nbs-m016 contemporary issues in climate change and energy 2010 introduction n.k. tovey ( 杜伟贤 )...

NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy

2010

IntroductionN.K. Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE,

CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук

Energy Science Director CRed Project

HSBC Director of Low Carbon InnovationLecture 1 Lecture 21


Tuesday Wednesday

0900-1030 1030 - 1200 0900 - 1030 1030 - 1200

Week1st Feb

Lecture 1: Introduction to Energy followed by Energy Futures for UK: Start of Coursework

Climate Change: Phil Jones followed by general discussion of questions on pages 35 - 36

Week8th Feb

Lecture 2: Units and definitions

Energy Resource Magnitudes 1:

Briefings for topics for Project Work 11:30 – 12:00 review of questions

Week15th Feb

Energy Resource Magnitudes 2:

Social Issues of Conservation:

Background to Energy Conversion, Conservation Technologies: Elementary Thermodynamics, Heat Pumps, CHP etc.

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

0900- 1200 0900 - 1200 1400 - 1700

Week 22nd Feb

Lecture: Energy Demand/ Balance Tables Practical Examples of Balance Tables from Different Countries

Nuclear Power - Basics: Nuclear Power Reactors

Master Class: Hard Choices Ahead/ What UEA is doing. Field Visit of UEA Site. Open to SCM and General Students

Week 1st Mar

Nuclear Power - Fuel Cycle:

Energy Conservation Buildings – Technical 1

Energy Conservation Buildings – Technical Part 1Energy Management 1


Week 8th Mar

No Session: NKT giving presentation in Glasgow

Full Day Field Trip depart 08:45 return ~ 17:00+. Bring Wet weather clothing

Monday Tuesday Wednesday

0900 - 1200 0900 - 1200 0900 - 1200

Week15th Mar

Coursework Session Seminar Presentations 1 (14 presentation)

Coursework Session Seminar Presentations 2 (4 presentations)Energy Management Part 2

Electricity Scenarios for the UKGroup Project Work – formulating final scenario


Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

0900 – 1200 0900 – 1700 1400 – 1700

Week 22nd Mar

Group Project Work – formulating final scenario

Carbon Foot Printing Master Class organised by G. Middleton

Master Class: Resource and Impacts of a selected Renewable Technology:


Tuesday Wednesday

0900 - 1200 0900 - 1200

EASTER BREAK

Week 12th April

Renewable Energy Technologies 1

Renewable Energy Technologies 2

Week 19th April

Transport: G Middleton Transport: G Middleton

Some Administrative Matters

All the Handouts and other information, including these PowerPoint Presentations may be accessed from the

Energy Home Page (on the INTERNET)

www2.env.uea.ac.uk/gmmc/env/energy.htm

www2.env.uea.ac.uk/gmmc/env/energy.htm6

A Group Project: partly individual, partly group

Formulate a Low Carbon Energy Policy for UK to 2030

Each person will tackle a different task/theme

In the latter part of session today we will allocate tasks and discuss some general strategic questions relating to Energy Demand and Supply in UK..

Course Work

1) Domestic Demand 2) Industrial Demand

3) Transport Demand 4) Commercial/Other Demand

5) Solar 6) Wind7) Wave 8) Tidal

9) Hydro 10) Biomass Non Transport11) Biomass Transport 12) Energy for Waste13) Geothermal (not Heat Pumps) 14) Heat Pumps/ CHP

15) HVDC Networks 16) Gas

17) Oil 18) Coal

7

• In UK each person is consuming energy at a rate of

5kW

• In USA it is 10 kW

1/20th or World’s Population consumes 25% of all energy

• In Europe it is 5.7 kW

• Globally it is around 2kW

• ENERGY Consumption > Carbon Dioxide > Global Warming

1.1 INTRODUCTION

8

1.1 INTRODUCTION

0 1000 1500 2000 2500500

Year

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on

Nuclear Fusion ??

9

Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

(ppm

)Future Global Warming Rates

10

Total winter precipitation Total summer precipitation

Source: Tim

Osborne, C

RU

Change in precipitation 1961-2001

11

Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Tem

per

atu

re R

ise

(o C)

actual

predicted

Is Global Warming man made?

