants to encourage switching of fuels from oil to coal.

3.10 OTHER DEFINITIONS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION*

Energy Content of the fuel per unit mass or unit volume.

- maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from a unit of the fuel.

There are two Calorific Values:-

lower calorific value (LCV)

This is amount of energy derived by combusting a fuel when the products of combustion are emitted at temperatures in excess of 100oC i.e. any water present is emitted as steam.

upper calorific value (UCV)

This is amount of energy derived by combusting a fuel when the products of combustion are emitted at temperatures below 100oC i.e. any water present is emitted as water vapour.

The difference between the two calorific values is about 5% (UCV > LCV)

3.11 CALORIFIC VALUE*

This is the Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a body through 1 degree Celsius.

This parameter is needed when storage of Energy is considered. (e.g. size of Hot Water Cylinder in a House)

3.12 SPECIFIC HEAT*

*******Increase in storminess since 1970Heavy winter rainfall over the UK has increased by 50%Runs of wet days have increasedMore heavy rain events

*****Increase in storminess since 1970Heavy winter rainfall over the UK has increased by 50%Runs of wet days have increasedMore heavy rain events

*Increase in storminess since 1970Heavy winter rainfall over the UK has increased by 50%Runs of wet days have increasedMore heavy rain events

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