Nature of AssessmentNature of AssessmentNature of AssessmentNature of AssessmentGronlund, Chapters 1-2Gronlund, Chapters 1-2

Burke, Chapter 3Burke, Chapter 3

Achievement Assessment

• Various methods for determining the extent to which students are achieving the intended learning outcomes of instruction

Planning Instruction• Determine how instructional objectives

will be met• Determine if students have prerequisite

skills needed for instruction• Determine current level of knowledge

and skill related to instructional objectives

During Instruction (formative)

• Monitor student progress– Measure outcomes– Use results to improve learning

• Diagnose learning difficulties– Error analysis– Task analysis

• Assess mastery of learning tasks

After Instruction (summative)

• Determine mastery of learning tasks

• Assign grades to students• Provide feedback to students• Determine effectiveness of

instruction

Other Uses of Assessment

• Student motivation• Retention and transfer of learning• Student self-assessment• Evaluating instructional

effectiveness

Standards for Student Assessment

• Selecting assessment methods• Developing assessment methods• Administering and scoring assessments• Interpreting and using assessment

results• Preparing valid grades• Communicating assessment results• Recognizing inappropriate methods and

uses of assessment information

Categories of Assessment

• Testing– Selected response– Supply response

• Performance Assessment– Restricted performance– Extended performance

Assessment Characteristics

• Realism of Tasks• Complexity of Tasks• Assessment Time Needed• Judgment in Scoring

Assessment Guidelines• Clear idea of learning outcomes• Variety of procedures used• Relevance of procedures considered• Adequate sample of student performance• Fair procedures• Specific criteria for judging performance• Specific feedback to students• Comprehensive grading/reporting system

Valid and Reliable Planning

• Clear learning outcomes• Representative sample• Relevant tasks• Tasks at proper difficulty level• Tasks that distinguish• Sufficient number of tasks• Efficient procedures

Norm-Referenced Testing

• Survey testing• Individual differences in achievement• Compares performance to others• Broad area of achievement• Table of specifications• Items provide maximum discrimination• Performance determined by relative

position

Criterion-Referenced Testing

• Mastery testing• Tasks students can perform• Compares performance to specified

domain• Focuses on limited set of learning tasks• Detailed domain specifications• No attempt to specify difficulty level• Performance determined by absolute

standards

Bloom’s Taxonomy• Remember (Knowledge)• Understand (Comprehension)• Apply (Application)• Analyze (Analysis)• Evaluate (Evaluation)• Create (Synthesis)

Multiple Intelligences• Visual/spatial• Logical/mathematical• Verbal/linguistic• Musical/rhythmic• Bodily/kinesthetic• Interpersonal/social• Intrapersonal/introspective• Naturalist

Visual/Spatial Intelligence

• Images• Graphics• Drawings• Sketches• Maps• Charts• Doodles• Pictures• Spatial orientation• Puzzles

• Designs• Looks• Appeal• Mind’s eye• Imagination• Visualization• Dreams• Nightmares• Films• Videos

Logical/Mathematical Intelligence

• Reasoning• Logic• Facts• Data• Information• Spreadsheets• Databases• Sequencing

• Ranking• Organizing• Analyzing• Proofs• Conclusions• Judging• Evaluations• Assessments

Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence

• Words• Wordsmiths• Speaking• Writing• Listening• Reading• Papers• Essays• Poems• Plays• Narratives• Lyrics• Spelling

• Grammar• Foreign languages• Memos• Bulletins• Newsletters• Newspapers• E-mail• Faxes• Speeches• Talks• Dialogues• Debates

Musical/Rhythmic Intelligence

• Music• Rhythm• Beat• Melody• Tunes• Pacing• Opera• Symphony• Choir

• Chorus • Rock• Rhythm and blues• Jazz• Classical• Folk music• Rap• Ads and jingles

Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence

• Art• Activity• Action• Hands-on

experiments• Perform• Play• Drama• Sports

• Movement• Assemble• Disassemble• Form/re-form• Manipulate• Touch• Feel • Immerse• Participate

Interpersonal/Social Intelligence

• Interact• Communicate• Converse• Share• Understand• Empathize• Sympathize• Reach out• Care • Gatherings

• Talk• Laugh• Cry• Socialize• Meet• Greet• Lead• Follow• Clubs• Crowds

Intrapersonal/Introspective Intelligence

• Self• Solitude• Meditate• Think• Create• Reflect• Envision• Journal• Self-assess• Set goals• Plan • Dream

• Write• Fiction• Nonfiction• Poetry• Affirmations• Lyrics• Songs• Screenplays• Commentaries• Introspection• Inspection

Naturalist Intelligence• Nature• Environment• Listen• Watch• Observe• Classify• Categorize• Discern patterns• Appreciate• Hike• Climb • Fish

• Hunt• Snorkel• Dive• Photograph• Trees, leaves• Animals• Flowers and plants • Ecosystem• Sky• Mountains• Lakes• Rivers

Using Multiple Intelligences

• Planning units of instruction– Variety of instructional approaches– Different activities

• Assessing and evaluating student achievement

• Allowing children to show individual strengths