Prediction: Anthropogenic only

Not a good match between 1920 and 1970

Predictions include:

• Greenhouse Gas emissions

• Sulphates and ozone

• Solar and volcanic activity

12



Prediction: Natural only

good match until 1960





1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Tem

per

atu

re R

ise

(o C)

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Tem

per

atur

e R

ise

(o C)

actual

predicted

13

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Tem

per

atu

re R

ise

(o C)

actualpredicted


Prediction: Natural and Anthropogenic

Generally a good match






14

19792003

Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003

• Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region

• NASA satellite imagery

• الجليد الصيفالقطب في

تغطية الشماليالقطبيه المنطقة

• الصور ناساالفضاءيه

Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

•20% reduction in 24 years

في ٪ 20• سنوات 24تخفيض

المناختغير كاب القطبيه الجليديه على 2003 - 1979 اثار

15

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

Increasing Occurrence of Drought

16

Source: Tim

Osborne, C

RU

Increasing Occurrence of Flood

17

Assumptions: 20% renewable generation by 2020,

Demand stabilizes at 420 TWH in 7 years

Electricity Scenarios for UK and implications on CO2 emissions.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

0

50

100

150

200

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Mill

ion

to

nn

es

Gas Scenario


0

50

100

150

200

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Mill

ion

to

nn

es

Nuclear ScenarioCarbon Dioxide Emissions

0

50

100

150

200

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Mill

ion

to

nn

es

Coal Scenario


0

50

100

150

200

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Mill

ion

to

nn

es

Gas

Coal

Nuclear

Variable

Variable Scenario: 40% Gas; 20% Nuclear

60% reduction

20% reduction

20 year growth in demand

1.8-2% per annum

2.2% in 2003

18

How much Carbon Dioxide is each person emitting as a result of the energy they use?

In UK 9 tonnes per annum.

What does 9 tonnes look like?

Equivalent of 5 Hot Air Balloons!

To combat Global Warming

we must reduce CO2 by 60%

i.e. to 2 Hot Air Balloons

How far does one have to drive to emit the same amount of CO2 as heating an old persons room for 1 hour?

1.6 miles

1.1 INTRODUCTION

19

Consequences of Global Warming

Increased flooding in some parts

Increased incidence of droughts

Increased global temperatures

General increase in crop failure, although some regions may benefit in short term

Catastrophic climate change leading to next Ice Age.

Energy must be studied from a multi-disciplinary standpoint

1.1 INTRODUCTION

20

What is CRed doing - will you become a partner?

Will you pledge to reduce Carbon Dioxide?

The pledge might be a small challenge, it might be a large one.

Visit the CRed Website

www.cred-uk.org

21

ENERGY

PHYSICAL

TECHNICAL

ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENTAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

Fuel Poverty Issues

UEA Heat Pump

22

In 1974 Bramber Parish Council decided to go without street lighting for three days as a saving.

( this was during a critical power period during a Miner’s Strike).

Afterwards, the parish treasurer was pleased to announce that, as a result electricity to the value of £11.59 had been saved.

He added, however, that there was a bill of £18.48 for switching the electricity off and another of £12.00 for switching it on again.

It had cost the council £18.89 to spend three days in darkness.

An example of where saving resources and money are not the same

23

From the Independent

29th January 1996

similar warning have been issued in press for this winter

What is wrong with this title?

24

• No shortage of energy on the planet

• Potential shortage of energy in the form to which we have become accustomed.

Fossil fuels

• FUEL CRISIS.

1.2 THE ENERGY CRISIS - The Non-Existent Crisis

25

• ~ 15% of energy derived from food used to collect more food to sustain life.

+ energy used for

making clothing, tools, shelter

• Early forms of non-human power:-

• 1) fire

• 2) animal power

1.3 HISTORICAL USE OF ENERGY up to 1800

• OTHER ENERGY FORMS HARNESSED

1) Turnstile type windmills of Persians

2) Various water wheels (7000+ in UK by 1085)

3) Steam engines (?? 2nd century AD by Hero)

4) Tidal Mills (e.g. Woodbridge, Suffolk 12th Century)

26

LONDON - late 13th /early 14th Century

Shortage of timber for fires in London Area

Import of coal from Newcastle by sea for poor

Major environmental problems -high sulphur content of coal

Crisis resolved - The Black Death.

1.4 The First Fuel Crisis

27

UK - Late 15th/early 16th century

Shortage of timber - prior claim for use in ship-

building

Use of coal became widespread -even eventually for

rich

Chimneys appeared to combat problems of smoke

Environmental lobbies against use

Interruption of supplies - miner's strike

Major problems in metal industries led to many patents

to produce coke from coal (9 in 1633 alone)

1.5 The Second Fuel Crisis:-

28

Problems in Draining Coal Mines and Transport of coal

> threatened a third Fuel Crisis in Middle/late 18th Century

Overcome by Technology and the invention of the steam engine by Newcommen.

a means of providing substantial quantities of mechanical power which was not site specific (as was water power etc.).

NEWCOMMEN's Pumping Engine was only 0.25% efficient

1.6 Problems in Draining Coal Mines

WATT improved the efficiency to 1.0%

29

Current STEAM turbines achieve 40% efficiency,

1.6 Current Limitations

further improvements are

• LIMITED PRIMARILY BY PHYSICAL LAWS

• NOT BY OUR TECHNICAL INABILITY TO DESIGN AND BUILD THE PERFECT MACHINE.

Coal fired power stations: ultimate efficiency ~ 45%

even with IGCC

CCGT Stations are currently 47-51% efficient > ultimately ~ 55%.

30

• Explosive sports - e.g. weight lifting

500 W for fraction of second

• Sustained output of fit athlete --> 100 - 200 W

• Normal mechanical energy output << 50 W

• Heat is generated by body to sustain body at pre-determined temperature:-

Thermal Comfort

• approx.: 50 W per sq. metre of body area when seated

• 80 W per sq. metre of body area when standing.

1.7 Energy Capabilities of Man

31

Early Wind Power Devices

C 700 AD in Persia

•used for grinding corn

•pumping water

•evidence suggests that dry valleys were “Dammed” to harvest wind

32

NUCLEAR

CHEMICAL - fuels:- gas, coal, oil etc.

MECHANICAL - potential and kinetic

ELECTRICAL

HEAT - high temperature for processes

- low temperature for space heating

• All forms of Energy may be measured in terms of Joules (J),

• BUT SOME FORMS OF ENERGY ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS

1.8 Forms of Energy

33

Energy does not usually come in the form needed:

convert it into a more useful form.

All conversion of energy involve some inefficiency:-

Physical Constraints (Laws of Thermodynamics)

can be very restrictive

MASSIVE ENERGY WASTE.

This is nothing to do with our technical incompetence. The losses here are frequently in excess of 40%

1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION

34

Technical Limitations

(e.g. friction, aero-dynamic drag in turbines etc.) can be improved, but losses here are usually less than 20%, and in many cases around 5%.

Some forms of energy have low physical constraints converted into another form with high efficiency (>90%).

e.g. mechanical <--------> electrical mechanical/electrical/chemical -----------> heat

Other forms can only be converted at low efficiency

e.g. heat ------------> mechanical power - the car!

or in a power station


35

USE MOST APPROPRIATE FORM OF ENERGY FOR NEED IN HAND. • e.g. AVOID using ELECTRICITY for• LOW TEMPERATURE SPACE heating• Hot Water Heating

in UK, Germany, India, China

but using electricity in Norway, Canada. Colombia, France is sensible

• Cooking (unless it is in a MicroWave).


36

HEATING - space and hot water demand

(80%+ of domestic use excluding transport)

LIGHTING

COOKING

ENTERTAINMENT

REFRIGERATION

TRANSPORT

INDUSTRY

- process heating/ drying/ mechanical power

• IT IS INAPPROPRIATE TO USE

ELECTRICITY FOR SPACE HEATING

1.10 WHAT DO WE NEED ENERGY FOR?

37

HIGH GRADE:

- Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical

MEDIUM GRADE: - High Temperature Heat

LOW GRADE: - Low Temperature Heat

• All forms of Energy will eventually degenerate to Low Grade Heat

• May be physically (and technically) of little practical use - i.e. we cannot REUSE energy which has been degraded

- except via a Heat Pump.

1.11 GRADES OF ENERGY

38

Energy Conservation is primarily concerned with MINIMISING the degradation of the GRADE of ENERGY.

(i.e. use HIGH GRADE forms wisely

- not for low temperature heating!!).

To a limited extent LOW GRADE THERMAL ENERGY may be increased moderately in GRADE to Higher Temperature Heat using a HEAT PUMP.

However, unlike the recycling of resources like glass, metals etc., where, in theory, no new resource is needed, we must expend some extra energy to enhance the GRADE of ENERGY.

1.12 ENERGY CONSERVATION

39

The study of ENERGY is complicated by the presence of numerous sets of UNITS OF MEASURE which frequently confuse the issue.

It is IMPORTANT to recognise the DIFFERENCE between the TWO BASIC UNITS:-

a) the JOULE (a measure of quantity)

b) the WATT (a RATE of acquiring/ converting/ or using ENERGY).

2.0 UNITS INTRODUCTION

40

The basic unit of Energy is the JOULE.

the WORK DONE when a force moves through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force. The SI unit is the JOULE, and all forms of Energy should be measured in terms of the JOULE.

FORCE is measured in Newtons (N)DISTANCE is measured in metres (m)

Thus WORK DONE = Newtons x metres = Joules.

A 1 kg lump of coal, or a litre of oil will have an equivalent Energy Content measured in Joules (J).

Thus 1 kg of UK coal is equivalent to 24 x 106 J.or 1 litre of oil is equivalent to 42 x 106 J.

The different units currently in use are shown in Table 2.1

2.1 Quantity of Energy

41

JOULE (J). calorie (cal) erg Kalorie (or kilogram calorie Kcal or Kal) British Thermal Unit (BTU) Therm kilowatt-hour (kWh) million tonnes of coal equivalent (mtce) million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) - (often also seen as - mtep - in International Literature). litres of oil gallons (both Imperial and US) of oil barrels of oil million tonnes of peat equivalent

Table 2.1 Energy units in common use.

2.1. QUANTITY OF ENERGY

42

Situation is confused further• US (short) ton • Imperial (long) ton • metric tonne.

European Coal has an Energy content 20% than the equivalent weight of UK coal.

See Data Book for conversion factors.

Always use the SI unit (JOULE) in all essays etc. If necessary cross refer to the original source unit in brackets.

CONSIDERABLE CONFUSION SURROUNDS THE USE OF THE KILOWATT-HOUR -- DO NOT USE IT!!!!

2.1. QUANTITY OF ENERGY

43

The RATE of doing WORK, using ENERGY is measured in WATTS.

i.e. 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second 1 W = 1 J s-1

Burn 1 kg coal (Energy Content 24 x 106 J) in 1 hour (3600 seconds) – RATE of consumption is:-

24 x 106 / 3600 = 6666.7 W

Equally, a Solar Panel receiving 115 W m-2 (the mean value for the UK), the total energy received in the year will be:-

115 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 365 = 3.62 x 109 J.

2.2. RATE OF USING ENERGY

44

NOTE: THE UNITS:-

KILOWATTS per HOUR

KILOWATTS per YEAR

KILOWATTS per SECOND

are MEANINGLESS (except in very special circumstances).

WARNING: DO NOT SHOW YOUR IGNORANCE IN EXAM QUESTIONS BY USING SUCH UNITS

2.2. RATE OF USING ENERGY

45

Implies that the cost of Sizewell would be about £15!!!!!!!

46

milli - m x 10-3

kilo - k x 103

Mega - M x 106

Giga - G x 109

Tera - T x 1012

Peta - P x 1015

Exa - E x 1018

NOTE:-

1) The prefix for kilo is k NOT K2) There are no agreed prefixes for 1021 or 1024

3) Avoid mixing prefixes and powers of 10 wherever possible.

i.e. 280 GJ is permissible but not 28000 GJ or 2.8 x 10 4 GJ.

2.3. SI PREFIXES

47

All uses of energy involve conversion of one form of energy to another.

Energy conversion processes is inherently inefficient

3. ENERGY - DEFINITIONS

the amount of useful energy outEfficiency () = ----------------------------------------- x 100% the amount of energy put in

Some Typical Efficiencies:-

steam (railway) engines 10% cars 20 - 25% electric fire ~100%gas central heating boiler 70 - 75%oil central heating boiler 65 - 70%

UEA boiler ~87%Power Station Boiler 90-92%Open Coal fire 10%Coal Central Heating 40-50% Steam Turbine 45-50%

48

3.2 PRIMARY ENERGY -

The energy content of the energy resource when it is in the ground.

3.3 DELIVERED ENERGY -

The energy content of the fuel as it is delivered to the place of use.

3.4 USEFUL ENERGY -

The actual amount of energy required for a given function IN THE FORM USABLE FOR THAT FUNCTION.

ENERGY DEFINITIONS

49

Primary Energy Content of fuel PER = ------------------------------------------ Delivered Energy content of fuel

EXAMPLES:-

Gas - 1.06 : Oil - 1.08 : Coal - 1.02 --------------------------------------e.g. for gas, 6% of the energy extracted is used either directly, or indirectly to deliver the energy to the customer.

- exploration - making production platforms - making pipelines - pumping - administration and retail of fuel - fractionating/blending fuel

3.5 PRIMARY ENERGY RATIO (PER)

For Electricity, the PER has varied over the years - it is currently around 2.80

50

Appliances are not, in general 100% efficient in converting the fuel into a useful form of energy.

Thus (from 3.1 above):-

The efficiency of the appliance may be expressed as:-

useful energy out (in form required) = ------------------------------------------------ energy input to appliance (+) + in most cases, the energy input will be the delivered energy, so:-

useful energy = ------------------------------- delivered energy

3.6 Appliance Efficiency ()

51

Life Cycle Analysis

• If we want 1 GJ of useful energy, • How much energy must we dig from the ground if we require the energy as heat from as gas boiler with an efficiency of 70%?

Primary Energy Required = 1 / 0.7 x 1.06 = 1.51 GJ =======

Be sure you understand this relationship, and why it is not:-

0.7 x 1.06

or 1.3 x 1.06

3.7 FURTHER COMMENTS ABOUT EFFICIENCY

52

Energy Efficiency is the efficient use of energy.

IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN A SAVING OFRESOURCES.

e.g.Producing 20% more products for same energy input would not save energy overall even though it would reduce energy requirement per product.

Insulating a poorly heated house will increase the efficiency of using energy, but the savings in resources will be small

increased temperature avoiding hypothermia is efficient use of energy.

3.8 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

53

Energy Conservation is the saving of energy resources.

Energy Efficiency is a necessary pre-requisite for Energy Conservation

(remember Energy Efficiency does not necessarily mean Energy Conservation).

It is interesting to note the Government Office was termed

THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OFFICE

Some members of the Government still believe Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation are the same.

However, the ENERGY SAVING TRUST (relevant for domestic applications is closer to what is needed. The CARBON TRUST is the equivalent organisation for businesses

3.9 ENERGY CONSERVATION

54

Industry/Commerce often consider Energy Conservation only as a saving in MONETARY terms

The moral definition is the saving of resources. This often will not result in a MONETARY saving

The so called Energy Conservation Grants to Industry in late 1970's early 1980's were not Conservation Grants at all, but Grants to encourage switching of fuels from oil to coal.

3.10 OTHER DEFINITIONS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

55

Energy Content of the fuel per unit mass or unit volume.

- maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from a unit of the fuel.

There are two Calorific Values:-

lower calorific value (LCV)

This is amount of energy derived by combusting a fuel when the products of combustion are emitted at temperatures in excess of 100oC i.e. any water present is emitted as steam.

upper calorific value (UCV)

This is amount of energy derived by combusting a fuel when the products of combustion are emitted at temperatures below 100oC i.e. any water present is emitted as water vapour.

The difference between the two calorific values is about 5% (UCV > LCV)

3.11 CALORIFIC VALUE

56

This is the Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a body through 1 degree Celsius.

This parameter is needed when storage of Energy is considered. (e.g. size of Hot Water Cylinder in a House)

3.12 SPECIFIC HEAT

57

nbs-m016 contemporary issues in climate change and energy 2010 introduction n.k. tovey ( 杜伟贤 )...

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